Senior

High
School

   

    
  

i
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 Module 3: Animal Reproduction
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

School Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Rufino B. Foz
Arnaldo G. Ventura

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Maricon P. Castro
Editor: Jenny Loren Mendoza- Echanes
Illustrator: Harold D. Garcellano
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Rolsayn
Printed in the Philippines, C. Gadiano
by ________________________

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City

Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

ii
   

   

    
 

iii
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

iv
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the different ways of how representative animals reproduce.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

The module has one lesson, namely:

 Lesson 1 - Animal Reproduction

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate the types of asexual reproduction in animals;
2. Explain sexual reproduction in animals;
3. Differentiate external from internal method of fertilization; and
4. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction in animals.

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. In which of the organisms are parthenogenesis possible?
a. chicken b. bees c. rabbits d. sea stars

2. Genetically unique individuals are produced through ________

a. sexual reproduction c. parthenogenesis
b. fission d. fragmentation

3. External fertilization occurs in which type of environment?

a. aquatic b. forested c. savannah d. steppe

1
4. What type of reproduction usually produces offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent?
a. sexual b. asexual c. internal d. external

5. A form of asexual reproduction that results from the outgrowth of a part of

an organism leading to the separation from the original animal into two
individuals is called _____________.
a. budding b. fission c. fragmentation d. spawning

6. The breaking of an organisms into parts and the growth of a separate

individuals from each other is called ______________.
a. budding b. fission c. fragmentation d. spawning

7. A process in which the young develop within the female and are born in a
non- embryonic state is called ___________.
a. oviparity b. ovoviparity c. viviparity d. ovoviviparity

8. A form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a complete

individual without being fertilized is called ______________.
a. fission b. budding c. parthenogenesis d. fragmentation
9. What process is involved when an egg is fertilized by the sperm inside the
body of a female organism?
a. external b. internal c. viviparity d. oviparity

10. In an external fertilization, fertilization of eggs by sperm often happens

during _____________.
a. maturing b. developing c. spawning d. fission

11. Which process is involved when the eggs are developed internally and
received nourishment directly from the mother’s blood through the
placenta rather than the yolk?
a. oviparity b. ovoviparity c. viviparity d. ovoviviparity
12. Which of the following animals undergo oviparity?
a. birds b. jellyfish c. squid d. rats

13. Which of these animals exhibits asexual reproduction called budding?

a. sponges b. corals c. planarians d. bees

14. Planarians exhibit what type of asexual reproduction?

a. fission b. fragmentation c. budding d. spawning

15. In a fertilization process, the union of eggs and sperm cells could happen
___.
a. internally b. externally c. both a and b d. cannot be determine

2
 What’s In

Lesson
Animal Reproduction
1
The role of reproduction is to provide for the continued existence of a
species; it is the process by which living organisms duplicate themselves.
Animals compete with other individuals in the environment to maintain
themselves for a period of time sufficient to enable them to produce tissue
nonessential to their own survival, but indispensable to the maintenance of
the species.

The animal kingdom is as diverse as the plant kingdom particularly in

terms of how they reproduce. In the animal kingdom, each species has its
unique adaptations for reproduction. Majority of animals reproduce
sexually but lower forms reproduce via asexual reproduction. Animal
reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species. In the animal kingdom,
there are innumerable ways that species reproduce. The formation of new
individuals, which may occur by asexual or sexual means. All animals must
reproduce asexually or sexually to create new individuals of their species.

This module contains activities that will enhance the teaching - learning
process among learners about the animal reproduction. It deals with the types
of sexual and asexual reproduction as well as its advantages and
disadvantages. As the learners answer the questions, they will be able to
explore and understand the concepts about reproduction in animals. Let’s try
an activity below.

TRY THIS!
Directions: Write A if an animal undergoes sexual reproduction and AS if it
is asexual reproduction. Write your answer in your answer
sheet
1. human 6. frog
2. pig 7. carabao
3. hydra 8. bees
4. snake 9. lizard
5. star fish 10. Cnidarians

1
 What’s New

Word Map
Directions: Complete the diagram by writing words associated to the middle
word.

What is It

A. Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Reproduction does not always require two parents all the time. The type
of reproduction in animals that occur with a single parent and produces
offspring by cell division or splitting of one cell into two is called asexual
reproduction. This type of reproduction is commonly found among protists,

2
cnidarians, and some complex animals. The resulting offspring are identical
to the parents in terms of characteristics unless some mutations occurred.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Fission

Through the process of mitosis, unicellular or one-celled organisms,

such as amoeba or paramecium, can reproduce an exact copy of the parent
in an asexual process called fission.

Source: www. wordpress.com

2. Budding

In some multicellular organisms particularly the invertebrates like

cnidarians, sponges, flatworms, annelids, and echinoderms, asexual
reproduction occurs through many forms to perpetuate their kind. Cnidarians
such as hydras reproduce asexually by budding wherein an outgrowth (bud)
arises from the body of parent. The new outgrowth can become an
independent animal or may remain attached to the parent forming a colony.

Source: www.keslerscience.com

3
3. Fragmentation

Annelids, such as the earthworm, can also be reproduce by

regenerating parts through fragmentation. Some animals perform
fragmentation followed by regeneration as seen in sponges, echinoderms, as
well as some sea stars. Among sea stars, for example when a tiny part of one
arm breaks off, it can develop into a complete individual.

Source: www.keslerscience.com

4. Parthenogenesis

In parthenogenesis, a female’s egg develops into a new organism

without being fertilized by a sperm cell. Some species can reproduce asexually
or sexually, depending on environmental conditions. Parthenogenesis allows
them to utilize resources as quickly as possible. Aphids, for example, produce
eggs that develop into normal adults without fertilization in the spring, when
food is plentiful. When food is more limited, the eggs are fertilized before
development.

Hammerhead sharks and, occasionally, turkeys also have the capability

to reproduce by parthenogenesis (although turkeys resulting from asexual
reproduction tend to be less healthy). In honeybees, the queen bee only mates
once and stores sperm cells which she will use to selectively fertilize eggs. If
there are no sperm cells that are released, the eggs will develop
parthenogenetically into male drones. If the sperms are allowed to fertilize the
eggs, the eggs will develop either into a future queens or female workers.
Other animal species, and all of the individuals in the same species are
female. Among these are lizards, though, ovulation rates are increased by
female-female courtship rituals and behavior called “pseudo copulation” that
resembles the male-female mating seen in related species.

4
 Source: www. wordpress.com

B. Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Higher forms of animals reproduce through a process involving sex cells

or gametes produced by the parents. Majority of the animals are dioecious or
having separate sexes. The testes produce male gametes, while the ovaries
produce the female gametes through the process of gametogenesis. Some
animals, however, are hermaphrodites—they possess both male and female
organs. This characteristic is advantageous if an animal rarely meets a mate.
A hermaphrodite can either have its eggs fertilized by another organism of its
kind or on its own. Simple vertebrates, earthworms, and some fishes are
hermaphrodites.

Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps:

 Gametogenesis: production of gametes
 Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
 Fertilization: fusion of gametes

Sexual reproduction needs two parents to produce an offspring. The

combination of the genes from both parents increases the chances of species
variation. Therefore, species extinction is highly unlikely. Fertilization, the
union of egg and sperm cells, could happen internally or externally.

External Fertilization

In external fertilization, the union of egg and

sperm occurs outside the female reproductive tract.
This is common among species of bony fish and
amphibians. As shown in the illustration on the side,
the clasping of the male frog induces the female to
release eggs, over which the male releases his
sperms. Source: www.keslerscience.com

5
Most eggs of the amphibians develop in the water but others carry them on
their back or in their vocal sacs as shown below.

Source: www.keslerscience.com

Internal Fertilization

In internal fertilization, the union of egg and sperm occurs within the
female reproductive tract. Animals that undergo this type of reproduction,
produce offspring in any of the following ways: oviparity, ovoviviparity and
viviparity.

 Oviparity- after the eggs are fertilized internally, it would

complete its development outside the mother’s body. The egg
would receive its nourishment through its yolk. This is found in
some bony and cartilaginous fish (including clown fish and blue
tangs), most reptiles, some amphibians, all birds, and a few
mammals (monotremes).

 Ovoviviparity- the eggs are also fertilized internally and receive

its nourishment through its yolk. However, eggs will complete its
development within the mother. They are then fully developed
when they are hatched and released by the mother. This is
common is some bony fish (including mollies, guppies, and
mosquito fish), some cartilaginous fish, and many reptiles.

 Viviparity- the eggs are developed internally and receive

nourishment directly from the mother’s blood through placenta
rather than from the yolk. This can be found in most
cartilaginous fish 9including lemon sharks), some amphibians, a
few reptiles, and almost all mammals including human.

6
7
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Reproducing asexually can reproduce many offspring in a short period

of time without exerting much energy to either produce the gametes or to find a
mate. Disadvantages include the lack of variation among individuals. A sudden
change in the environment may wipe a group of these organisms that cannot
adapt in the new environment.

During sexual reproduction, the genetic material of two individuals is

combined to produce genetically diverse offspring that differ from their parents.
The genetic diversity of sexually produced offspring is thought to give sexually
reproducing individuals’ greater fitness because more of their offspring may
survive and reproduce in an unpredictable or changing environment. Species
that reproduce sexually and (have separate sexes) must maintain two different
types of individuals, males and females. Only half of the population (females)
can produce the offspring, so fewer offspring will be produces when compared
to asexual reproduction. This is the disadvantage of sexual reproduction to
asexual reproduction.

What’s More

Directions: Create a Venn diagram that shows the similarities and differences
of internal and external fertilization.

8
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the concept map using the words listed inside the box.

Fission oviparous asexual external fertilization

Reproduction viviparous internal fertilization sexual

Budding ovoviviparous fragmentation

9
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call to the union of sperm and egg cell?

a. reproduction c. fission
b. fertilization d. budding

2. What type of reproduction does NOT need two parents to produce an

individual?
a. sexual c. asexual
b. external d. internal

3. It is a type of asexual reproduction wherein two individuals will form as the

parent divides in half is called _____________________.
a. fragmentation c. budding
b. regeneration d. fission

4. Which of the following animals fertilize the eggs outside the female
reproductive tract?
a. frog b. human c. kangaroo d. hydra
5. Which of the following characteristics does not describe ovoviviparity?
a. Eggs complete their development within the mother.
b. Eggs receive their nourishment through its yolk.
c. The eggs are fertilized internally.
d. Eggs receive their nourishment through placenta.

6. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. planaria- fragmentation c. hydra- budding
b. corals-fission d. frogs- external fertilization

7. All of the following animals reproduce asexually except ______________.

a. frogs b. corals c. starfish d. flatworms

8. Which animal below is an example of viviparity?

a. monkey b. duck c. chicken d. snake

9. While walking at your favorite beach, you have noticed an organism. From
time to time, one of its appendages detach and gradually grow into a
whole new organism, similar to the first. This is an example of ______.
a. fission c. budding
b. fragmentation d. internal fertilization

10
10. What advantage would animals that reproduce sexually have over animals
that reproduce asexually, when there is a change in environmental
conditions? Animals that employ sexual reproduction __________.
a. restricts the spread of harmful features
b. decreases the species variation
c. produces offspring that are identical to parents
d. allows species to adapt to new conditions

11. What kind of environment is the most appropriate for fishes to undergo
external fertilization?
a. aquatic b. forested c. savannah d. steppe
12. Which animal below does NOT undergo oviparity?
a. birds b. snake c. duck d. rabbit

13. Bees undergo what type of asexual reproduction?

a. budding c. external
b. fission d. parthenogenesis

14. Which of these animals exhibit internal fertilization?

a. human b. pig c. rodents d. all of these

15. Paramecium is an example of what type of asexual reproduction?

a. budding c. fragmentation
b. fission d. parthenogenesis

Additional Activities

A. What if….
Having an offspring is a gift from God. Supposed, you are given three
chances to have an offspring in any types of reproduction that we discussed,
what are these and why?
1.___________________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________________

3.___________________________________________________________________

B. Explain briefly.

How does asexual reproduction limit variation in species

11
Answer Key

12
References
Books:

Bayo-ang, R. et al. (2016). Earth and life science for senior high school.
Educational Resources Corporation. Quezon City. p. 238.

Olivar II, J. and Ramos, A.C. (2016). Exploring life through science series.
Senior high school earth and life science. Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc. Quezon City. pp. 151-153

Online sources:

www.keslerscience.com
www.opentextbc.ca
www. wordpress.com

13
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepEd Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099