Artificial Intelligence: (Chapter 1)

Artificial Intelligence
(Chapter 1)
Muhammad Abul Hasan, PhD
October 26, 2021
Muhammad Abul Hasan, PhD CSE410: Artificial Intelligence October 26, 2021 1 / 33
“
AI is the new electricity.
- Andrew NG
”
Outline
What is AI?
A brief history
The state of the art
What is AI?
The intelligence demonstrated by machines is called Artificial Intelligence.
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
Acting Humanly
Acting Humanly (The Turing Test Approach)

Act like a human.
TURING TEST
Acting Humanly
Proposed by English mathematician Alan Turing (1950)

Not complex, long and controversial
Turing = “If any machine pass Turing Test then it will have intelligence”
Acting Humanly: The Turing test
HUMAN
HUMAN
INTERROGATOR ?
AI SYSTEM
Acting Humanly
The following areas are to be addressed first (Considered as the capabilities

to pass Turing Test):
Natural Language Processing
Knowledge Representation
Automated Reasoning
Machine Learning
Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science
Think like human brain

Cognitive Science = Study of human thought process and mind
A.I. = Copying that thought process to machine
Not able to figure out how our brain works because it’s too complex!
Huge gap between Human brain and computer system.
Thinking Humanly
Conclusion:
Know the concept of Cognitive Science
Apply it to our machine
How Human brain works is not fully known
Gap between Human brain and machine
Thinking rationally: Laws of Thought
Thinking Rationally (The ”Laws of Thought” approach)

Right Thinking, i.e., undeniable reasoning process
Man is mortal; Karim is a Man; Therefore, Karim is … ?
These law of thought led to new field called LOGIC.
Obstacles:
1 100% Knowledge = more rules = complex
2 Easy looking theory but harder practical
Thinking Rationally
Conclusion:
Right thinking
Should have different logics and set of rules
Obstacles (complex and harder practical)
Acting Rationally
Acting Rationally (The rational agent approach)

Rational = behaving rightly and capable of reasoning
Agent = Have more attribute than just a ’program’
Therefore,
Rational Agent = Act to achieve best outcome, if uncertainty the best
expected output is achieved.
Behave rightly, optimal solution
Acting Rationally
Conclusion:
Behave in right manner
Give maximum performance
Optimal Solution
Rational agents
An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

This course is about designing rational agents
Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
f : P∗ → A
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the

agent (or class of agents) with the best performance
Caveat: computational limitations make
perfect rationality unachievable
→ design best program for given machine resources
AI prehistory
Philosophy logic, methods of reasoning
mind as physical system
foundations of learning, language, rationality
Mathematics formal representation and proof
algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
probability
Psychology adaptation
phenomena of perception and motor control
experimental techniques (psychophysics, etc.)
Economics formal theory of rational decisions
Linguistics knowledge representation
grammar
Neuroscience plastic physical substrate for mental activity
Control theory homeostatic systems, stability
simple optimal agent designs
Potted history of AI
1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers program,
1966–74 AI discovers computational complexity
Neural network research almost disappears
1969–79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980–88 Expert systems industry booms
1988–93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
1985–95 Neural networks return to popularity
1988– Resurgence of probability; general increase in technical depth
“Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing
1995– Agents, agents, everywhere . . .
2003– Human-level AI back on the agenda
State of the art
Which of the following can be done at present?

Play a decent game of table tennis
State of the art

Drive safely along a curving mountain road
State of the art

Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue
State of the art

Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web
State of the art

Buy a week’s worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl
State of the art

Play a decent game of bridge
State of the art

Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
State of the art

Design and execute a research program in molecular biology
State of the art

Write an intentionally funny story
State of the art

Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law
State of the art

Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time
State of the art

Converse successfully with another person for an hour
State of the art

Perform a complex surgical operation
State of the art
Unload any dishwasher and put everything away
State of the art
Unload any dishwasher and put everything away
Thank You!

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Artificial Intelligence

Muhammad Abul Hasan, PhD

October 26, 2021

The intelligence demonstrated by machines is called Artificial Intelligence.

Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

Acting Humanly (The Turing Test Approach)

Proposed by English mathematician Alan Turing (1950)

The following areas are to be addressed first (Considered as the capabilities

Think like human brain

Thinking Rationally (The ”Laws of Thought” approach)

Acting Rationally (The rational agent approach)

An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

Which of the following can be done at present?

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