MLM 2021

Is the removal of relatively small

amount of water or other liquid
from the solid material.
▪ Rotary Dryer – is the most
commonly used dryer which
consists of a rotating cylinder
inside which the materials
flow while getting in contact
with the hot gases; the
cylinder is tilted at a slight
angle and fitted with lifting
flights. Rotary dryer is used
for copra, sand and wood
chips.
▪Tower Dryer – consists of a
vertical shaft in which the
wet feed is introduced at
the top and falls downward
over baffles while coming
in contact with the hot air
which rises and exhausts at
the top. Tower dryer is used
for palay, wheat and grains.
▪Hearth Dryer – is a
type of dryer in which
the material to be dried
is supported on a floor
through which the hot
gases pass. Hearth
dryer is used for copra,
coal and enamel wares.
▪Centrifugal Dryer –
consists of a centrifuge
revolving at high speed
causing the separation,
by centrifugal force, of
the water from the
material. Centrifugal
dryer is used for drying
fertilizer, salt and sugar.
▪Tray Dryer – consists
of trays, carrying the
materials to be dried,
placed in a
compartment or
moving conveyor.
Tray dryer is used for
ipil-ipil leaves and
grains.
▪Infrared Ray Dryer –
consists of infrared
lamps in which the
rays are directed to the
articles to be dried.
Infrared ray dryer is
used for drying
painted articles like
cars.
▪ Hygroscopic Materials are
substances which are
particularly variable in the
moisture content which they
can posses at different
times.
▪ Bone Dry Weight (BDW) or dry weight is the final constant weight reached by a
hygroscopic substance after being dried out.
▪ Regain is the hygroscopic moisture content of a substance expressed as a
percentage of the bone-dry weight of the material.
Regain = weight of moisture
Bone-dry weight
▪ Moisture Content is expressed as a percentage of the gross weight of the body,
and may refer to both hygroscopic and purely surface moisture.
Moisture Content = weight of moisture
Gross weight
Gross Weight = Bone-dry weight + weight of moisture
▪ Moisture removed from materials = moisture absorbed by air
= ma (w3 – w2)
= m4 – m5

▪ Bone-dry weight of wet feed = Bone-dry weight of dried product

BDW4 = BDW5

▪ Heat Supplied in Heater = ma (h2 – h1)

▪ Efficiency of dryer = Heat absorbed by materials

Heat supplied
Given: Solution:
m = 10kg G.W. = Moisture Content + BDw 1
BDw = 8.5 kg
Regain = 20% For Moisture Content
Moisture content = Regain (BDw)
Moisture content = (0.20)(8.5kg)
Required:
Moisture content = 1.7 kg
Wt. of product per kg of
orig. mat. = ?
From 1
G.W. = 1.7 kg + 8.5 kg
G.W. = 10.2 kg

For weight of product per kg of original material = G.W / m

Wt. of product per kg of orig. mat. = 1.02 kg
 Solution:
At point 1
For w1 & h1
w1 = 0.622 Pv
Pt – Pv
Given: Required:
Pv = RH Psat = (1)(10.098 kPa) = 10.098 kPa
m = 800 kg/hr At point 2 a) Mw before heating
w1 = 0.622 (10.098)
tdb = 106°C b) Mw when discharge
At point 1 101.325 – 10.098
c) Mew
RH = 100% w1 = 0.0688
d) RH3
tdb = 46°C At point 3 h1 = Cp t + w hg
e) tdp3
Psat = 10.098 kPa tdb = 61°C hg @ 46°C = 2585 kJ/kg
f) u3
h1 = (1.0062)(46)+(0.0688)(2585)
g) V2
h1 = 224.13 kJ/kg
 At point 3
Passed through an adiabatic dryer
h2 = h3 = 291.41 kJ/kg

At point 2 For w3
When passing through heater h3 = Cp t + w hg
w1 = w2 = 0.0688 w3 = h3 – Cpt
h2 = Cp t + w hg hg
hg @ 106°C = 2685.4 kJ/kg hg @ 61°C = 2611.3 kJ/kg

h2 = (1.0062)(106)+(0.0688)(2685.4) w3 = 291.41 – (1.0062)(61)

2611.3
h2 = 291.41 kJ/kg
w3 = 0.0881
 For c (Mew)
Mew = m (w3 – w2) = 800 (0.0881 – 0.0688)
Mew = 15.44 kg/hr

For a (mw1) For b (mw3)

For d (RH3)
w = mw / ma w = mw / ma
RH3 = Pv / Psat 1
mw1 = w1 ma mw3 = w3 ma
Psat @ 61°C = 20.881kPa
mw1 = (0.0688)(800 kg/hr) mw3 = (0.0881)(800 kg/hr)
For Pv
mw1 = 55.04 kg/hr mw3 = 70.48 kg/hr
Pv = w Pt = (0.0881)(101.325)
w + 0.622 0.0881 + 0.622
Pv = 12.57 kPa
 Solving for x = tdp3
50 – x = 12.349 – 12.57
x – 51 12.57 – 12.975
50 – x = 0.546
From 1 For e (tdp3)
x – 51
RH3 = 12.57 / 20.881 Pv3 = Pdp3 = 12.57 kPa
50 – x = 0.546 (x – 51)
RH3 = 0.6020 = 60.20% From Steam Table
50 – x = 0.546x – 27.83
Using interpolation
50 + 27.83 = 0.546x + x
50 12.349
77.83 = 1.546x
x 12.57
x = 50.34 °C = tdp3
51 12.975
 For Pv
Pv = w Pt = (0.0688)(101.325)
w + 0.622 0.0688 + 0.622
Pv = 10.09 kPa
For f (u3) For g (V2)
From 3
u = RH (Pt – Psat) m =V / v
v = (0.287)(106+273)
Pt – Pv V = mv 2
101.325 – 10.09
u = (0.6020)(101.325 – 20.881)
v = 1.19 m³/kg
101.325 – 12.57 For v
From 2
u3 = 0.5456 = 54.56% v = Ra T 3
V = (800kg/hr)(1.19 m³/kg)(1hr/3600s)
Pt – Pv
V2 = 0.264m³/sec.