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(2019-) A Class of Geometric QSO Generated by 2-Partition of A Singleton
(2019-) A Class of Geometric QSO Generated by 2-Partition of A Singleton
(2019-) A Class of Geometric QSO Generated by 2-Partition of A Singleton
6 (2019) 872-877
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Keywords: Singleton, countable state space, quadratic stochastic operator, regular transformation
© 2019 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved
INTRODUCTION state x( ) = V x(
1
( )) 0
which indicates the probability of the first
Bernstein’s work on population genetics has triggered the study of generation,
quadratic stochastic operator since the early of 20th century. The study
of quadratic stochastic operator is still advancing even though it is
the second generation x( 2) = V x(1) = V V x(0) ( ) ( ( )) = V ( x( ) ) , and
2 0
considered as the simplest nonlinear operator. This theory frequently so on. Therefore, the evolution states of the population system can be
arises in many models in various fields such as biology, physics, game described by the following discrete dynamical system,
theory, finance, mathematics, and economics. x( ) , x( ) = V x(
0 1
( ) ), x( ) = V ( x( ) ), x( ) = V ( x( ) ),...
0 2 2 0 3 3 0
(3)
The quadratic stochastic operator is a mapping of the simplex
(
where V n ( x ) = V V (...V ( x ) ) ... ) denotes the n times iteration of V
n
m
to x .
S m −1 = x = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xm ) m
xi 0, xi = 1 , (1)
i =1
Given that this operator involves the evolution of a free population
into itself, of the form from one generation to the next generation, thus it is also known as
m
evolutionary operator. For a given x( ) S m−1 , the trajectory x(
0
) ,
n
V : xk ( ) =
1
P
i , j =1
x ( ) x j ( ) , k = 1,..., m ,
0
ij , k i
0
(2) n = 0,1, 2,... of x(0) S m−1 under action of the mapping V in (2) is
)
an arbitrary state of probability distribution x (
0) (
for arbitrary given x ( ) .
n 0
, then passing to the the limit points of x
n =0
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Karim et al. / Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Vol. 15, No. 6 (2019) 872-877
Nonlinear operator theory falls within the general area of nonlinear Let P ( x, y, A) : x, y X , A F be a family of functions on
functional analysis, an area which has become of interest in recent
years. One of the central problems in the nonlinear operator theory is X X F which satisfy the following conditions:
the asymptotical behavior of nonlinear operators. To study this
problem, several classes of quadratic stochastic operator were (i) P ( x, y, ) S ( X , F ) for any fixed x, y X , that is,
constructed and investigated many publications. Similarly, limit P ( x, y, ) : F → 0,1 is the probability measure on F ,
behavior of the trajectories and the fixed points of the quadratic
stochastic operator have been studied extensively by previous (ii) P ( x, y, A) is measurable function on (X X,F F)
researchers, see (Akin & Losert, 1984; Akin, 1993; Bernstein, 1924; which regarded as a function of two variables x and y
Ganikhodjaev et al., 2015; Ganikhodjaev, 1993; Ganikhodjaev,1994; with fixed A F ,
Ganikhodzhaev & Zanin, 2004; Ganikhodzhaev et al., 2011; Hofbauer
(iii) P ( x, y, A) = P ( y, x, A) for any x, y X and A F .
& Sigmund, 1998; Jenks, 1969; Kesten, 1970; Losert & Akin, 1983;
Lyubich, 1978; Lyubich, 1992; Mukhamedov & Embong, 2015;
Rozikov & Zhamilov, 2008; Ulam, 1960; Volterra, 1931; Zakharevich, Definition 2: A mapping V : S ( X , F ) → S ( X , F ) is called a quadratic
1978). stochastic operator generated by the family of functions
Another problem in nonlinear operator theory is the study of the
asymptotical behavior of the trajectories. This problem was fully solved P ( x, y, A) : x, y X , A F if for an arbitrary measure S ( X , F )
for Volterra quadratic stochastic operator, see (Ganikhodjaev, 1993; , then the measure = V is defined as follows:
Ganikhodjaev, 1994). Furthermore, there are many publications ( A) = P ( x, y, A) d ( x ) d ( y ) , (5)
devoted to the study of Volterra quadratic stochastic operator on finite X X
and infinite state space, see (Akin & Losert, 1984; Ganikhodjaev &
Hamzah, 2015b; Ganikhodzhaev et al., 2011; Kesten, 1970; Lyubich, where A F is an arbitrary measurable set.
1978; Lyubich, 1992; Mukhamedov et al., 2005; Mukhamedov, 2000;
Ulam, 1960; Zakharevich, 1978). Assume V ( ) S ( X , F ) : n = 0,1,2,...
n
is a trajectory of the
( ) = V (V n ( ) )
For the non-Volterra case, some new classes of quadratic stochastic
initial measure S ( X , F ) , where V
n +1
operator have been constructed. In Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah (2014a, for all
2014b, 2015a, 2016), the authors introduced and studied Poisson, n = 0,1, 2,... , with V 0 ( ) = .
Gaussian, and Geometric quadratic stochastic operator on infinite state
space. Ganikhodjaev & Hamzah (2015c) have introduced a new class
Definition 3: A measure S ( X , F ) is called a fixed point of a
of quadratic stochastic operator on the segment 0,1 generated by 2-
quadratic stochastic operator V , if V ( ) = .
partition , and it was shown that such operator is a regular
transformation. Rozikov and Zhamilov (2008), and Mukhamedov and
Embong (2015) also defined and introduced another class of quadratic Definition 4: A quadratic stochastic operator V is called a regular if
stochastic operator. Then, the authors thoroughly described the for any initial point S ( X , F ) the limit
properties as well as their trajectory behavior.
lim V n ( ) ,
In the next section, the concept of quadratic stochastic operator on
the set of all probability measures as well as the definition of Geometric (6)
n →
quadratic stochastic opera or are presented in details.
exists.
A GEOMETRIC QUADRATIC STOCHASTIC OPERATOR
Note that the limit point is a fixed point of a quadratic stochastic
Let us recall some preliminaries. operator V . Hence, the fixed points of quadratic stochastic operator
Let ( X , F ) be a measurable space, and S ( X , F ) be the set of all manifest a limit behavior of the trajectories at any initial point.
probability measures on ( X , F ) , where X is a state space and F is If X is a state space, where X = 0,1,2,..., m , thus for any
- algebra on X . It is known that the set S ( X , F ) is a compact, i, j X , a probability measure P ( i, j, ) is a discrete measure with
convex space and a form of Dirac measure X which is defined by: m
P (ij,k) = 1 ,
i , j =1
where P ( ij,k) = Pij , k and corresponding
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Karim et al. / Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Vol. 15, No. 6 (2019) 872-877
Note that, in this paper, we consider a countable state space X , Using the fact that arbitrary singleton in the countable state space
where X = 0,1,2,... . Hence, a quadratic stochastic operator V on X will result on different number of partitions in the unit square
X X , thus we need to consider the following cases.
measurable ( X , F ) is defined as follows:
Case 1. Let A1 = x1 : x1 X where A1 consists of a singleton
V ( k ) = Pij , k ( i ) ( j ) , (8) x1 = 0 and A2 = X \ A1 . We consider a Geometric quadratic stochastic
i =0 j =0
operator that
where k X for arbitrary measure S ( X , F ) .
(1 − r1 ) r1 k
if ( i, j ) B1
Pij , k =
(1 − r2 ) r2 if ( i, j ) B2
k
Geometric quadratic stochastic operator is considered in this paper.
Note that a Geometric distribution Gr with a real parameter r ,
for i, j X .
0 r 1 , defined on X by the equation
Then, for any initial measure S ( X , F ) , we have
Gr ( k ) = (1 − r ) r k , (9)
V ( k ) = Pij , k ( i ) ( j )
for any k X . i =0 j =0
+2 (1 − r2 ) r2 kV ( 0 ) 1 − V ( 0 )
partition.
Let = A1, A2 be a measurable 2-partition of the state space = (1 − r1 ) r1k (V ( 0) ) + (1 − V ( 0) )
2 2
X = 0,1,2,... where A1 X , A2 = X \ A1 , and = B1, B2 be a + (1 − r2 ) r2 k 2V ( 0 ) (1 − V ( 0 ) ) .
corresponding partition of the unit square X X , where
B1 = A1 A1 A2 A2 , and B2 = A1 A2 A2 A1 . Note that the Thus, by using induction on the sequence V ( k ) , we produce the
n
(i) for (i, j ) B1 assume P (i, j, k ) = (1 − r1 ) r1k for k = 0,1, 2,... + (1 − r2 ) r2 k 2V n ( 0 ) (1 − V n ( 0 ) ) , (10)
(ii) for ( i, j ) B2 assume P ( i, j, k ) = (1 − r2 ) r2 for k
where n = 0,1, 2,... .
k = 0,1, 2,...
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One can show that the limit behavior of the recurrent equation (9) is x1 −1 x1 −1
= (1 − r1 ) r1k V ( x1 ) + (1 − r1 ) r1k V ( i ) V ( j )
2
fully determined by limit behavior of recurrent equation V n ( 0 ) such
i =0 j =0
that
x1
x1
+ (1 − r1 ) r1k 1 − V ( i ) 1 − V ( j )
V n +1 ( 0 ) i =0 j =0
= (1 − r1 ) (V n ( 0 ) ) + (1 − V n ( 0 ) )
2 2 x1 −1 x1
+ (1 − r1 ) r1k V ( i ) 1 − V ( j )
i =0 j =0
+ (1 − r2 ) 2V n ( 0 ) (1 − V n ( 0 ) ) ,
x1 x1 −1 x1 −1
(11) + (1 − r1 ) r1k 1 − V ( i ) V ( j ) + (1 − r2 ) r2 kV ( x1 ) V ( i )
for n = 0,1, 2,... . i =0 j =0 i =0
x1 −1
x1
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 kV ( x1 ) V ( i ) + (1 − r2 ) r2 kV ( x1 ) 1 − V ( j )
Case 2. Let A1 = x1 : x1 X where A1 consists of a singleton j =0 j = 0
x1 0 and A2 = X \ A1 . Thus, for any initial measure S ( X , F ) , x1
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 kV ( x1 ) 1 − V ( i )
we have i =0
= (1 − r1 ) r1k (V ( x1 ) ) + (1 − V ( x1 ) )
2 2
V ( k ) = Pij , k ( i ) ( j )
i =0 j =0 + (1 − r2 ) r2 k 2V ( x1 ) (1 − V ( x1 ) ) .
x1 −1 x1 −1
= Px1 x1 , k ( x1 ) ( x1 ) + Pij , k ( i ) ( j ) + Pij , k ( i ) ( j )
By using induction on the sequence V ( k ) , the following
i =0 j =0 i = x1 +1 j = x1 +1 n
x1 −1 x1 −1 x1 −1
+ Pij , k ( i ) ( j ) + P (i ) ( j ) + P
ij , k ih , k ( i ) ( x1 ) recurrent equation is obtained
i = 0 j = x1 +1 i = x1 +1 j = 0 i =0
x1 −1 V n +1 ( k )
+ Px1 j , k ( x1 ) ( j ) + Px1 j , k ( x1 ) ( j ) + P ix1 , k ( i ) ( x1 )
= (1 − r1 ) r1k (V n ( x1 ) ) + (1 − V n ( x1 ) )
j =0 j = x1 +1 i = x1 +1 2 2
x1 −1
x1 −1
= (1 − r1 ) r1k ( x1 ) + (1 − r1 ) r1k ( i ) ( j )
2
= (1 − r1 ) r1x1 (V n ( x1 ) ) + (1 − V n ( x1 ) )
2 2
x1 −1
x1
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 k ( x1 ) ( i ) + (1 − r2 ) r2 k ( x1 ) 1 − ( j )
j =0
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 x1 2V n ( x1 ) (1 − V n ( x1 ) ) ,
j =0
(13)
x1
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 k ( x1 ) 1 − ( i )
i =0 for n = 0,1, 2,... .
= (1 − r1 ) r ( ( x1 ) ) + (1 − ( x1 ) )
k 2 2
1
In other words, for both cases, we can generalize that for any singleton
x1 A1 the recurrent equation in (12) is fully determined by limit
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 2 ( x1 ) (1 − ( x1 ) ) , and
k
x1 −1
+ Px1 j , kV ( x1 )V ( j ) + Px1 j , kV ( x1 )V ( j )
j =0 j = x1 +1
+
i = x1 +1
Pix1 , kV ( i )V ( x1 )
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Thus, for any initial measure , the strong limit of the sequence
V exists and is equal to the convex linear combination
n
lim V n +1 ( k )
n →
y x = 0 = y x =1 = (1 − r1 ) r1x1 .
lim V n +1 ( k ) = 4 (1 − A) A + (1 − 2 B )
2
. (17)
n →
1 1 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
(1 − r ) r k V n ( x ) 2 + 1 − V n ( x ) 2
By using simple calculus, we have that 0 2 , and takes all
= lim
+ (1 − r2 ) r2 k 2V n ( x1 ) (1 − V n ( x1 ) )
n → value in this interval.
Theorem 2: If 0 2 , then a fixed point is attractive.
= (1 − r1 ) r1 ( x1 ) + (1 − x1 ) + (1 − r2 ) r2 2 x1* (1 − x1* )
k * 2 * 2 k
Proof Let is a fixed point, where
2( A − B) + 1 −
= . (18)
4( A − B)
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Its character is defined by f ( ) , where f ( x ) is a right hand side operator on countable infinite set. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1643(1),
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