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4 Eor4gasmethods 180113184248
4 Eor4gasmethods 180113184248
Case Studies:
Final Comments
Trend of U.S. EOR projects
EOR Gas Injection Methods
- Miscible process
- Immiscible process
SOURCE
PROPERTIES
Multiple Contact Miscibility:
Condensing Gas Drive
The reservoir oil must be rich in ethane through hexane "light oils“ .
AND:
* a high formation-volume factor – the capability of absorbing
added gas under reservoir conditions.
* API higher than 35 degrees.
* Low in C1
- Reservoir should be 5,000 ft deep or more to withstand the high
injection pressure (in excess of 5,000 psi) to attain miscibility with N2.
EOR-Nitrogen gas -Conditions
- When nitrogen is injected into a reservoir, it forms a miscible front
by vaporizing some of the lighter components from the oil if the
pressure is higher than the Minimun Miscible Pressure
(If not, the recovery process is not miscible nad the drives are oil
sewlling, viscosity reduction).
• Natural gas enriched nitrogen front moves away from the injection
wells, contacting new oil and vaporizing more components
• The leading edge of this gas front becomes so enriched that it goes
into solution, or becomes miscible, with the reservoir oil. At this
time, the interface between the oil and gas disappears, and the
fluids blend as one.
•
Continued injection of nitrogen pushes the miscible front through
the reservoir, moving a bank of displaced oil toward production
wells.
•
EOR-N2 gas -Conditions
EOR-CO2 gas -Conditions
EOR-CO2 gas -Conditions
When a reservoir’s pressure is depleted by primary & secondary
production, CO2 flooding can be a good tertiary recovery method
Acid gas (mixtures of H2S and CO2) or pure H2S injection has been
also reported for EOR applications:
Zama field (Canada),
Tengiz field (Kazakhstan)
Harweel Cluster (Oman)
are some examples of carbonate reservoirs with ongoing or planned
sour or acid gas injection as EOR strategies
EOR Gas Methods Summary Cont’d
CO2 flooding has been widely used EOR recovery method for
medium and light oil production, mainly in the U.S. due to the
availability of cheap and readily available CO2 from natural
sources
Although CO2 can be stored safely in depleted oil and gas fields,
it is important to note that most CO2 needs to be disposed of into
deep saline aquifers
CCS in the UK has potential only if carbon prices are higher than
£25/tCO2 (> US$ 50/tCO2)
Key Cost Variables of CCS (aproximate)
Final Comments
Offshore EOR is still limited to gas and WAG injection schemes using
natural gas or until CO2 becomes available
CO2 - EOR potential is also limited (NOT ALL reservoirs are candidates
for CO2 flooding)