MLM 2021

The quantity of air circulated must be

adequate to handle the cooling load as the
air warms up to room temperature from
supply temperature. The lower the supply
temperature, the less quantity which must be
circulated, but the minimum temperature is
determined by the system arrangements, the
necessity of avoiding drafts and cold regions,
the ceiling height, and the throw required.
1. Heat that is transmitted through walls, ceilings and floors
(conduction). (TRANSMISSION GAINS)

2. Heat necessary to control moisture content in the air. (HUMIDIFYING

AND DEHUMIDIFYING)

3. Conditioning the air that enters the building by leakage and for
ventilation. (INFILTRATION AND EXFILTRATION)

4. The sun also produces heat in the buildings, directly through the
windows, and by heating the surfaces it strikes (a cooling load). (SOLAR
HEAT GAINS)

5. Energy devices such as light fixtures, electric motors, electric stoves or

gas stoves, all produce heat. People, too, release a considerable amount
of heat. (INTERNAL LOAD AND HUMAN OCCUPANCY)
Energy Description HP SHL SHL LHL LHL
Source (BTU/Hr) (Watts) (BTU/Hr) (Watts)
Electric Lights/kW-Hr 3415 1020
Motors, Electric/Hp in a Room Up to ½ max. 4200 1230
Up to 3 max. 3700 1080
Up to 20 max. 2950 880
Motors, Electric/Hp out of a ½ 1700 500
Room 3 1150 340
20 400 120
Stoves, Electric/kW - Hr 3415 1020
General Heat from meal/meals 36 10
Steam tables/sq. ft. 400 120 800 230
Humans 140 41
Sitting 370 110
Working 700-1500 200-440
Dancing 2000 590
SHL is the dry heat causing change in
temperature but not in the moisture
content of air. The sensible heat of the
room determines the quantity of air to be
circulated to meet the temperature
requirements.

QS = m Cp (tR – tS)
LHL is heat from the water vapor in the air or
moisture in the air. More moisture means more
heat. The latent heat determines the amount of
moisture that must be taken out of the air in
order to condition it. Latent heat load is also
known as moisture picked-up or condensate
amount.
QL = m (WR – WS) hg ; hg = 2501.3 kj/kg
The total heat (enthalpy) of the air is the sum of the sensible heat of the air
(the enthalpy of the dry air) and the latent heat of the air (the enthalpy of
water vapor). The total heat transferred to or from the air as the air is heat or
cooled, respectively, is the product of the mass of the air and the change in its
enthalpy. When the initial enthalpy exceeds the final enthalpy, the results
obtained will be negative, indicating that heat is transferred (extracted) from
the air rather than to it.

QT = m (hR – hS)

QT = Q L + Q S

where:

QS = 1.0062 m (tR – tS)

QL = 2501.3 m (WR – WS)

Given: Solution: Solution:
Qs= 88 kw (A) m (B) RH, tdp, twb (supply condition)
Mw = 58 kg/hr W = Wr – Ws
Qs = m Cp (tr – ts)
Room Condition Room Condition
m = Qs
tdb = 25°C from Psychrometric Chart
Cp (tr – ts)
twb = 19°C Wr = 0.0114
m = 88 kJ/s
Supply Condition For W
tdb = 18°C (1.0062 kJ/kg-°C)(25-18)°C
W = Mw/m
Required: m = 12.49 kg/s
W = (58kg/hr)(1hr/3600s)
(A) m
12.49 kg/s
(B) RH, tdp, twb (supply condition)
W = 0.0013
(C) SHR
Solution: Solution: Solution:
(B) RH, tdp, twb From Psychrometric Chart (C) SHR
(supply condition) Supply Condition Qs = 88 kw
For Ws tdb = 18°C QL = m (Wr – Ws) hg
Ws = Wr – W Ws = 0.0101 QL = (12.49kg/s)(0.0013)(2501.3kj/kg)
Ws = 0.0114 – 0.0013 QL = 40.61 kw
Ws = 0.0101 RH = 78%
tdp = 14.3°C SHR = Qs/(Qs+QL)
twb = 15.8°C SHR = 88 kw
(88+40.61) kw
SHR = 0.6842 = 68.42%
▪ Case I: All Outside Air With No Recirculation
▪ Case II: Outside Air With Recirculated Air Supplied
▪ Case III: All Outside Air Supplied Without Reheater
▪ Case IV:Recirculated Air With External-Bypass System
▪This case is commonly applied in hospitals to
acquire fresh air to the room conditioned, but the
use of all outside air with no recirculation is
uneconomical unless outside conditions are
equal in temperature and humidity to the room
conditioned. In this case the air conditioning
system cools and dehumidifies the outside air
and the saturated air enters a reheater to attain
the desired temperature before entering the
room conditioned. Recirculation is impracticable
in spaces where objectionable odors arise.
Given: Diagram: from Psychrometric Solution:
Qs=13.5 kw Chart
(A) m
QL = 3.4 kw
Outside air condition
Outside air condition Qs = m Cp (tr – ts)
tdb = 32°C Wo = 0.0171
m = Qs
RH = 50% ho = 71 kj/kg
Cp (tr – ts)
Room condition
vo = 0.883 m³/kg
tdb = 25°C m = 13.5 kJ/s
Room condition
twb = 18°C (1.0062 kJ/kg-°C)(25-17)°C
Supply Condition Wr = 0.0101
m = 1.68 kg/s
tdb = 17°C hr = 51 kj/kg
Required:
(A) Refrigeration Load
vr = 0.858 m³/kg
(B) Fan Capacity
(C) Heater load
Solution: Solution: Solution:
Supply conditions
at point C (reheater) @ (B) Fan capacity
tdb = 17°C saturation line
for Ws m = v / vs
Ws = Wc = 0.0093
QL = m (Wr - Ws) hg v = m vs = (1.68 kg/s) (0.837 m³/kg)
Wr – Ws = QL hc = 37 kj/kg
v = 1.41 m³/s
m hg
Ws = Wr – QL
(A) Refrigeration Load
m hg (C) Heater Load
Ws = 0.0101 – 3.4 kj/s Q = m (ho – hc)
Q = m (hs – hc)
(1.68kg/s)(2501.3kj/kg) Q = 1.68 kg/s (71 – 37) kj/kg
Q = (1.68 kg/s) (41 – 37) kj/kg
Ws = 0.0093 Q = 57.12 kW
hs = 41 kj/kg Q = 6.72 kW
vs = 0.837 m³/kg
▪In this case, outside air is mixed with recirculated air
before entering the air conditioner in order to decrease
the refrigeration load. Recirculating part of the air is
more economical than using all outside air, as the
temperature of the recirculated air is usually more
favorable than that of the outside air. In the ordinary
conditioner, the air must be cooled to a relatively low
temperature to condense the surplus humidity, and
when this temperature is too low for comfortable
delivery to the conditioned space, some reheating of
the dehumidified air is necessary.
Given:
Diagram: from Psychrometric Solution:
Qs=36 kw Chart
QL = 10.2 kw (A) m
Outside air condition
mo= 45% m Qs = m Cp (tr – ts)
Outside air condition Wo = 0.0156
tdb = 32°C
m = Qs
ho = 72.5 kj/kg
twb = 24°C Cp (tr – ts)
Room condition vo = 0.884 m³/kg
m = 36 kJ/s
tdb = 26°C
Room condition
RH = 50% (1.0062 kJ/kg-°C)(26-19)°C
Supply Condition Wr = 0.0106
m = 5.11 kg/s
tdb = 19°C hr = 53 kj/kg
Required:
vr = 0.863 m³/kg
(A) Volume flow rate of Outside Air (at
supply conditions)
(B) tdp at point C
(C) Refrigeration Load
 Solution: Solution:
Solution:
at point C (reheater) @ saturation line (B) tdp at point C (heater)
Supply conditions
Ws = Wc = 0.0098 From Psychrometric Chart
tdb = 19°C
for Ws
hc = 39 kj/kg tdp = 14°C
QL = m (Wr - Ws) hg vc = 0.829
Wr – Ws = QL (C) Refrigeration Load
m hg (A) Volume flow rate of outside air at Q = m (hm – hc) 1
supply conditions
Ws = Wr – QL
mo = 0.45 m = 0.45(5.11kg/s)
m hg For hm
mo = 2.3 kg/s
Ws = 0.0106 – 10.2 kj/s From air mixing
(5.11kg/s)(2501.3kj/kg) m hm= moho + mrhr
Ws = 0.0098 mo = vo / vs
hm = moho + mrhr 2
hs = 42 kj/kg vo = mo vs = (2.3 kg/s)(0.84 m³/kg)
m
vs = 0.84 m³/kg vo = 1.93 m³/s
Solution: Solution:
For mr From 1
m = mr + mo Q = m (hm – hc)
mr = m – mo = (5.11- 2.3)kg/s Q = 5.11 kg/s (61.78 – 39) kj/kg
mr = 2.81 kg/s Q = 116.41 kW

From 2
hm = (2.3 kg/s)(72.5 kj/kg) + (2.81 kg/s)(53 kj/kg)
5.11 kg/s
hm = 61.78 kj/kg
▪In this case, the saturated air leaving the air
conditioner (C) mixes with the outside air (b) to
obtain the desired temperature entering the
conditioned room. For this reason, the reheater
is eliminated in the system.
Diagram: Given: from Psychrometric Solution:
Qs = 42,000 kj/hr = 11.67 kj/s Chart
For mass flow rate m
QL = 8,400 kj/hr = 2.33 kj/s Outside air condition
Outside air condition
Qs = m Cp (tr – ts)
Wo = 0.0156
tdb = 32°C m = Qs
twb = 24°C
ho = 72.5 kj/kg
Cp (tr – ts)
Room condition vo = 0.883 m³/kg
m = 11.67 kJ/s
tdb = 26°C Room condition
(1.0062 kJ/kg-°C)(26-15)°C
RH = 50%
Wr = 0.0106
Supply Condition m = 1.05 kg/s
tdb = 15°C hr = 53 kj/kg
Required: Refrigeration Load = ?vr = 0.862 m³/kg
 Solution:
Solution: Solution:
Supply conditions
Q = mc (ho – hc) 1 Equating 2 & 3 tdb = 15°C
For mc m ts – mo to = m tdps – mo tdpo for Ws
QL = m (Wr - Ws) hg
From air mixing m ts – m tdps = moto – mo tdpo
Wr – Ws = QL
m ts = mo to + mc tc m (ts – tdps) = mo (to – tdpo) m hg
mc tc = m ts – mo to 2 mo = m (ts – tdps) 4 Ws = Wr – QL
m hg
where: (to – tdpo)
Ws = 0.0106 – 2.33 kj/s
tc = tdpc (1.05kg/s)(2501.3kj/kg)
mc tdpc = m tdps – mo tdpo 3 Ws = 0.0097
tdps = 13.5°C
Solution: Solution: Solution:
For hc
From 4 From 1
from air mixing
For tdpo = 21°C Q = (0.907kg/s)(72.5 – 35) kj/kg
m ts = mo to + mc tc
mo = (1.05kg/s)(15 - 13.5) Q = 34.01 Kw
tc = tdpc = m ts – mo to
(32 – 21) mc Q = 9.67 TR
mo = 0.143 kg/s tc = (1.05kg/s)(15°C) – (0.143kg/s)(32 °C)
For mc 0.907kg/s
mc = m – mo tc = tdpc = 12.32 °C
mc = (1.05 – 0.143) kg/s From psychrometric chart at saturation line
mc = 0.907 kg/s hc = 35 kj/kg
▪ In this case, a portion of the return air (mX) is mixed with outside
air which has passed through the conditioner together with the
remainder of the return air (mY), the quantity of return air being
automatically controlled warms the saturated air leaving the
conditioner (C) to correct dry bulb temperature. The warmer
bypass air (mY) is used to reheat the air leaving the refrigerated
coils to a more suitable temperature for distribution at the grille
outlets.

▪ Since only a portion of the recirculated air passes through the air
conditioner, it reduces the refrigeration load while at the same
time, giving a more economical performance as compared with
systems where reheat might be required.
Given: Diagram: Solution: Solution:
Qs = 96 kw For mass flow rate m where:
QL = 38.4 kw
Qs = m Cp (tr – ts) m = mc + mo
mo = 20% m
Outside air condition m = Qs mo = 20%m
from Psychrometric
tdb = 33°C Chart Cp (tr – ts) mo = (.20)(13.63)kg/s
twb = 25°C Outside air condition m = 96 kJ/s mo = 2.73 kg/s
Room condition Wo = 0.0167
tdb = 25°C
(1.0062 kJ/kg-°C)(25-18)°C
ho = 76.4 kj/kg
twb = 18°C m = 13.63 kg/s for mc
tdpo = 22°C
Supply Condition mc = m – mo
Room condition
tdb = 18°C
Wr = 0.0101 mc = 13.63 – 2.73
Required:
hr = 51 kj/kg mc = 10.90 kg/s
(A) tdp at point C
tdpr = 14.2 °C
(B) Refrigeration Load
 AC F R

Solution:
Solution: for mx & my
Diagram:
Supply conditions Mixing chamber calculation
0.80 mS − mY 0.80 mS
tdb = 18°C X (Room)
mY mX for Ws
mS
QL = m (Wr - Ws) hg S
O AC F R
C S
0.20 mS mY + 0.20 mS 96 kWS Wr – Ws = QL C
38.4 kWL m hg
Ws = Wr – QL m ts = mx tx + mc tc
m hg mc tc = m ts - mx tx 1
Ws = 0.0101 – 38.4 kj/s where: tc = dew pt. temp.
(13.63kg/s)(2501.3kj/kg)mc tc = mc tdpc
Ws = 0.009 mc tdpc = m tdps – mx tdpx 2
hs = 41 kj/kg
tdps = 12.5 °C
Solution: Solution:
Equating 1 & 2 for Refrigeration Load
m ts - mx tx = m tdps – mx tdpx
y x
m ts - m tdps = mx tx – mx tdpx
s
m (ts – tdps) = mx (tx – tdpx) o ACU
mx = m (ts – tdps)
QC
(tx – tdpx)
mx = 13.63 kg/s (18 – 12.5) Energy In = Energy out
(25 – 14.2) mo ho + my hy + mx hx = m hs + Q
mx = 6.94 kg/s where: hx = hy = hr
for my Q = mo ho + my hy + mx hx – m hs
mc = mx + my Q=(2.73)(76.4)+(3.96)(51)+(6.94)(51)-(13.63)(41)
my = mc –mx = (10.90 – 6.94) kg/s Q = 205.64 kJ/s / kW
my = 3.96 kg/s
Solution: Solution:
for tc from 1 for tc from 1
mc tc = m ts - mx tx
0.80 mS − mY 0.80 mS tc = m ts - mx tx
mY mX
my + 0.20m
mS tc = (13.63)(18) – (6.94)(25)
O
C S 3.96 + (0.20)(13.63)
0.20 mS mY + 0.20 mS 96 kWS
tc = 10.74°C
38.4 kWL