READING QUIZ

1. Newton’s second law can be written in mathematical form

as F = ma. Within the summation of forces, F,
________ are(is) not included.
A) external forces B) weight
C) internal forces D) All of the above.

2. The equation of motion for a system of n-particles can be

written as Fi =  miai = maG, where aG indicates _______.
A) summation of each particle’s acceleration
B) acceleration of the center of mass of the system
C) acceleration of the largest particle
D) None of the above.
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. The block (mass = m) is moving upward with a speed v.

Draw the FBD if the kinetic friction coefficient is k.
mg mg
v
A) kN B) kN

N N

mg
C) kmg D) None of the above.
N
 CONCEPT QUIZ
(continued)
2. Packaging for oranges is tested using a machine that exerts
ay = 20 m/s2 and ax = 3 m/s2, simultaneously. Select the
correct FBD and kinetic diagram for this condition. y

W may x
W
A) B)
= • max = • max
Rx Rx
Ry Ry

C) may
D) may
W

= • = • max

Ry Ry
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUIZ

1. If the cable has a tension of 3 N,

determine the acceleration of block B.
A) 4.26 m/s2 B) 4.26 m/s2 10 kg
k=0.4
C) 8.31 m/s2 D) 8.31 m/s2
4 kg

2. Determine the acceleration of the block.

•
30

A) 2.20 m/s2 B) 3.17 m/s2

C) 11.0 m/s2 D) 4.26 m/s2 60 N
5 kg
 READING QUIZ

1. The “normal” component of the equation of motion is written

as Fn=man, where Fn is referred to as the _______.

A) impulse B) centripetal force

C) tangential force D) inertia force

2. The positive n direction of the normal and tangential

coordinates is ____________.
A) normal to the tangential component
B) always directed toward the center of curvature
C) normal to the bi-normal component
D) All of the above.
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. The tangential acceleration of an object
A) represents the rate of change of the velocity vector’s
direction.
B) represents the rate of change in the magnitude of the
velocity.
C) is a function of the radius of curvature.
D) Both B and C.
2. The block has a mass of 20 kg and a speed of
v = 30 m/s at the instant it is at its lowest point.
Determine the tension in the cord at this instant. 10 m

A) 1596 N B) 1796 N
v = 30m/s
C) 1996 N D) 2196 N
 CONCEPT QUIZ B
1. When a pilot flies an airplane in a
vertical loop of constant radius r at C r A
constant speed v, his apparent weight
is maximum at
D
A) Point A B) Point B (top of the loop)
C) Point C D) Point D (bottom of the loop)
 READING QUIZ
F
1. What is the work done by the force F?
A) F s B) –F s s1 s2
C) Zero D) None of the above. s

2. If a particle is moved from 1 to 2, the work done on the

particle by the force, FR will be
s2
 Ft ds s2
A) s1
B)   Ft ds
s
1

s2
D)  s Fn ds
s2
C) 
s1
Fn ds
1
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A spring with an un-stretched length of 5 in expands from a
length of 2 in to a length of 4 in. The work done on the spring
is _________ in·lb .
A) -[0.5 k(4 in)2 - 0.5 k(2 in)2] B) 0.5 k (2 in)2
C) -[0.5 k(3 in)2 - 0.5 k(1 in)2] D) 0.5 k(3 in)2 - 0.5 k(1 in)2

2. If a spring force is F = 5 s3 N/m and the spring is compressed

by s = 0.5 m, the work done on a particle attached to the
spring will be
A) 0.625 N · m B) – 0.625 N · m
C) 0.0781 N · m D) – 0.0781 N · m
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. What is the work done by the normal
force N if a 10 lb box is moved from A
to B ?
A) - 1.24 lb · ft B) 0 lb · ft
C) 1.24 lb · ft D) 2.48 lb · ft
2. Two blocks are initially at rest. How many equations would
be needed to determine the velocity of block A after block B
moves 4 m horizontally on the smooth surface?
A) One B) Two
2 kg
C) Three D) Four

2 kg
 READING QUIZ

1. The formula definition of power is ___________.

A) dU / dt B) F  v
C) F  dr/dt D) All of the above.

2. Kinetic energy results from _______.

A) displacement B) velocity
C) gravity D) friction
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. A motor pulls a 10 lb block up a smooth

incline at a constant velocity of 4 ft/s. 30º

Find the power supplied by the motor.

A) 8.4 ft·lb/s B) 20 ft·lb/s
C) 34.6 ft·lb/s D) 40 ft·lb/s

2. A twin engine jet aircraft is climbing at a 10 degree angle at

260 ft/s. The thrust developed by a jet engine is 1000 lb.
The power developed by the aircraft is
A) (1000 lb)(260 ft/s) B) (2000 lb)(260 ft/s) cos 10
C) (1000 lb)(260 ft/s) cos 10 D) (2000 lb)(260 ft/s)
 READING QUIZ

1. The potential energy of a spring is ________

A) always negative. B) always positive.
C) positive or negative. D) equal to ks.

2. When the potential energy of a conservative system

increases, the kinetic energy _________
A) always decreases. B) always increases.
C) could decrease or D) does not change.
increase.
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If the work done by a conservative force on a particle as it

moves between two positions is –10 ft·lb, the change in its
potential energy is _______
A) 0 ft·lb. B) -10 ft·lb.
C) +10 ft·lb. D) None of the above.

2. Recall that the work of a spring is U1-2 = -½ k(s22 – s12) and

can be either positive or negative. The potential energy of a
spring is V = ½ ks2. Its value is __________
A) always negative. B) either positive or negative.
C) always positive. D) an imaginary number!
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. The principle of conservation of energy is usually ______ to

apply than the principle of work & energy.
A) harder B) easier
C) the same amount of work D) It is a mystery!

2. If the pendulum is released from the

horizontal position, the velocity of its
bob in the vertical position is _____
A) 3.8 m/s. B) 6.9 m/s.
C) 14.7 m/s. D) 21 m/s.
 READING QUIZ

1. The linear impulse and momentum equation is obtained by

integrating the ______ with respect to time.

A) friction force B) equation of motion

C) kinetic energy D) potential energy

2. Which parameter is not involved in the linear impulse and

momentum equation?

A) Velocity B) Displacement
C) Time D) Force
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUIZ
F

1. Calculate the impulse due to the force. 10 N Force

curve
A) 20 kg·m/s B) 10 kg·m/s
C) 5 N·s D) 15 N·s 2s
t

2. A constant force F is applied for 2 s to change the particle’s

velocity from v1 to v2. Determine the force F if the particle’s
mass is 2 kg.
A) (17.3 j) N B) (–10 i +17.3 j) N v2=20 m/s

C) (20 i +17.3 j) N D) ( 10 i +17.3 j) N

60v1=10 m/s
 READING QUIZ
1. The internal impulses acting on a system of particles
always __________
A) equal the external impulses. B) sum to zero.
C) equal the impulse of weight. D) None of the above.

2. If an impulse-momentum analysis is considered during the

very short time of interaction, as shown in the picture, weight
is a/an __________
A) impulsive force.
B) explosive force.
C) non-impulsive force.
D) internal force.
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Over the short time span of a tennis ball hitting the racket
during a player’s serve, the ball’s weight can be
considered _____________
A) nonimpulsive.
B) impulsive.
C) not subject to Newton’s second law.
D) Both A and C.
2) A drill rod is used with a air hammer for making holes in
hard rock so explosives can be placed in them. How many
impulsive forces act on the drill rod during the drilling?
A) None B) One
C) Two D) Three
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. The 20 g bullet is fired horizontally at 1200 m/s into the
300 g block resting on a smooth surface. If the bullet
becomes embedded in the block, what is the velocity of the
block immediately after impact.
1200 m/s
A) 1125 m/s B) 80 m/s
C) 1200 m/s D) 75 m/s
2. The 200-g baseball has a horizontal velocity of 30 m/s when it
is struck by the bat, B, weighing 900-g, moving at 47 m/s.
During the impact with the bat, how many impulses of
importance are used to find the final velocity of the ball?
A) Zero B) One vball
BAT

C) Two D) Three vbat

 READING QUIZ

1. When the motion of one or both of the particles is at an angle

to the line of impact, the impact is said to be ________
A) central impact. B) oblique impact.
C) major impact. D) None of the above.

2. The ratio of the restitution impulse to the deformation

impulse is called _________
A) impulse ratio. B) restitution coefficient.
C) energy ratio. D) mechanical efficiency.
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. Two balls impact with a coefficient of restitution of 0.79.
Can one of the balls leave the impact with a kinetic energy
greater than before the impact?
A) Yes B) No
C) Impossible to tell D) Don’t pick this one!

2. Under what condition is the energy lost during a collision

maximum?
A) e = 1.0 B) e = 0.0
C) e = -1.0 D) Collision is non-elastic.
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Block B (1 kg) is moving on the smooth surface at 10 m/s

when it squarely strikes block A (3 kg), which is at rest. If
the velocity of block A after the collision is 4 m/s to the
right, (vB)2 is
vB=10 m/s
A) 2 m/s B) 7 m/s
B A
C) 7 m/s D) 2 m/s
2. A particle strikes the smooth surface with a
velocity of 30 m/s. If e = 0.8, (vx) 2 is y
_____ after the collision. v
30
A) zero B) equal to (vx) 1 30 m/s x

C) less than (vx) 1 D) greater than (vx) 1
 READING QUIZ
1. Select the correct expression for the angular momentum of a
particle about a point.
A) r × v B) r × (m v)
C) v × r D) (m v) × r

2. The sum of the moments of all external forces acting on a

particle is equal to
A) angular momentum of the particle.
B) linear momentum of the particle.
C) time rate of change of angular momentum.
D) time rate of change of linear momentum.
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If a particle moves in the x - y plane, its angular momentum
vector is in the
A) x direction. B) y direction.
C) z direction. D) x - y direction.

2. If there are no external impulses acting on a particle

A) only linear momentum is conserved.

B) only angular momentum is conserved.
C) both linear momentum and angular momentum are
conserved.
D) neither linear momentum nor angular momentum are
conserved.
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A ball is traveling on a smooth surface in a 3 ft radius circle
with a speed of 6 ft/s. If the attached cord is pulled down
with a constant speed of 2 ft/s, which of the following
principles can be applied to solve for the velocity of the ball
when r = 2 ft?
A) Conservation of energy
B) Conservation of angular momentum
C) Conservation of linear momentum
D) Conservation of mass

2. If a particle moves in the z - y plane, its angular momentum

vector is in the
A) x direction. B) y direction.
C) z direction. D) z - y direction.
 READING QUIZ

1. If a rigid body is in translation only, the velocity at

points A and B on the rigid body _______ .
A) are usually different
B) are always the same
C) depend on their position
D) depend on their relative position

2. If a rigid body is rotating with a constant angular

velocity about a fixed axis, the velocity vector at point
P is _______.
A)   rp B) rp 
C) drp/dt D) All of the above.
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. The fan blades suddenly experience an angular acceleration

of 2 rad/s2. If the blades are rotating with an initial angular
velocity of 4 rad/s, determine the speed of point P when the
blades have turned 2 revolutions
(when  = 8.14 rad/s).
A) 14.2 ft/s B) 17.7 ft/s
C) 23.1 ft/s D) 26.7 ft/s

2. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration at P when the

blades have turned the 2 revolutions.
A) 0 ft/s2 B) 3.5 ft/s2
C) 115.95 ft/s2 D) 116 ft/s2
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. The sliders shown below are confined to move in the

horizontal and vertical slots. If vA=10 m/s, determine the
connecting bar’s angular velocity when  = 30.
A) 10 rad/s B) 10 rad/s
C) 8.7 rad/s D) 8.7 rad/s

2. If vA=10 m/s and aA=10 m/s, determine

the angular acceleration, a, when  = 30.
A) 0 rad/s2 B) -50.2 rad/s2
C) -112 rad/s2 D) -173 rad/s2
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUIZ
1. If the disk is moving with a velocity at point

O of 15 ft/s and  = 2 rad/s, determine the
velocity at A. 2 ft
V=15 ft/s
A) 0 ft/s B) 4 ft/s O

C) 15 ft/s D) 11 ft/s A

2. If the velocity at A is zero, then determine the angular

velocity, .
A) 30 rad/s B) 0 rad/s
C) 7.5 rad/s D) 15 rad/s
 ATTENTION QUIZ
vA
1. Which equation could be used to find
the velocity of the center of the gear, C,
if the velocity vA is known?

A) vB = vA + gear × rB/A B) vA = vC + gear × rA/C

C) vB = vC + gear × rC/B D) vA = vC + gear × rC/A

2. If the bar’s velocity at A is 3 m/s, what B

“base” point (first term on the RHS of the
velocity equation) would be best used to 4m
simplify finding the bar’s angular 
velocity when  = 60º? A
C
A) A B) B
C) C D) No difference.
 READING QUIZ

1. If applicable, the method of instantaneous center can be used

to determine the __________ of any point on a rigid body.
A) velocity B) acceleration
C) velocity and acceleration D) force

2. The velocity of any point on a rigid body is __________ to

the relative position vector extending from the IC to the
point.
A) always parallel B) always perpendicular
C) in the opposite direction D) in the same direction
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. The wheel shown has a radius of 15 in and rotates clockwise
at a rate of  = 3 rad/s. What is vB?
A) 5 in/s B) 15 in/s
C) 0 in/s D) 45 in/s

2. Point A on the rod has a velocity of 8 m/s to the right.

Where is the IC for the rod?
A) Point A. •C
B) Point B.
C) Point C.
D) Point D. D •
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If a ball rolls without slipping, select the

tangential and normal components of
the relative acceleration of point A with
respect to G.
A) ar i + 2r j B) - ar i + 2r j
C) 2r i − ar j D) Zero.

2. What are the tangential and normal components of the

relative acceleration of point B with respect to G.
A) - 2r i −ar j B) - ar i + 2r j
C) 2r i −ar j D) Zero.
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Two bodies contact one another
without slipping. If the tangential
component of the acceleration of point
A on gear B is 100 ft/sec2, determine
the tangential component of the
acceleration of point A’ on gear C.
A) 50 ft/sec2 B) 100 ft/sec2
C) 200 ft/sec2 D) None of above.
2. If the tangential component of the acceleration of point A on
gear B is 100 ft/sec2, determine the angular acceleration of
gear B.
A) 50 rad/sec2 B) 100 rad/sec2
C) 200 rad/sec2 D) None of above.
 READING QUIZ
1. Mass moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of a
body to _____________.
A) translational motion B) deformation
C) angular acceleration D) impulsive motion

2. Mass moment of inertia is always ____________.

A) a negative quantity
B) a positive quantity
C) an integer value
D) zero about an axis perpendicular to the plane of motion
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. The mass moment of inertia of any body about its center of

mass is always ____________.
A) maximum B) minimum
C) zero D) None of the above

2. If the mass of body A and B are equal but kA = 2kB, then

____________.
A) IA = 2IB B) IA = (1/2)IB
C) IA = 4IB D) IA = (1/4)IB
 READING QUIZ
1. When a rigid body undergoes translational motion due to
external forces, the translational equations of motion (EOM)
can be expressed for _____________.
A) the center of rotation B) the center of mass
C) any arbitrary point D) All of the above

2. The rotational EOM about the mass center of the rigid body
indicates that the sum of moments due to the external loads
equals _____________.
A) IG a B) m aG
C) IG a + m aG D) None of the above.
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A 2 lb disk is attached to a uniform 6 lb B
rod AB with a frictionless collar at B.
If the disk rolls without slipping, select
the correct FBD. A

A) Nb Nb Nb
B) C)
2 lb 2 lb
6 lb 8 lb 6 lb
Fs Fs
Na Na Na
 CONCEPT QUIZ

2. A 2 lb disk is attached to a uniform 6 lb B

rod AB with a frictionless collar at B.
If the disk rolls with slipping, select the
correct FBD. A

A) Nb Nb Nb
B) C)
2 lb 2 lb
6 lb 8 lb 6 lb
s Na Fk k Na
Na Na Na
 READING QUIZ

1. In rotational motion, the normal component of acceleration

at the body’s center of gravity (G) is always __________.
A) zero
B) tangent to the path of motion of G
C) directed from G toward the center of rotation
D) directed from the center of rotation toward G

2. If a rigid body rotates about point O, the sum of the

moments of the external forces acting on the body about
point O equals?
A) IGa B) IOa
C) m aG D) m aO
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If a rigid bar of length l (above) is released

from rest in the horizontal position ( = 0),
the magnitude of its angular acceleration is
at maximum when
A)  = 0 B)  = 90
C)  = 180 D)  = 0 and 180

2. In the above problem, when  = 90°, the horizontal

component of the reaction at pin O is __________.
A) zero B) m g
C) m (l/2) 2 D) None of the above
 (a) m (b) m
ATTENTION QUIZ
T
10 lb 10 lb

1. A drum of mass m is set into motion in two ways: (a) by a

constant 40 N force, and, (b) by a block of weight 40 N. If aa
and ab represent the angular acceleration of the drum in each
case, select the true statement.
A) aa > ab B) aa < ab
C) aa = ab D) None of the above

2. In case (b) above, what is the tension T in the cable?

A) T = 40 N B) T < 40 N
C) T > 40 N D) None of the above
 READING QUIZ

1. If a disk rolls on a rough surface without slipping, the

acceleration af the center of gravity (G) will _________ and
the friction force will be __________.
A) not be equal to a r; less than sN
B) be equal to a r; equal to kN
C) be equal to a r; less than sN
D) None of the above
2. If a rigid body experiences general plane motion, the sum of
the moments of external forces acting on the body about any
point P is equal to __________.
A) IP a B) IP a + maP
C) m aG D) IG a + rGP × maP
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. An 80 kg spool (kG = 0.3 m) is on a a
rough surface and a cable exerts a 30 N 30N
load to the right. The friction force at A 0.2m
•G
acts to the __________ and the aG
0.75m
should be directed to the __________ . A
A) right, left B) left, right
C) right, right D) left, left
2. For the situation above, the moment equation about G is?
A) 0.75 (FfA) - 0.2(30) = - (80)(0.32)a
B) -0.2(30) = - (80)(0.32)a
C) 0.75 (FfA) - 0.2(30) = - (80)(0.32)a + 80aG
D) None of the above
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. A slender 100 kg beam is suspended by a

cable. The moment equation about point A is? A
A) 3(10) = 1/12(100)(42) a
B) 3(10) = 1/3(100)(42) a 3m
4m
C) 3(10) = 1/12(100)(42) a + (100 aGx)(2)
10 N
D) None of the above

2. Select the equation that best represents the “no-slip”

assumption.
A) Ff = s N B) Ff = k N
C) aG = r a D) None of the above
 READING QUIZ

1. Kinetic energy due to rotation of the body is defined as

A) (1/2) m (vG)2. B) (1/2) m (vG)2 + (1/2) IG 2.
C) (1/2) IG 2. D) IG 2.

2. When calculating work done by forces, the work of an

internal force does not have to be considered because
____________.
A) internal forces do not exist
B) the forces act in equal but opposite collinear pairs
C) the body is at rest initially
D) the body can deform
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. If a rigid body rotates about its center of gravity, its
translational kinetic energy is ___________ at all times.
A) constant
B) zero
C) equal to its rotational kinetic energy
D) Cannot be determined

2. A rigid bar of mass m and length L is released from rest in

the horizontal position. What is the rod’s angular velocity
when it has rotated through 90°?
m
A) g/3L B) 3g/L •
L
C) 12g/L D) g/L
 ATTENTION QUIZ
1. A disk and a sphere, each of mass m and radius r, are
released from rest. After 2 full turns, which body has a
larger angular velocity? Assume roll without slip.
r
A) Sphere B) Disk 
C) The two are equal. D) Cannot be determined.

2. A slender bar of mass m and length L is released from rest in

a horizontal position. The work done by its weight when it
has rotated through 90° is?
m
A) m g (p/2) B) m g L •
L
C) m g (L/2) D) -m g (L/2)
 READING QUIZ

1. Elastic potential energy is defined as ___________.

A) + (1/2) k (s)2 B) - (1/2) k (s)2
C) + (1/2) k (v)2 D) None of the above

2. The kinetic energy of a rigid body consists of the

kinetic energy due to ___________.
A) translational motion and rotational motion
B) only rotational motion
C) only translational motion
D) the deformation of the body
 UNDERSTANDING QUIZ
1. At the instant shown, the spring is
undeformed. Determine the change in 3 m/s
potential energy if the 20 kg disk datum
(kG = 0.5 m) rolls 2 revolutions
without slipping.
A) ½(200)(1.2p)2 + (20)9.81(1.2p sin 30°)
B) - ½(200) (1.2p)2 - (20)9.81(1.2p sin 30°)
C) ½(200)(1.2p)2 - (20)9.81(1.2p sin 30°)
D) ½(200)(1.2p)2
2. Determine the kinetic energy of the disk at this instant.
A) (½)(20)(3)2 B) ½(20)(0.52)(10)2
C) Answer A + Answer B D) None of the above
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Blocks A and B are released from rest and the

disk turns 2 revolutions. The V2 of the system
includes a term for ______________. 1m datum
A) only the 40 kg block
B) only the 80 kg block
40 kg
C) the disk and both blocks
80 kg
D) only the two blocks

2. A slender bar is released from rest while in the horizontal

position. The kinetic energy (T2) of the bar when it has
rotated through 90° is? m
•
A) ½ m (vG2)2 B) ½ IG (2)2 L
C) ½ k (s1)2 - W (L/2) D) ½ m (vG2)2 + ½ IG (2)2
 READING QUIZ

1. The angular momentum of a rotating two-dimensional rigid

body about its center of mass G is ___________.
A) m vG B) IG vG
C) m  D) IG 

2. If a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis passing through its

center of mass, the body’s linear momentum is __________.
A) a constant B) zero
C) m vG D) IG 
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If a slab is rotating about its center of

mass G, its angular momentum about
any arbitrary point P is __________ its
angular momentum computed about G
(i.e., IG ).
A) larger than B) less than
C) the same as D) None of the above

2. The linear momentum of the slab in question 1 is __________.

A) constant B) zero
C) increasing linearly D) decreasing linearly
with time with time
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. If a slender bar rotates about end A, its A

angular momentum with respect to A is? 

A) (1/12) m l2  B) (1/6) m l2  G
l
C) (1/3) m l2  D) m l2 

2. As in the principle of work and energy, if a force does no

work, it does not need to be shown on the impulse and
momentum diagram/equation.
A) False B) True
C) Depends on the case D) No clue!
 READING QUIZ
1. If there are no external impulses acting on a body
_____________.
A) only linear momentum is conserved
B) only angular momentum is conserved
C) both linear momentum and angular momentum are
conserved
D) neither linear momentum nor angular momentum are
conserved
2. If a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis passing through its
center of mass, the body’s linear momentum is __________.
A) constant B) zero
C) m vG D) IG 
 CONCEPT QUIZ
1. A slender rod (mass = M) is at rest. If a bullet (mass = m) is
fired with a velocity of vb, the angular A
momentum of the bullet about A just 0.5 2
before impact is ___________. m
G
A) 0.5 m vb 2 B) m vb
1.0
C) 0.5 m vb D) zero

2. For the rod in question 1, the angular momentum about A of

the rod and bullet just after impact will be ___________.
A) m vb + M(0.5)2 B) m(0.5)22 + M(0.5)22
C) m(0.5)22 + M(0.5)22 D) zero
+ (1/12) M 2
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. Using conservation of linear and angular momentum

requires that _____________.
A) all linear impulses sum to zero
B) all angular impulses sum to zero
C) both linear and angular impulses sum to zero
D) None of the above

2. The angular momentum of a body about a point A that is

the fixed axis of rotation but not the mass center (G) is
_____________.
A) IA B) IG 
C) rG (m vG) + IG  D) Both A & C