Environmental Management System

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 429 - Environmental Engineering
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Submitted by:
Ang, Rovelle Maive E.
De Guzman, John Adrian F.
Escobar, Leah Francesca M.
Leyson, Kimberly Mae L.
Regio, Edward James R.
BS ECE III
Submitted to:
Engr. Denvert C. Pangayao, M. ChE
8 March 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objectives
Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

And Environmental Impact Assessment…………………………………1
ISO 14000: Environmental Management System…………………………......20
Sustainable Development………………………………………………………. 29
UN Sustainable Development Goals…………………………………………... 49
Pollution, Prevention, Cleaner Production

And Green Productivity……………………………………………......... 89
Life-Cycle Assessment…………………………………………………....….…. 98
References
OBJECTIVES
∑ To Introduce of the concept of Philippine Environmental Impact Statement.
∑ To define what is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), placing it within
the framework of sustainable development
∑ To describe the purpose and process of EIA.
∑ To outline the history of EIA, why it was introduced and how it has evolved.
∑ To understand the Environmental Management Systems and to determine
why it is beneficial to an organization
∑ To understand thoroughly and intuitively what Sustainable Development is
and what progress Philippines made regarding Sustainable Development.
∑ To define Pollution Prevention (P2), Cleaner Production (CP), Green
Productivity (GP) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).
∑ To expound these programs and to identify how these programs are being
advocated.
PHILIPPINE
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT STATEMENT
AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

Definition of EIS
It is a document prepared to describe the effects for proposed activities on the
environment. It is also described impacts, as well as ways to “mitigate” impacts. Mitigate
means to lessen or remove negatives impact.
Purpose
The purpose of the NEPA is to promote informed decision-making by federal
agencies by making "detailed information concerning significant environmental impacts"
available to both agency leaders and the public. The NEPA was the first piece of
legislation that created a comprehensive method to assess potential and existing
environmental risks at once. It also encourages communication and cooperation between
all the actors involved in environmental decisions, including government officials, private
businesses, and citizens.
In particular, an EIS acts as an enforcement mechanism to ensure that the federal
government adheres to the goals and policies outlined in the NEPA. An EIS should be
created in a timely manner as soon as the agency is planning development or is presented
with a proposal for development. The statement should use an interdisciplinary approach
so that it accurately assesses both the physical and social impacts of the proposed
development. In many instances an action may be deemed subject to NEPA’s EIS
requirement even though the action is not specifically sponsored by a federal agency.
Eccleston identifies instances that may ‘federalize’ such actions for the purposes of
NEPA. These factors may include actions that receive federal funding, federal licensing
or authorization, or that are subject to federal control.
Definition of PEIS
It provides legal and procedural framework for conducting an Environmental
Impact Assessment for projects likely to have significant environmental impact. It is also
designed to safeguard the environment and natural resources in the fast growing
industrialization and urbanization. It was established in 1978 through PD 1586 that
designates DENR, EMB and DENR Regional office as the implementing agency.
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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE
No. 1586
Subject: ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
SYSTEM INCLUDING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
RELATED MEASURES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, the pursuit of a comprehensive and integrated environmental
protection program necessitates the establishment and institutionalization of a system
whereby the exigencies of socio-economic undertakings can be reconciled with the
requirements of environmental quality;
WHEREAS, the regulatory requirements of Environmental Impact Statement and
Assessment instituted in pursuit of this national environmental protection program have
to work into their full regulatory and procedural details in a manner consistent with the
goals of the program.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines,
by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and declare:
Section 1. Policy - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to attain and maintain a
rational and orderly balance between socio-economic growth and environmental
protection.
Section 2. Environmental Impact Statement System - There is hereby established an
Environmental Impact Statement System founded and based on the environmental impact
statement required, under Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151, of all agencies and
instrumentalities of the national government, including government owned or controlled
corporations, as well as private corporations, firms and entities for every proposed project
and undertaking which significantly affect the quality of the environment.
Section 3. Determination of Lead Agency - The Minister of Human Settlements or his
designated representative is hereby authorized to name the Lead Agencies referred to in
Section 4 of Presidential Decree No. 1151, which shall have jurisdiction to undertake the
preparation of the necessary environmental impact statements on declared
environmentally critical projects and areas. All Environmental Impact Statements shall be
submitted to the National Environmental Protection Council for review and evaluation.
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Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects -

The President of the Philippines may, on his own initiative or upon recommendation of
the National Environmental Protection Council, by proclamation declare certain projects,
undertakings or areas in the country as environmentally critical. No person, partnership or
corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical project
or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate issued by the
President or his duly authorized representative. For the proper management of said
critical project or area, the President may by his proclamation reorganized such
government offices, agencies, institutions, corporations or instrumentalities including the
realignment of government personnel, and their specific functions and responsibilities.
For the same purpose as above, the Ministry of Human Settlements shall: (a)
prepare the proper land or water use pattern for said critical project(s) or area(s); (b)
establish ambient environmental quality standards; (c) develop a program of
environmental enhancement or protective measures against calamitous factors such as
earthquake, floods, water erosion and others, and (d) perform such other functions as may
be directed by the President from time to time.
Section 5. Environmentally Non-Critical Projects - All other projects, undertakings and
areas not declared by the Presidents as environmentally critical shall be considered as
non-critical and shall not be required to submit an environmental impact statement. The
National Environmental Protection Council, thru the Ministry of Human Settlements may
however require non-critical projects and undertakings to provide additional
environmental safeguards as it may deem necessary.
Section 6. Secretariat - The National Environmental Protection Council is hereby
authorized to constitute the necessary secretariat which will administer the Environmental
Impact Statement System and undertake the processing and evaluation of environmental
impact statement.
Section 7. Management and Financial Assistance - The Ministry of Human Settlements
is hereby authorized to provide management and financial support to government offices
and instrumentalities placed under its supervision pursuant to this Decree financed from
its existing appropriation or from budgetary augmentation as the Minister of Human
Settlements may deem necessary.
Section 8. Rules and Regulations - The National Environmental Protection Council shall
issue the necessary rules and regulations to implement this Decree. For this purpose, the
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National Pollution Control Commission may be availed of as one of its implementing

arms, consistent with the powers and responsibilities of the National Pollution Control
Commission as provided in P.D. No. 984.
Section 9. Penalty for Violation - Any person, corporation or partnership found violating
Section 4 of this Decree, or the terms and conditions in the issuance of the Environmental
Compliance Certificate, or of the standards, rules and regulations issued by the National
Environmental Protection Council pursuant to this Decree shall be punished the
suspension or cancellation of his/its certificate and/or a fine in an amount not to exceed
fifty thousand pesos (50,000.00) for every violation thereof, at the discretion of the
National Environmental Protection Council.
Section 10. Environmental Revolving Fund - Proceeds from the penalties prescribed in
the preceding Section 9 and other penalties imposed by the National Pollution Control
Commission as authorized in P.D. 984 shall be automatically appropriated into an
Environment Revolving Fund hereby created as an exemption to P.D. 711 and P.D. 1234.
The fund shall be used exclusively for the operations of the National Environmental
Protection Council and the National Pollution Control Commission in the implementation
of this Decree. The rules and regulations for the utilization of this fund shall be
formulated by the Ministry of Human Settlements and submitted to the President for
approval.
Section 11. Repealing Clause - The inter-agency Advisory Council of the National
Pollution Control Commission created under Section 4 of P.D. 984 is hereby abolished
and its powers and responsibilities are forthwith delegated and transferred to the National
Environmental Protection Council. All laws, decrees, executive orders, rules and
regulations, inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.
Section 12. Effectivity Clause - This Decree shall take effect immediately. DONE in the
City of Manila, this 11th day of June in the year of Our Lord Nineteen Hundred and
Seventy-Eight.
(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

President of the Philippines
BY THE PRESIDENT
5
(Sgd.) JACOB C. CLAVE

Presidential Executive Assistant
Certified Copy.
(Sgd.) MELQUIADES T. DELA CRUZ

Presidential Staff, Director
Malacañang Records Office
The EIS should contain an assessment of the most likely impacts of the project and
should provide an environmental management plan (EMP) that lays out the measures to
prevent or minimize impacts from the project. In addition, DENR may require the EIS to
include an ERA especially if the proposal involves hazardous, toxic, flammable, or
explosive materials or chemicals, or involves the construction of structures such as dams,
bridges, which would endanger life, property, or the environment should they fail. An
Environmental Risk Assessment Report, Risk Management Plan, and Emergency
Response and Contingency Plan would accompany the EIS.
Local governments and communities should be provided the EIS for review in a
timely manner, well before the EIS is finalized and forwarded to DENR for action.
Comments should be compiled by the LGU and sent both to the proponent and DENR.
The LGU and other reviewers should ensure that the required sections of the EIS are
present (Table 3). The LGU should also note whether accredited individuals have
prepared the report as directed under the EIS System (Table 4).
Table 3. Required sections or outline of the EIS document (DENR AO 2000-
05).
EIS Summary, a five-page summary of the EIS highlighting the results of the
EIA, the EMP, and proponents' conclusions on the environmental acceptability
of the proposed project;
Project Description provides the project rationale, including data on project
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location, process technologies, material and waste streams, timing and phasing
of implementation, and costs including alternative sites or action/no-action
alternatives;
Summary of Scoping Agreements in the form of matrix of issues and concerns
to be addressed in the EIS including validation letter from EMB;
Baseline Environmental Conditions for land, water, air, and people focusing
on the sectors (resources) most significantly affected by the proposed action;
Impact Assessment and Analysis focuses on discussion of critical/significant
impacts on the environment (from routine activities including cumulative
impacts);
Environmental Risk Assessment focuses on accident scenarios i.e., failure of
pollution control devices or structures such as dams, accidental explosion,
ignition and toxic dispersion, when appropriate;
Environmental Management Program/Plan that detail the prevention,
mitigation, emergency response, compensation, contingency, monitoring, and
institutional measures to be taken during project implementation and operation
to avoid/minimize and control adverse environmental impacts and the actions
and resources needed to implement these measures;
Supporting Documents such as: technical/socioeconomic data used/generated;
Proposals for Environmental Monitoring and Guarantee Funds including
justification of amount, when required; and
Accountability Statement of preparers and proponents.
Table 4. Who can prepare an EIS or IEE?

∑ Only accredited individuals, offices, or organizations are allowed to do
EIAs and prepare EIS or IEE documents. This is to ensure that only
competent, credible, and qualified individuals are involved in the studies
required to prepare these documents.
∑ DENR’s EMB and Regional Offices are empowered to accredit
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individuals or organizations to be EIS or IEE preparers.

∑ DENR personnel are prohibited from participating in the preparation of
EIS or IEE, except in their mandated role to provide guidance to the
proponents.
∑ The IEE/EIS may be prepared by the proponents' technical staff or a
professional group commissioned by the proponent, provided that only
appropriate and duly recognized professionals with valid Philippine
licenses can sign the required accountability statements. The DENR may
opt to accredit entities and institutions conducting training on EIA
preparation and those who successfully complete such courses can be
recognized preparers.
Review. The EIS is submitted to DENR’s EMB, which then forwards it to the EIA
Review Committee (EIARC) for evaluation. The EMB will not accept an EIS document
for review if it is incomplete or not adequately organized. The EIARC is composed of
technically trained professionals in the natural, physical, and social sciences. It meets
within 10 working days of submission of the EIS and completes its report and
recommendations for an ECC within an additional 5 days.
The EIARC can hold meetings with the proponent; conduct site visits, technical
tests, and consultations with the stakeholders to ensure a thorough and substantive review
of the EIS. It makes a report and recommendation to the EMB Director on whether the
project should be issued an ECC, and subsequently to the DENR Secretary for
approval/denial of the ECC application.
Questions that should be asked by the LGU or community representatives in the
course of reviewing the EIS are included in Table 5. If there are any local objections to
the quality or content of the EIS, the LGU should communicate them to DENR’s EIARC.
Table 5. Questions to ask when reviewing an EIS report (adapted
from Carpenter and Maragos 1989).
∑ Is the spatial and temporal scope of the EIA adequate?
∑ What alternatives are considered: No project? Other sites? Other
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technologies?
∑ Are all potential adverse environmental effects clearly identified and
addressed?
∑ Are there impacts on environmentally critical areas or protected species?
∑ What mitigation measures are proposed and who is responsible for
implementing them?
∑ What parameters need to be monitored?
∑ Has public participation through a consultative process been employed?
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Format and Content Process

Most of the information and analysis developed through the Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) process is presented in a single document. The actual organization of the
EIS varies from project-to-project and from Region-to-Region. Some key components of
the EIS are described below:
Summary
The summary presents an overview of the contents of the EIS and a comparison of
impacts expected for the proposal and alternatives.
Purpose and Need
This section explains the purpose and need for the proposal and our authority for
taking action on the proposal. The section may also describe the relationships between
our authority to consider the proposal and the other legal and regulatory authorities that
apply to the activities that might result. We include a summary of the scoping process
here (or in the section on consultation and coordination below) that identifies the
concerns, alternatives, and mitigation measures that are considered in detail in subsequent
sections of the EIS.
Proposed Action and Alternatives
Scenarios are presented that describe the activities assumed for the proposal and
each alternative. The description details any mitigation measures, such as lease
stipulations for lease sale EISs, which are being considered for adoption. This section
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also summarizes the impacts expected to result from the proposal and each alternative,
including no action.
Affected Environment
This section describes the elements of the natural, social, and economic
environments that might be affected by the proposal or the alternatives. Emphasis is
placed on the current status of each element and any trends that may be evident. For
example, a potentially affected bird might be described in terms of its population,
distribution, habits, and current condition. This section provides a baseline against which
changes that might be caused by the proposal can be measured.
Expected Impacts
This section presents our assessment of the impacts that might be expected if the
activities presented in the scenarios occur. A separate analysis is presented for the
proposal and each alternative. Direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts are evaluated.
Each analysis describes the nature, severity, and duration of estimated impacts. If the
project could result in oil spills, the EIS also describes the risk of spills occurring or
contacting particular resources. A conclusion about predicted impacts is also presented
for each concern analyzed.
Consultation and Coordination
This section documents how we consulted with government, public, and individual
interests during preparation of the EIS. The principal emphasis of this section is a
summary of the public comments that we received on the draft EIS and our responses to
those comments. Other types of information included in this section are:
∑ Results of any consultation with the appropriate Federal Agencies about the
possible impacts of the proposal on endangered or threatened plant or animal
species.
∑ Descriptions of the public participation process, including the details of scoping
meetings and public hearings.
∑ Listings of the persons or groups that were provided copies of the EIS.
We have established formal agreements with the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) to cooperate in preparing some EISs. The EPA normally prepares or
assists with the water quality analysis and air quality analysis because they regulate air
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emissions and discharges into marine waters from OCS operations. We may also be a
cooperating agency on an EIS prepared by another Federal Agency, such as the Army
Corps of Engineers, for proposed oil and gas activities.
During development of the EIS, we also consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service about the potential effects of oil and
gas activities on species protected under the Endangered Species Act.
Appendices
This section contains a variety of technical reports that support the analysis of
expected impacts. Normally included among those reports are: our assessment of
amounts of oil and gas resources that might be discovered in and produced from the area
covered by the proposal (program and leasing EISs); our assessment of the probabilities
that oil spills might occur and the possible movements of spilled oil; and a description of
equipment and procedures that would be used to respond to an oil spill.
Environmental Impact Assessment

History
The history of EIA as a legal tool starts in the last day of 1969, when NEPA
(National Environment Policy Act) came into force in USA. Introduced in the US as its
beginning, several countries have followed and applied EIA systems. At the same time,
international efforts in sustainable development have been promoting to assist developing
nations. In recent years, the concept of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is
applying EIA consideration in earlier stage of policy-making, become prevailing and
some practical cases are reported. US were the first country to develop a system of
environmental impact assessment (EIA). When “Silent Spring” written by Rachel Carson
was published in 1962, social awareness to environmental issues in the US had reached
high proportions and grew as very intense movements at the latter half of 1960’s. With
these social backgrounds, the National Environmental Policy Act (1969) of the United
States of America (NEPA) was constituted and for the first time, EIA requiring
environmental consideration in large-scale projects was enforced as legislation. The
influence of NEPA in which the concept of EIA system as its bedrock was extended
beyond the US and provoked the introduction of EIA policy in many countries in Europe
and Asia. Following the US initiative, several countries began to provide EIA systems,
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for example Australia (1974), Thailand (1975), France (1976), Philippines (1978), Israel
(1981) and Pakistan (1983). Generally, EIA is more efficient and effective to be
implemented as early as possible, for example at the policy or project-planning phase. In
practice, however, the implementation period of the EIA, as well as its scope and
procedures vary by each country and agency, and each system holds their own unique
characteristic.
Definition
Environmental Impact Assessment is a systematic process that examines the
environmental consequences of a proposed activity to the:
-bio-physical environment
-socio-economic environment
and designing appropriate environmental measures to mitigate negative
consequences & enhance the positive impact.
Process of estimating and evaluating significant short-term and long-term effects
of a program or project on the quality of its location's environment. It also includes
identifying ways to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate these effects and/or compensate for
their impact. Process of estimating and evaluating significant short-term and long-term
effects of a program or project on the quality of its location's environment. It also
includes identifying ways to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate these effects and/or
compensate for their impact.
Purpose
∑ To enhance planning and guide decision-making.
∑ To integrate environmental concerns in the planning process in the planning
process of the projects at the feasibility stage.
Background of EIA Laws in the context of PEISS
1. Presidential Decree No.1151 (Philippine Environmental Policy)
∑ it requires sponsors of projects affecting the quality of the environment to prepare
environmental impact statements.
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2. Presidential Decree No.1586

∑ Establishment of the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS)
with the National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC) as the lead agency
3. DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 42 (2002)

∑ Rationalizing the implementation of the Philippine EIS System giving authority,
in addition to the DENR Secretary, to the EMB Central and Regional Office
Directors to grant or deny Issuance of ECCs.
4. DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 96-37

∑ Highlights the importance of public participation and social acceptability in the
environmental review process.
EIA Process
1. Project Identification
2. Screening
3. Scoping
4. EIA Study & Report Preparation
5. EIA report, review & evaluation
6. Decision Making
7. Monitoring, validation & Evaluation/Audit
Project Identification
It determines if a project is covered or not covered by the PEISS. It may be under
Environmental Critical Projects (ECP) or Environmental Critical Area (ECA).
Covered
Environmental Critical Projects
∑ Heavy Industries
∑ Resource Extractive Industries
∑ Infrastructure Projects
∑ Golf Course Projects
∑ And the like.
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Environmental Critical Area

∑ National Parks, Watersheds, wildlife preserves and sanctuaries declared by the
law.
∑ Tourist spots
∑ Habitats of endangered or threatened species.
∑ Areas traditionally occupied by IP’s and cultural communities
∑ Areas classified as prime agricultural Lands
∑ Areas frequently hit by natural calamities
Not Covered
∑ Projects or structures that have been operating since 1982 even if they are ECP or
ECA.
SCREENING
If a project is covered, screening further determines what document type the
project should prepare to secure the needed approval, and what the rest of the
requirements are in terms of EMB Office of application, endorsing and decision
authorities, duration of processing.
SCOPING
Scoping identifies the most significant impacts of a proposed project and then
delimits the extent of baseline information to those necessary to evaluate and mitigate the
impacts. The need for and scope of an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is also
done during scoping process.
EIA STUDY & REPORT PREPARATION
In this process, it involves a description of the proposed project and its
alternatives, characterization, impact identification and prediction, evaluation of impact
significances, impact mitigation and monitoring plan with corresponding cost estimates
and institutional support commitment.
The study results are presented in an EIA report for which an outline is prescribed by
EMB for every major document type.
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EIA REPORT REVIEW AND EVALUATION

In this process, it is a review of composed third party experts commissioned by
EMB as the EIARC for PEIS/EIS based applications.
DENR/EMB internal specialist the Technical Committee for Initial Environmental
Examination based applications.
EMB evaluates the EIARC recommendations and the public’s inputs during public
consultation/hearings in the process of recommending a decision on the application. The
EIARC chair signs EIARC recommendations including issues outside the
mandatory of EMB.
DECISION MAKING
It involves evaluation of EIA recommendations and the draft decision document
resulting to the issuance of an ECC, CNC or Denial Letter. When approved, a covered
project issues its certificate of Environmental Compliance Committee while an
application of a non-covered project issue Certificate of Non-Covered. Proponent signs a
sworn statement of full responsibilities on implementation of its commitments prior to the
release of the ECC. Then, the ECC is transmitted to concerned LGUs and other Gas for
the integration into their decision-making process.
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LGU Involvement
The LGU should facilitate community participation through public outreach.
It is the best interest of the stakeholders to design or choose the best development
and mitigation options or to encourage DENR to deny an ECC if the object does not meet
the environmental standards.
The LGU has a critical role in ensuring that all development projects in their
jurisdiction that are classified as ECPs or located in ECAs are subjected to the EIA
review process. While not all projects may require a detailed EIA, all proposed
development activities should be screened to decide which projects need a detailed
evaluation of environmental impacts. Many coastal zone habitats are considered ECAs,
so an environmental review of projects in the coastal zone may be warranted under PD
1586. The LGU should also facilitate community participation through public outreach. It
is in the best interests of all stakeholders to design and choose the best development and
mitigation options or to encourage DENR to deny an ECC if a project does not meet
environmental standards.
Scoping should begin as soon as the project is conceptualized and is focused on
identifying issues and alternatives. Scoping is crucial because it allows stakeholders –
those affected by the project – to identify issues that need to be addressed in the EIA. If
the proposed project requires an EIA, then a preliminary evaluation is accomplished and
meetings are held among DENR, LGU, local communities, and possibly NGOs and
academic institutions to decide on the scope of the EIA. Scoping helps all parties
understand the level of analysis required, specify the alternatives to be evaluated, identify
potential impacts, and suggest possible mitigation and monitoring measures that should
be addressed. Scoping is also used to determine if an environmental risk assessment
(ERA) is needed and what factors may affect social acceptability of the project. Scoping
sessions and consultations are used to solicit public input. Scoping meetings are
documented by the proponent and signed by all representatives of stakeholders and
integrated into a scoping report that documents the consultative process.
Affected local governments and communities need to provide their input during
scoping to ensure that their concerns are going to be addressed in the EIA before it is
completed. The LGUs should consolidate all local input and provide it in writing directly
to the proponent with copies provided to the lead national development agency and
DENR-EMB. DENR and the LGUs have the responsibility to ensure that all potential
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environmental impacts will be addressed in the EIA and to identify issues that may affect
social acceptability.
MONITORING, VALIDATION, AND EVALUATION/AUDIT

In this process, it assesses performances of the proponent against the ECC and its
commitments in the Environmental Management and Monitoring plans to ensure actual
impacts of the projects are adequately prevented or mitigated.
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ROLE OF EIA IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could form a major instrument in
decision making and for measurement of sustainability in the context of regional carrying
capacity, provided the conceptual framework is extended to the cumulative assessment of
developmental policies, plans and projects on a regional basis.
EIA is potentially one of the most valuable, inter disciplinary objective decision-making
tools with respect to alternate routes for development process technologies and project
sites.
It is an ideal anticipatory mechanism, which establishes quantitative values for
parameters indicating the quality of the environment before, during and after the
proposed development activity, thus allowing measures that ensure environmental
compatibility. It presents a clear and concise picture of all benefits and costs associated
with alternative courses of action and provide a mechanism for merging the concerns for
environment and economics in the process of decision-making.
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Definition of Terms:
PEISS – Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

EIS – Environmental Impact Statement
EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
ECP – Environmental Critical Project
ECA – Environmental Critical Area
IEE – Initial environmental Examination
ECC – Environmental Compliance Certificate
ERA – Environmental Risk Assessment
EIARC – Environmental Impact Assessment Review Committee
EMP – Environmental Management Plan
EMF – Environmental Monitoring Plan
EMB – Environmental Management Bureau
RED – Regional Executive Director
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ISO 14000:
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
1
ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards developed and
published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations.
The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to
systematize and improve their environmental management efforts. The ISO 14000
standards are not designed to aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not
regulate the environmental activities of organizations. Adherence to these standards is
voluntary.
The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard within the ISO 14000
series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements of an environmental management system
(EMS) for small to large organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling
environmental issues within an organization. The ISO 14001 standard is based on the
Plan-Check-Do-Review-Improve cycle.
The Plan cycle deals with the beginning stages of an organization becoming ISO
14001-compliant. The Check cycle deals with checking and correcting errors. The Do
cycle is the implementation and operation of the ISO 14001 standard within an
organization. The Review cycle is a review of the entire process by the organization's top
management. And the Improve cycle is a cycle that never ends as an organization
continually finds ways to improve their EMS.
The entire process can take several months to several years depending on the size
of the organization. If an organization is already ISO 9000-certified, the implementation
of ISO 14001 does not take as long. When an organization is compliant, they can either
register with a third-party registrar or self-declare their compliance. The ISO 14001
standard is the only ISO 14000 standard that allows an organization to be registered or
"certified.
The Technical Committee (TC) behind ISO 14000 is TC 207.

ISO 14001 is the world’s most recognized framework for environmental
management systems (EMS) implemented from Argentina to Zimbabwe – that helps
organizations both to manage better the impact of their activities on the environment and
to demonstrate sound environmental management.
2
ISO 14001 has been adopted as a national standard by more than half of the 160
national members of ISO and its use is encouraged by governments around the world.
Although certification of conformity to the standard is not a requirement of ISO 14001, at
the end of 2007, at least 154 572 certificates had been issued in 148 countries and
economies.
Other environmental management tools developed by ISO/TC 207 include: ISO
14004, which complements ISO 14001 by providing additional guidance and useful
explanations.
Environmental audits are important tools for assessing whether an EMS is
properly implemented and maintained. The auditing standard, ISO 19011, is equally
useful for EMS and quality management system audits. It provides guidance on
principles of auditing, managing audit programs, the conduct of audits and on the
competence of auditors.
ISO 14010: Guidelines For Environmental Auditing—General Principles
Covers the concepts of environmental auditing which can be used separately to
create an organizational environmental audit program or is used to implement a program
in support of the ISO 14001 EMS audit requirements
ISO 14011: Auditing Of Environmental Management Systems
Provides additional details into the auditing of an EMS
ISO 14012: Qualification Criteria For Environmental Auditors
Presents the consensus international requirements for certification as an
environmental auditor; each national registration accreditation organization is charged
with developing and implementing program for registering auditors to the national
program.
OBJECTIVES AND BENEFITS OF AN EPE PROGRAM:
• Better understanding of an organization’s impacts on the environment,
• Providing a basis for benchmarking management, operational and environmental
performance,
• Identifying opportunities for improving efficiency of energy and resource usage,
• Determining whether environmental objectives and targets are being met,
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• Demonstrating compliance with regulations,
• Determining proper allocation of resources,
• Increasing the awareness of employees, and,
• Improving community and customer relations
ISO 14031 provides guidance on how an organization can evaluate its

environmental performance. The standard also addresses the selection of suitable
performance indicators, so that performance can be assessed against criteria set by
management. This information can be used as a basis for internal and external reporting
on environmental performance.
Communication on the environmental aspects of products and services is an
important way to use market forces to influence environmental improvement.
4
Truthful and accurate information provides the basis on which consumers can make
informed purchasing decisions.
The ISO 14020 series of standards addresses a range of different approaches to
environmental labels and declarations, including eco-labels (seals of approval), self-
declared environmental claims, and quantified environmental information about products
and services. ISO 14001 addresses not only the environmental aspects of an
organization’s processes, but also those of its products and services. Therefore ISO/TC
207 has developed additional tools to assist in addressing such aspects. Life-cycle
assessment (LCA) is a tool for identifying and evaluating the environmental aspects of
products and services from the “cradle to the grave”: from the extraction of resource
inputs to the eventual disposal of the product or its waste.
The ISO 14040 standards give guidelines on the principles and conduct of LCA
studies that provide an organization with information on how to reduce the overall
environmental impact of its products and services.
ISO 14064 parts 1, 2 and 3 are international greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting
and verification standards which provide a set of clear and verifiable requirements to
support organizations and proponents of GHG emission reduction projects.
ISO 14065 complements ISO 14064 by specifying requirements to accredit or
recognize organizational bodies that undertake GHG validation or verification using ISO
14064 or other relevant standards or specifications.
ISO 14063, on environmental communication guidelines and examples, helps
companies to make the important link to external stakeholders.
ISO Guide 64 provides guidance for addressing environmental aspects in product
standards. Although primarily aimed at standards developers, its guidance is also useful
for designers and manufacturers.
Sustainable development policy and practice has attracted considerable attention
and debate in the past 15 years. Our understanding of and concerns about environmental
and sustainable development issues have also evolved over time. Just as the existing ISO
14000 standards play an important role in helping organizations to address today’s
priorities, so too can future standards help to address future priorities.
An integral part of an organization’s EMS is the commitment to continual
improvement. ISO/TC 207 takes this principle to heart and is constantly improving its
5
process to identify and respond to new standardization needs. ISO/TC 207’s success in
continuing to work on relevant standards is evidenced by the development of the
following new standards:
ISO 14045 will provide principles and requirements for eco-efficiency
assessment. Eco-efficiency relates environmental performance to value created. The
standard will establish an internationally standardized methodological framework for
eco-efficiency assessment, thus supporting a comprehensive, understandable and
transparent presentation of eco-efficiency measures.
ISO 14051 will provide guidelines for general principles and framework of
material flow cost accounting (MFCA). MFCA is a management tool to promote effective
resource utilization, mainly in manufacturing and distribution processes, in order to
reduce the relative consumption of resources and material costs.
MFCA measures the flow and stock of materials and energy within an organization
based on physical unit (weight, capacity, volume and so on) and evaluates them according
to manufacturing costs, a factor which is generally overlooked by conventional cost
accounting. MFCA is one of the major tools of environmental management accounting
(EMA) and is oriented to internal use within an organization.
ISO 14067 on the carbon footprint of products will provide requirements for the
quantification and communication of greenhouse gases (GHGs) associated with products.
The purpose of each part will be to: quantify the carbon footprint (Part 1); and harmonize
methodologies for communicating the carbon footprint information and also provide
guidance for this communication (Part 2).
ISO 14069 will provide guidance for organizations to calculate the carbon
footprint of their products, services and supply chain.
ISO 14005 will provide guidelines for the phased implementation of an EMS to
facilitate the take-up of EMS by small and medium-sized enterprises. It will include the
use of environmental performance evaluation.
ISO 14006 will provide guidelines on eco design.
ISO 14033 will provide guidelines and examples for compiling and
communicating quantitative environmental information.
Finally, ISO 14066 will specify competency requirements for greenhouse gas
validators and verifiers.
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The development program of ISO/TC 207 is constantly evolving, driven by market
needs. Hence the above is a small sample of areas where standards are currently in
development.
THE PDCA CYCLE

The ISO 14000 family is designed to be implemented according to the same Plan-
Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle underlying all ISO management systems standards. The
following table classifies the standards making up the ISO 14000 family according to
their optimal place in the PDCA cycle.
PDCA was made popular by Dr. W. Edwards Deming, who is considered by many
to be the father of modern quality control; however, he always referred to it as the
"Shewhart cycle". Later in Deming's career, he modified PDCA to "Plan, Do, Study, Act"
(PDSA) because he felt that "check" emphasized inspection over analysis.
The concept of PDCA is based on the scientific method, as developed from the
work of Francis Bacon. The scientific method can be written as
"hypothesis"–"experiment"–"evaluation" or plan, do and check. Shewhart described
manufacture under "control"—under statistical control—as a three-step process of
specification, production, and inspection. He also specifically related this to the scientific
method of hypothesis, experiment, and evaluation. Shewhart says that the statistician
"must help to change the demand [for goods] by showing how to close up the tolerance
range and to improve the quality of goods." Clearly, Shewhart intended the analyst to take
action based on the conclusions of the evaluation. According to Deming, during his
lectures in Japan in the early 1950s, the Japanese participants shortened the steps to the
now traditional plan, do, check, act. Deming preferred plan, do, study, act because
"study" has connotations in English closer to Shewhart's intent than "check".
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8
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
1
Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For human society, “sustainable
development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. It
requires the reconciliation of environmental, social equity and economic demands -
the “three pillars” of sustainability or (the 3 E’s) as shown in Figure 3.1. Three
pillars are the “triple bottom line” served as a common ground for numerous
sustainability standards and certification systems in recent years.
Figure 3.1 Sustainability and its three pillars

(Source: Wikipedia)
Sustainability measurement is the metrics used as the quantitative basis for
the informed management of sustainability. Measurement of sustainability is very
diverse and still evolving, including resource use like life cycle assessment,
consumption like the ecological footprint and quality of environmental governance
like the Environmental Performance Index.
A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis) is a
technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a
product’s life from-cradle-to-grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through
materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and
disposal or recycling). LCA can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental
concerns by compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and
environmental releases, evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified
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inputs and releases and interpreting the results to help more informed decision
makings.
The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth’s
ecosystems. Ecological footprint analysis compares human demand on the nature
with the biosphere’s ability to regenerate resources and provide services. It does
this by assessing the biologically productive land and marine area required to
produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the corresponding waste,
using prevailing technology. The tool can inform policy by examining to what
extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available within its territory. The
footprint can also be a useful tool to educate people about carrying capacity and
over-consumption, with the aim of altering personal behavior. Carry capacity is
linked to resources limitations and is the upper limit to population or community
size imposed through environmental resistance. As described in the book “The
Limits to Growth’” society in the past has ‘evolved around the principle of
fighting against limits rather than learning to live with them’. The ecological
footprint helps people realize there is a limit to resources. Ecological footprints
may be used to argue that many current lifestyles are not sustainable. Such a global
comparison also clearly shows the inequalities of resource use on this planet
(Figure 3.2).
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a method of quantifying and
numerically benchmarking the environmental performance of a country’s policies.
This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index, first
published in 2002, and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth
in the U.N. Millennium Development Goals. It considers water, air, productive
natural resources, forestry, fisheries, agriculture, biodiversity, habitat and climate
change.
3
Figure 3.2 Ecological footprints for different countries

(Source: Wikipedia)
ISSUES RELEVANT TO SUSTAINABILITY:

• Population Growth
The current global population of 7 billion (2012) is expected to reach 9
billion by 2050 (Figure 3.3). The population growth is one of the grand challenges
for sustainable development since an increasing population places additional strain
on natural resources. Currently, most population growth occurs in the developing
world and population is more or less stagnant in the industrialized world. The
economic development is linked with the quality of life. As the pattern of
population growth shows, the rate of population growth has a negative correlation
to the economic development. Therefore, population growth could be stabilized by
improving quality of life. However, improvement in quality of life and economic
development has closely linked with enhanced consumption and associated
depletion and environmental degradation.
4
Figure 3.3 Estimates of population evolution in different continents

(Source: UN, Wikipedia ‘World Population’)
• Urbanization
Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural
migration. Currently, there are more people living in urban areas than in rural
areas. The trend of urbanization will continue in the foreseeable future (Figure
3.4). Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of
Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo
sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out
of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by
40,000 years BC. Early humans migrated due to many factors such as changing
climate and landscape and inadequate food supply. While the pace of migration
had accelerated since the 18th century (including the involuntary slave trade), it
increased further in the 19th century. Nowadays, urbanization is the major type of
human migration.
5
Figure 3.4 Percentage of World Population: Urban vs. Rural

(Source: United Nations)
Cities are known to be places where money, services (e.g., hospitals,
universities, theatres) and wealth are centralized. Businesses, which provide jobs
and services, are more concentrated in urban areas. Many rural inhabitants come to
the city for reasons of seeking jobs, fortunes and social mobility. In rural areas, it
has traditionally been difficult to access modern facilities and farm living has
always been susceptible to unpredictable environmental conditions (drought, flood
or pestilence). Village culture in rural areas is characterized by common
bloodlines, intimate relationships, and communal behavior whereas urban culture
is characterized by distant bloodlines, unfamiliar relations, and competitive
behavior. Pollution and lack of vegetation, especially trees, can cause urban areas
to suffer from poor environment. Historically, many large European cities are
divided into a ‘good’ west and a ‘poor’ east due to the prevailing south-west wind
which carries coal smoke and other airborne pollutants downwind, making the
western edges of cities preferable to the eastern ones.
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• Water
Water resources are useful or potentially useful sources of water. Uses of
water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental
activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water. 97% of the water
on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water. Slightly over two
thirds of fresh water is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining
unfrozen fresh water is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air (Figure 3.5).
Figure 3.5 Water distribution on Earth

(Source: Wikipedia ‘Water resources’)
The term “water footprint” is often used to refer to the amount of water used
by an individual, community, business, or nation. It is defined as the total volume
of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual
or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume
consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be
calculated for any well-defined group of consumers (e.g., an individual, family,
village, city, province, state or nation) or producers (e.g., a public organization,
private enterprise or economic sector). The water footprint is a geographically
explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of water use and pollution, but also
the locations. A water footprint consists of three components: blue, green, and grey.
The blue water footprint is the volume of fresh water that evaporated from the
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global blue water resources (surface water and ground water) to produce the goods
and services consumed by the individual or community. The green water footprint
is the volume of water evaporated from the global green water resources (rainwater
stored in the soil as soil moisture). The grey water footprint is the volume of
polluted water that associates with the production of all goods and services for the
individual or community. The latter can be estimated as the volume of water that is
required to dilute pollutants to such an extent that the quality of the water remains
at or above agreed water quality standards.
However, the water footprint does not provide information on how the
embedded water negatively or positively affects local water resources, ecosystems
and livelihoods. Virtual water (also known as embedded water, embodied water, or
hidden water) refers, in the context of trade, to the water used in the production of
a good or service.
Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world’s supply of clean, fresh
water is steadily decreasing. Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts
of the world and as the world population continues to rise, so too does the water
demand. Water scarcity is a situation where there is insufficient water to satisfy
normal human requirements, which are defined by the World Health Organization
as a water source with 20L/person/day within 1km distance. A country is defined
as experiencing water stress when its annual water supplies drop below
1700m3/person. If the annual water supplies drop below 1000 m3/ person, the
country is defined as water scarce. Water is expected to be a source of both tension
and cooperation in the future. There are more than 215 major rivers and 300
groundwater aquifers shared by two or more countries. Finding sustainable
solutions to water infrastructure problems is a huge challenge for engineers.
• Energy
In the context of human society, the word energy is used as a synonym of
energy resources, and most often refers to substances like fuels, petroleum
products and electricity in general. The use of energy has been a key in the
development of the human society by helping it to control and adapt to the
environment. Managing the use of energy is inevitable in any functional society. In
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the industrialized world the development of energy resources has become essential
for agriculture, transportation, waste collection, information technology,
communications that have become prerequisites of a developed society. The
increasing use of energy since the Industrial Revolution has also brought with it a
number of serious problems, some of which, such as global warming, present
potentially grave risks to the world.
Primary energy is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected
to any conversion or transformation process. It is energy contained in raw fuels,
and other forms of energy received as input to a system. Primary energy can be
non-renewable or renewable. Examples of sources include non-renewables (fossil
fuels such as oil, coal, natural gas, and mineral fuels such as natural uranium) and
renewable (solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal). Primary energy sources are
transformed in energy conversion processes to more convenient forms of energy
(that can directly be used by society), such as electrical energy, reined fuels, or
synthetic fuels such as hydrogen fuel. In the field of energetics, these forms are
called energy carriers and correspond to the concept of “secondary energy” in
energy statistics. Electricity is one of the most common energy carriers, being
transformed from various primary energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas, and
wind.
SUSTAINABILITY ACTIVITIES
• Green Engineering
For engineers, sustainable engineering is the design of man-made systems to
ensure the current uses of natural resources do not lead to diminished quality of life
of future generations. For engineers, ‘design’ is the key word’ here. Green
engineering is to design, discover and implement engineering solutions with an
awareness of potential benefits and problems in terms of environment, economy
and society (three pillars of sustainability) throughout the design lifetime. The goal
is to minimize adverse impacts (e.g., water use inefficiency, depletion of finite
materials and energy resources, urban congestion, water and air pollution,
9
degradation of environment) while simultaneously maximizing benefits to the
economy, society and environment.
The principles of green engineering as outlined by Anastasi and
Zimmerman) include:
• Inherent Rather than Circumstantial (Designers need to strive to ensure that
all materials and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently nonhazardous as
possible);
• Prevention Instead of Treatment (It is better to prevent waste than to treat or
clean up waste after it is formed);
• Design for Separation (Separation and purification operations should be
designed to minimize energy consumption and materials use);
• Maximize Efficiency (Products, processes, and systems should be designed
to maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency);
• Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed (Products, processes, and systems should
be “output pulled” rather than “input pushed” through the use of energy and
materials);
• Conserve Complexity (Embedded entropy and complexity must be viewed
as an investment when making design choices on recycle, reuse, or beneficial
disposition);
• Durability Rather than Immortality (Targeted durability, not immortality,
should be a design goal);
• Meet Need, Minimize Excess (Design for unnecessary capacity or capability
(e.g., “one size it’s all”) solutions should be considered a design law);
• Minimize Material Diversity (Material diversity in multicomponent products
should be minimized to promote disassembly and value retention);
• Integrate Material and Energy Flows (Design of products, processes, and
systems must include integration and interconnectivity with available energy and
materials lows);
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• Design for Commercial “Afterlife” (Products, processes, and systems should
be designed for performance in a commercial “afterlife”);
• Renewable Energy
Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and
increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy
legislation, incentives and commercialization. The incentive to use 100%
renewable energy is gaining momentum among many countries. The first country
to propose 100% renewable energy was Iceland, in 1998. Proposals have been
made for Japan in 2003 and for Australia in 2011. Norway and some other
countries have already obtained all of their electricity from renewable sources. A
predicted growth for wind and solar energy is illustrated in Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.6 Growth of wind and solar power

(Source: Wikipedia ‘Renewable energy’)
In contrast to energy production, energy conservation refers to efforts made
to reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through
increased efficient energy use, in conjunction with decreased energy consumption
and/or reduced consumption from conventional energy sources. In building
11
designs, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar
energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is
called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating
systems, it doesn’t involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices. The key to
designing a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate.
Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal
insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be
applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or
“retrofitted”.
A zero-energy building (also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building,
Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB), or Net Zero Building) is a popular term to
describe a building with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions
annually. Zero energy buildings can be independent from the energy grid supply.
Energy can be harvested on-site—usually through a combination of energy
producing technologies like Solar and Wind—while reducing the overall use of
energy with extremely efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
and Lighting technologies. The zero-energy design principle is becoming more
practical to adopt due to the increasing costs of traditional fossil fuels and their
negative impact on the planet’s climate and ecological balance. A building
approaching zero net energy use may be called a “near-zero energy building” or
“ultra-low energy house”. Buildings that produce a surplus of energy during a
portion of the year may be known as “energy-plus buildings”.
The built environment (buildings, roads, bridges and other infrastructures)
requires a tremendous amount of energy, as well as water and other natural
resources. Embodied Energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce goods
or services, considered as if that energy is incorporated or ‘embodied’ in the
product itself. The concept can be useful in determining the effectiveness of
energy-producing or energy-saving devices. The embedded energy in concrete has
a significant impact on construction energy lows. The transport of aggregates and
cement to construction site accounts for more than 10 percent of the total
embedded energy. In addition, production of 1 kg of Portland cement generates 1
kg of CO2.
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• Resources Management
Human society development depends on natural resources (air, water, forest,
minerals, etc.) because human beings must use and even exploit nature to survive
and live. Sustainability implies that rather than competing for endless growth on a
finite planet, development should improve quality of human life without
necessarily having to consume more resources. Environmental resources
management aims to ensure that ecosystem services are protected and maintained
for equitable use by future human generations, and ecosystem integrity should be
maintained as an end in itself by considering ethical, economic, and scientific
(ecological) variables. Environmental resource management should identify the
conflicting factors that may rise between meeting the needs and protecting the
resources. Environmental resource management involves the management of all
components of the biophysical environment, both living (biotic) and non-living
(abiotic). This is due to the interconnection and interdependence amongst all living
species and their habitats. The essential aspects of environmental resource
management are ethical, economical, social and technological which provide for
formulation of principles in making decisions. To achieve sustainable development
with environmental resource management, sustainability principles should be
adopted to include social and environmental accountability, long-term planning, a
strong and shared vision a holistic focus, broad stakeholder engagement and
justice, transparency, trust, and flexibility, etc. A good example on resources
management is Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) which is a
coordinated, goal-directed process for controlling the development and use of river,
lake, ocean, wetland, and other water assets. Operationally, IWRM approaches
involve applying knowledge from various disciplines as well as the insights from
diverse stakeholders to devise and implement efficient, equitable and sustainable
solutions to water and development problems. Water has many different uses
(agriculture, industry, ecosystems, people and livelihoods) and demands
coordinated action. An IWRM approach is an open, flexible process, bringing
together decision-makers and all stakeholders to the table to set policy and make
sound, balanced decisions in response to specific water challenges faced.
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Technically, mathematical optimization is a powerful tool for environmental
engineers to manage resources problems. In mathematics, an optimization problem
is a search for the best solution from all feasible options. An objective function
(either a cost function for minimization or a utility function for maximization) is
set up to be optimized. There are many optimization methods available for
different optimization problems. They include linear programming, integer
programming, nonlinear programming, evolution algorithms, etc. For complex
problems, multi-objective optimization (also known as multi-criteria or multi-
attribute optimization) may be used to simultaneously optimize two or more
conflicting objectives subject to certain constraints. For multi-modal optimization
problems, there could be several globally good solutions (the same cost function
value). Obtaining all (or at least some of) the multiple solutions is the goal of a
multi-modal optimizer. Both multi-objective and multi-modal problems are
difficult to solve by traditional optimization techniques and evolutionary
algorithms are gaining popularity in dealing with those problems. This is
because evolutionary algorithms optimize a set of solutions simultaneously,
allowing computation of an approximation of the entire Pareto front in a single
algorithm run. Although evolutionary algorithms are computationally intensive,
modern computers have made those computation issues less a problem.
• Pollution Control
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment
with adverse changes (air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, etc.).
Pollutants can be either foreign substances or naturally occurring contaminants.
Pollution control means the control of emissions and eluents into air, water or soil.
Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating,
agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities,
whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the
hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more
desirable than other mitigating measures. In the field of land development, low
impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.
Pollution control activities include recycling, reusing, reducing, mitigating,
preventing, compost, etc.
14
• Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant and animal
production practices that will last over the long term. It is based on the study of
relationships between organisms and their environment using principles of ecology.
he benefits in sustainable agriculture include meeting human food and fiber needs,
enhancing environmental quality and the natural resource base, making the most
efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources, integrating natural
biological cycles and controls, sustaining the economic viability of farm
operations, and enhancing the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.
When farmers grow and harvest crops, they remove some of nutrients from
the soil. Without replenishment, land suffers from nutrient depletion and becomes
either unusable or suffers from reduced yields. In practice, farmers tend to over-
apply synthetic fertilizer or animal manures, which can improve productivity but
can pollute nearby rivers and coastal waters (eutrophication). Many farming
practices can cause long-term damage to soil including excessive tillage (leading to
erosion). Soil erosion is fast becoming one of the world’s greatest problems. The
phenomenon is being called Peak Soil as present large scale factory farming
techniques are jeopardizing humanity’s ability to grow food in the present and in
the future. Without efforts to improve soil management practices, the availability
of arable soil will become increasingly problematic. Availability of water is crucial
for sustainable agriculture. In some areas, sufficient rainfall is available for crop
growth, but many other areas require irrigation. However, improper irrigation
without adequate drainage can lead to salinization.
Sustainable agriculture depends on replenishing the soil while minimizing
the use of non-renewable resources, such as natural gas (used in converting
atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer), or mineral ores (e.g., phosphate).
For irrigation systems to be sustainable they require proper management (to avoid
salinization) and must not use more water from its source than is naturally
replenished. Useful measures include: 1) modern irrigation systems such as drip
irrigation with high water use efficiency; 2) improving water conservation and
storage measures; 3) drought-tolerant crop species, 4) deficit irrigation; and 5)
managing crops to reduce water loss. To conserve soil, useful soil management
15
techniques include no-till farming, Keyline design, growing wind breaks to hold
the soil, incorporating organic matter back into fields, stopping or minimizing
chemical fertilizers, protecting soil from water runoff erosion. The conventional
monoculture (one crop) farming should be replaced by polyculture (a mixture of
crops) to reduce disease or pest problems.
• Population Control
In ancient times, people considered population as a source of political,
economic, and military strength. However, it was gradually realized that the
population should be controlled. In ancient Greece, Plato (427-347 BCE) and
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) discussed the best population size for Greek city states
and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and
direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large
enough to defend themselves against hostile neighboring city states. In the 20th
century, population control proponents have drawn from the insights of Thomas
Malthus who argued that “Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical
ratio. Subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratio.” Malthus advocated for
the education of the lower class about the use of “moral restraint,” or voluntary
abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate. Paul Ehrlich, a US
biologist and environmentalist, published ‘he Population Bomb’ in 1968,
advocating stringent population control policies.
It is estimated based on the European standard of living that the Earth can
only support a population of two billion individuals (Pimentel and colleagues,
2010). For other estimates with different living standards, carrying capacity of the
Earth is between 4 billion and 16 billion (Wikipedia ‘Over population’).
Depending on which estimate is used, human overpopulation may or may not have
already occurred. Nevertheless, the rapid recent increase in human population is
causing some concern for the environment to cope with. Overpopulation will
increase demand for resources such as fresh water and food, consume natural
resources faster than the rate of regeneration (such as fossil fuels), and decrease
living conditions.
16
The methods for population control include contraception, abstinence, reducing
infant mortality (so that parents do not increase their family size to ensure at least
some survive to adulthood), abortion, sterilization, education and empowerment of
women. The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the religious and
cultural beliefs of community members.
• Sustainable City (eco-city)
Urbanization can be planned and the engineering community should
collaborate with other professions to design more eco-friendly urban environment,
such as eco-cities. A sustainable city (or eco-city) is a city designed with minimum
environmental impact. A sustainable city should be able to feed itself with the food
produced on the surrounding countryside, minimize the imported food from further
field, power itself with renewable sources of energy, create the smallest possible
ecological footprint, produce the lowest quantity of pollution possible, use land
efficiently, compost used materials, recycle waste or convert waste-to-energy. In
contrast to rural or suburban areas, urban systems can be more environmentally
sustainable because people and resource are located so close to one another to save
transportation energy and use resources more efficiently.
The approaches for sustainable cities include: urban agricultural systems by
either small scale farming plots or larger scale agriculture (e.g. farmscrapers),
renewable energy sources (wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created from
sewage), various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (planting trees
and lightening surface colors, natural ventilation systems, increase in water
features, and green spaces), improved public transport and increase in
pedestrianization to make driving more difficult to reduce car emissions,
integration of business, industrial, and residential zones to shorten travel distances
(people to live closer to the workspace), green roofs, zero-emission transport, zero-
energy building, sustainable drainage systems, energy conservation
systems/devices, Xeriscaping (garden and landscape design for water
conservation).
• Sustainable Drainage System
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Conventional drainage systems are designed to collect and convey storm
water quickly which tend to cause downstream flooding and environmental
pollution (e.g., combined sewage overflow). Sustainable drainage systems (SuDS)
are designed to reduce the potential impact of new and existing developments with
respect to surface water drainage discharges. hey are intended to replicate natural
systems with low environmental impact to drain away dirty and surface water run-
of through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be released slowly
back into the environment (e.g., water courses). SuDS should be easy to manage,
require little or no energy input, resilient to use, environmentally and aesthetically
attractive.
SuDS uses the following techniques: source control, permeable paving such
as pervious concrete, storm water detention, storm water infiltration (e.g., reed
beds, wetland), and evapotranspiration (e.g. from a green roof), etc. Originally the
term SUDS was used in the UK to refer to sustainable urban drainage systems.
These developments may not necessarily be in “urban” areas, and nowadays the
“urban” part of SUDS is usually dropped to reduce confusion. SuDS is called
differently in many other countries (e.g., best management practice (BMP) and
low-impact development in the United States, and water-sensitive urban design in
Australia).
Sustainable Development in the Philippines

The Philippines has always been part of the global community in as far as
promoting sustainable development is concerned. Starting with its participation in
the Rio Earth Summit of 1992, the Philippines formulated its own action plan,
called Philippine Agenda 21 (PA21), which was patterned after the United Nation's
Agenda 21. It consists of social, economic and environment indicators that the
country monitors in order to ensure achievement of sustainable development. The
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national PA21 was even 'localized,' that is, indicators were disaggregated down to
regional and provincial levels. After two decades, however, measurement problems
hounded PA21, resulting to less than stellar appreciation from national and local
leaders. The difficulty in measuring sustainable development, especially
environment indicators and how it should be integrated with social and economic
indicators, produced ambiguities on how it could be properly used for policy
decision-making. In fact, only a few leaders have used PA21 and its localized
version as an important tool in the policy decision-making process.
Nevertheless, the Philippines still continued to support sustainable
development. In the recent Rio+20 Earth Summit of 2012 (United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development 2012), the Philippines aligned with the
Group of 77 (G77) countries in pushing for the formation of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) including its indicators. G77 argued that in view of the
conclusion of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, the SDGs
should be made and agreed upon by member-states as the post-2015 development
agenda. The Philippines, together with the G77 countries, proposed that
technology, knowledge, resources and expertise of member-countries, especially
developed countries, should be pooled in order to come up with attainable and
measurable SDGs and its measurement indicators.
Fortunately, a landmark agreement was made at the Rio+20 Conference,
which resulted in a political outcome document containing clear and practical
measures for sustainable development implementation. The member-states agreed
to start the process of developing the SDGs by using the MDGs as a starting point.
In addition, the Rio+20 Conference directed the United Nations Statistical
Commission and other units within the United Nations system, to launch a program
of developing realistic and measurable sustainable development indicators that
would better inform policy decisions.
To date, the Philippines has started the process of developing its own
sustainable development goals and indicators. With the support of UN, it has begun
stocktaking of its experience in the past 20 years of sustainable development
implementation. From these lessons learned, a sustainable development framework
will be formulated. The framework will spell out the visions as well as possible
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scenarios that the country may face, in view of the challenges faced by many
countries today, such as climate change, among others. Specifically, the framework
will build on the Universal Goals that were identified from the report of the High-
Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
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United Nations
Sustainable
Development
Goals
1
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015
INTRODUCTION
• Over 150 Heads of State & Government are confirmed to attend the UN
Sustainable Development Summit in New York from 25-27 September 2015 for
the adoption of an ambitious, bold and universal sustainable development agenda
that will end poverty and promote prosperity by 2030, while addressing the
environment.
• The summit outcome document, entitled “Transforming our World: The 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development,” was agreed on by the 193 Member States
of the United Nations, and includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
• This momentous agenda will serve as the launch pad for action by the international
community and by national governments to promote shared prosperity and well-
being for all over the next 15 years.
• The agenda is unique in that it calls for action by all countries, poor, rich and
middle-income. It recognizes that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with a
plan that builds economic growth and addresses a range of social needs.
• The new sustainable development agenda builds on the successful outcome of the
Third International Conference on Financing for Development that recently
concluded in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
It is expected that it will also positively affect the negotiations on a new
meaningful and universal climate agreement in Paris this December (21st Session of the
Conference of Parties (COP).
SUMMIT AGENDA
Opening of the Summit - Opening statements by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon,
the Presidents of Uganda and Denmark, representatives of civil society as well as an
address by Malala Yousafzai.
Interactive Dialogues - Six interactive dialogues as follows:
• Dialogue 1-Ending poverty and hunger
• Dialogue 2 -Tackling inequalities, empowering women and girls and leaving no
one behind
• Dialogue 3-Fostering sustainable economic growth, transformation and
promoting sustainable consumption and production
• Dialogue 4-Protecting our planet and combatting climate change
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• Dialogue 5-Building effective, accountable and inclusive institutions to achieve
sustainable development
• Dialogue 6-Delivering on a revitalized Global Partnership.
Launch of Technology Facilitation Mechanism - Will address the technology needs of
developing countries, the options to address those needs as well as capacity-building.
Private Sector Forum – On 26 September hosted by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
focussing on the role of the private sector in implementing the sustainable development
goals.
Civil Society Event – On 27 September hosted by the UN Non-Governmental Liaison
Service (UN-NGLS) and Beyond 2015.
WHY IS THE SUMMIT IMPORTANT?
• With 2015 set as the target year for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
a new agenda is needed to address the three interconnected elements of sustainable
development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability.
• The new development agenda builds on the achievements of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), which were adopted in 2000 and guided
development action for the last 15 years. The MDGs have proven that goal setting
can lift millions out of poverty.
• The 17 new Sustainable Development Goals that apply to all, can go further to end
all forms of poverty and ensure no one is left behind.
• The new development agenda will officially be adopted by world leaders at the
UN Sustainable Development Summit.
• More focus will be placed on the mobilization of resources and the follow-up and
review of the implementation of the goals.
WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)?

• The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets are “global” in nature
taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of
development and respecting national policies and priorities.
• The SDGS call for building peaceful, inclusive and well-governed societies with
responsive institutions as the basis for shared prosperity. Fundamentally, they
recognize that we cannot reach our development goals without addressing human
rights and complex humanitarian issues at the same time.
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• The SDGs are people-centered and planet-sensitive. They are universal, applying
to all countries while recognizing different realities and capabilities. The goals are
not independent from each other; they need to be implemented in an integrated
manner.
• The SDGs are the result of a three year long transparent, participatory process
inclusive of all stakeholders and people’s voices. They represent an unprecedented
agreement around sustainable development priorities among 193 Member States.
They have received worldwide support from civil society, business,
parliamentarians and other actors.
• The decision to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs was made by UN
Member States at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
(Rio+20), held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012.
• The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next 15 years in areas of
critical importance: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership.
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS UNDERPINING THE SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)?
• The Goals will stimulate action over the next 15 years in 5 areas of critical
importance: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace & Partnership.
HOW ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS DIFFERENT FROM THE

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMT GOALS?
• The 17 Sustainable Development Goals with 169 targets are broader in scope and
will go further than the MDGs by addressing the root causes of poverty and the
universal need for development that works for all people.
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• Building on the success and momentum of the MDGs, the new global goals will
cover more ground with ambitions to address inequalities, economic growth,
decent jobs, cities and human settlements, industrialization, energy, climate
change, sustainable consumption and production, peace and justice.
• The new goals are universal and apply to all countries, whereas the MDGs were
intended for action in developing countries only.
• A core feature of the SDGs has been the means of implementation – the
mobilization of financial resources – as well as capacity–building and the transfer
of environmentally sound technologies.
• The new goals recognize that tackling climate change is essential for sustainable
development and poverty eradication. SDG 13 aims to promote urgent action to
combat climate change and its impacts.
10 KEY FACTS ABOUT THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) or
“GLOBAL GOALS”
1. The Global Goals need you - It’s not only up to governments, but it’s up to all of
us to take action. Even little things can make a big impact.
2. The Global Goals will change the way the world does business – They want to
transform the world economy so it works without violating workers rights and
harming the environment.
3. The Global Goals are one for all and all for one - No goal is more important
than the other and they all complement each other.
4. The Global Goals will address climate change - Climate change is one of the
most pressing issues of our time and it affects every country on every continent.
5. The Global Goals will eradicate extreme poverty – The predecessors of the
Global Goals, the MDGs, have helped cut extreme poverty by half from their
establishment in 2000 until today. That is a great achievement but it is not enough!
The Global Goals aim to end poverty in all its forms and everywhere by 2030.
6. The Global Goals will leave no one behind – They are for young and old people,
for small and big countries, for people living in rural areas and people in busy
cities. They will leave no one behind.
7. The Global Goals are hands-on - They contain concrete plans on how to change
the world, how to pay for it and how to make sure that everybody is on board.
8. The Global Goals are “Global” – They tackle challenges for all countries across
the globe.
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9. The Global Goals are the people’s goals – The goals have been developed by all
the 193 UN Member States, NGOs and people like you, all working together.
10. The Global Goals are the world’s ultimate to-do list for the next 15 years -
The 17 goals are for making this planet a better place by 2030 which includes
ending extreme poverty, fighting inequality and fixing climate change.
17 Goals to Transform Our World

 Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Extreme poverty rates have been cut by more than half since 1990. While this is a
remarkable achievement, one in five people in developing regions still live on less than
$1.25 a day, and there are millions more who make little more than this daily amount,
plus many people risk slipping back into poverty.
Poverty is more than the lack of income and resources to ensure a sustainable livelihood.
Its manifestations include hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other
basic services, social discrimination and exclusion as well as the lack of participation in
decision-making. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and
promote equality.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 836 million people still live in extreme poverty
 About one in five persons in developing regions lives on less than $1.25 per day
 The overwhelming majority of people living on less than $1.25 a day belong to
two regions: Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
 High poverty rates are often found in small, fragile and conflict-affected countries
 One in four children under age five in the world has inadequate height for his or
her age
 Every day in 2014, 42,000 people had to abandon their homes to seek protection
due to conflict
GOAL 1 TARGETS
 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured
as people living on less than $1.25 a day
 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
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 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all,
including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the
vulnerable
 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable,
have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural
resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including
microfinance
 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and
reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other
economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
 Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including
through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and
predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries,
to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
 Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels,
based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support
accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions
 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done right,
agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent
incomes, while supporting people-centred rural development and protecting the
environment. Right now, our soils, freshwater, oceans, forests and biodiversity are being
rapidly degraded. Climate change is putting even more pressure on the resources we
depend on, increasing risks associated with disasters such as droughts and floods. Many
rural women and men can no longer make ends meet on their land, forcing them to
migrate to cities in search of opportunities. A profound change of the global food and
agriculture system is needed if we are to nourish today’s 795 million hungry and the
additional 2 billion people expected by 2050.The food and agriculture sector offers key
solutions for development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication.
FACTS AND FIGURES
Hunger
 Globally, one in nine people in the world today (795 million) are undernourished
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 The vast majority of the world’s hungry people live in developing countries, where
12.9 per cent of the population is undernourished.
 Asia is the continent with the most hungry people – two thirds of the total. The
percentage in southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in western Asia it has
increased slightly.
 Southern Asia faces the greatest hunger burden, with about 281 million
undernourished people. In sub-Saharan Africa, projections for the 2014-2016
period indicate a rate of undernourishment of almost 23 per cent.
 Poor nutrition causes nearly half (45 per cent) of deaths in children under five –
3.1 million children each year.
 One in four of the world’s children suffer stunted growth. In developing countries
the proportion can rise to one in three.
 66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry across the
developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone.
Food security
 Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing livelihoods for
40 per cent of today’s global population. It is the largest source of income and jobs
for poor rural households.
 500 million small farms worldwide, most still rainfed, provide up to 80 per cent of
food consumed in a large part of the developing world. Investing in smallholder
women and men is an important way to increase food security and nutrition for the
poorest, as well as food production for local and global markets.
 Since the 1900s, some 75 per cent of crop diversity has been lost from farmers’
fields. Better use of agricultural biodiversity can contribute to more nutritious
diets, enhanced livelihoods for farming communities and more resilient and
sustainable farming systems.
 If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry
in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
 1.4 billion people have no access to electricity worldwide – most of whom live in
rural areas of the developing world. Energy poverty in many regions is a
fundamental barrier to reducing hunger and ensuring that the world can produce
enough food to meet future demand.
GOAL 2 TARGETS
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 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and
people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient
food all year round
 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the
internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of
age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
women and older persons
 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists
and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive
resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for
value addition and non-farm employment
 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient
agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain
ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme
weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land
and soil quality
 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly
managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and
international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional
knowledge, as internationally agreed
 Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in
rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology
development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural
productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
 Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets,
including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export
subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the
mandate of the Doha Development Round
 Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and
their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on
food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility
 Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
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Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for all at all ages is essential
to sustainable development. Significant strides have been made in increasing life
expectancy and reducing some of the common killers associated with child and maternal
mortality. Major progress has been made on increasing access to clean water and
sanitation, reducing malaria, tuberculosis, polio and the spread of HIV/AIDS. However,
many more efforts are needed to fully eradicate a wide range of diseases and address
many different persistent and emerging health issues.
FACTS AND FIGURES
Child health
 17,000 fewer children die each day than in 1990, but more than six million
children still die before their fifth birthday each year
 Since 2000, measles vaccines have averted nearly 15.6 million deaths
 Despite determined global progress, an increasing proportion of child deaths are in
sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Four out of every five deaths of children
under age five occur in these regions.
 Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five
as those from wealthier families.
 Children of educated mothers—even mothers with only primary schooling—are
more likely to survive than children of mothers with no education.
Maternal health
 Maternal mortality has fallen by almost 50 per cent since 1990
 In Eastern Asia, Northern Africa and Southern Asia, maternal mortality has
declined by around two-thirds
 But maternal mortality ratio – the proportion of mothers that do not survive
childbirth compared to those who do – in developing regions is still 14 times
higher than in the developed regions
 More women are receiving antenatal care. In developing regions, antenatal care
increased from 65 per cent in 1990 to 83 per cent in 2012
 Only half of women in developing regions receive the recommended amount of
health care they need
 Fewer teens are having children in most developing regions, but progress has
slowed. The large increase in contraceptive use in the 1990s was not matched in
the 2000s
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 The need for family planning is slowly being met for more women, but demand is
increasing at a rapid pace
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
 At the end of 2014, there were 13.6 million people accessing antiretroviral therapy
 New HIV infections in 2013 were estimated at 2.1 million, which was 38 per cent
lower than in 2001
 At the end of 2013, there were an estimated 35 million people living with HIV
 At the end of 2013, 240 000 children were newly infected with HIV
 New HIV infections among children have declined by 58 per cent since 2001
 Globally, adolescent girls and young women face gender-based inequalities,
exclusion, discrimination and violence, which put them at increased risk of
acquiring HIV
 HIV is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age worldwide
 TB-related deaths in people living with HIV have fallen by 36% since 2004
 There were 250 000 new HIV infections among adolescents in 2013, two thirds of
which were among adolescent girls
 AIDS is now the leading cause of death among adolescents (aged 10–19) in Africa
and the second most common cause of death among adolescents globally
 In many settings, adolescent girls’ right to privacy and bodily autonomy is not
respected, as many report that their first sexual experience was forced
 As of 2013, 2.1 million adolescents were living with HIV
 Over 6.2 million malaria deaths have been averted between 2000 and 2015,
primarily of children under five years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. The global
malaria incidence rate has fallen by an estimated 37 per cent and the mortality
rates by 58 per cent
 Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment
interventions saved an estimated 37 million lives. The tuberculosis mortality rate
fell by 45 per cent and the prevalence rate by 41 per cent between 1990 and 2013
GOAL 3 TARGETS
 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000
live births
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 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age,
with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per
1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical
diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable
diseases
 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable
diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-
being
 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic
drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic
accidents
 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,
including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of
reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to
quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
 Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
 Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the
communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing
countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in
accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public
Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the
provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide
access to medicines for all
 Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training
and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least
developed countries and small island developing States
 Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for
early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks
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 Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote
lifelong learning
Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s lives and
sustainable development. Major progress has been made towards increasing access to
education at all levels and increasing enrolment rates in schools particularly for women
and girls. Basic literacy skills have improved tremendously, yet bolder efforts are needed
to make even greater strides for achieving universal education goals. For example, the
world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys, but few
countries have achieved that target at all levels of education.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Enrolment in primary education in developing countries has reached 91 per cent
but 57 million children remain out of school
 More than half of children that have not enrolled in school live in sub-Saharan
Africa
 An estimated 50 per cent of out-of-school children of primary school age live in
conflict-affected areas
 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent
of them are women
GOAL 4 TARGETS
 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality
primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning
outcomes
 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood
development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary
education
 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality
technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant
skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and
entrepreneurship
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 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all
levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons
with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and
women, achieve literacy and numeracy
 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to
promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for
sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality,
promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and
appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable
development
 Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender
sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive and effective learning
environments for all
 By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to
developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island
developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education,
including vocational training and information and communications technology,
technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other
developing countries
 By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through
international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially
least developed countries and small island developing states
 Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
While the world has achieved progress towards gender equality and women’s
empowerment under the Millennium Development Goals (including equal access to
primary education between girls and boys), women and girls continue to suffer
discrimination and violence in every part of the world.
Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation
for peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. Providing women and girls with equal
access to education, health care, decent work, and representation in political and
economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit
societies and humanity at large.
FACTS AND FIGURES
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 About two thirds of countries in the developing regions have achieved gender
parity in primary education
 In Southern Asia, only 74 girls were enrolled in primary school for every 100 boys
in 1990. By 2012, the enrolment ratios were the same for girls as for boys.
 In sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania and Western Asia, girls still face barriers to
entering both primary and secondary school.
 Women in Northern Africa hold less than one in five paid jobs in the non-
agricultural sector. The proportion of women in paid employment outside the
agriculture sector has increased from 35 per cent in 1990 to 41 per cent in 2015
 In 46 countries, women now hold more than 30 per cent of seats in national
parliament in at least one chamber.
GOAL 5 TARGETS
 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and
private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation
 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and
female genital mutilation
 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of
public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of
shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate
 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life
 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International
Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action
and the outcome documents of their review conferences
 Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as
access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial
services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws
 Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and
communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women
 Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion
of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
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 Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the world we want to live in.
There is sufficient fresh water on the planet to achieve this. But due to bad economics or
poor infrastructure, every year millions of people, most of them children, die from
diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene.
Water scarcity, poor water quality and inadequate sanitation negatively impact
food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for poor families across
the world. Drought afflicts some of the world’s poorest countries, worsening hunger and
malnutrition. By 2050, at least one in four people is likely to live in a country affected by
chronic or recurring shortages of fresh water.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 2.6 billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources since
1990, but 663 million people are still without
 At least 1.8 billion people globally use a source of drinking water that is fecally
contaminated
 Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the global population using an
improved drinking water source has increased from 76 per cent to 91 per cent
 But water scarcity affects more than 40 per cent of the global population and is
projected to rise. Over 1.7 billion people are currently living in river basins where
water use exceeds recharge
 2.4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, such as toilets or latrines
 More than 80 per cent of wastewater resulting from human activities is discharged
into rivers or sea without any pollution removal
 Each day, nearly 1,000 children die due to preventable water and sanitation-related
diarrheal diseases
 Hydropower is the most important and widely-used renewable source of energy
and as of 2011, represented 16 per cent of total electricity production worldwide
 Approximately 70 per cent of all water abstracted from rivers, lakes and aquifers is
used for irrigation
 Floods and other water-related disasters account for 70 per cent of all deaths
related to natural disasters
GOAL 6 TARGETS
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 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking
water for all
 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all
and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations
 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and
minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion
of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse
globally
 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels,
including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains,
forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
 By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to
developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes,
including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment,
recycling and reuse technologies
 Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water
and sanitation management
 Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern

energy for all
Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and opportunity the world faces
today. Be it for jobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes,
access to energy for all is essential.
Sustainable energy is opportunity – it transforms lives, economies and the planet. UN
Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is leading a Sustainable Energy for All initiative to
ensure universal access to modern energy services, improve efficiency and increase use
of renewable sources.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 One in five people still lacks access to modern electricity
17
 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and
heating
 Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60
per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions
 Reducing the carbon intensity of energy is a key objective in long-term climate
goals.
GOAL 7 TARGETS
 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy
services
 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy
mix
 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
 By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy
research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and
advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy
infrastructure and clean energy technology
 By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and
sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing
countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support
 Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth,

employment and decent work for all
Roughly half the world’s population still lives on the equivalent of about US$2 a
day. And in too many places, having a job doesn’t guarantee the ability to escape from
poverty. This slow and uneven progress requires us to rethink and retool our economic
and social policies aimed at eradicating poverty.
A continued lack of decent work opportunities, insufficient investments and under-
consumption lead to an erosion of the basic social contract underlying democratic
societies: that all must share in progress. . The creation of quality jobs will remain a
major challenge for almost all economies well beyond 2015. Sustainable economic
growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have quality
jobs that stimulate the economy while not harming the environment. Job opportunities
and decent working conditions are also required for the whole working age population.
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FACTS AND FIGURES
 Global unemployment increased from 170 million in 2007 to nearly 202 million in
2012, of which about 75 million are young women and men.
 Nearly 2.2 billion people live below the US$2 poverty line and that poverty
eradication is only possible through stable and well-paid jobs.
 470 million jobs are needed globally for new entrants to the labor market between
2016 and 2030.
GOAL 8 TARGETS
 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances
and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in
the least developed countries
 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value
added and labor-intensive sectors
 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent
job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the
formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises,
including through access to financial services
 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption
and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental
degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes on
sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead
 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women
and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay
for work of equal value
 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment,
education or training
 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern
slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the
worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by
2025 end child labor in all its forms
 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all
workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in
precarious employment
19
 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that
creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand
access to banking, insurance and financial services for all
 Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for
Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
 By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and
implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor Organization
 Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation
Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information and
communication technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable development and
empowering communities in many countries. It has long been recognized that growth in
productivity and incomes, and improvements in health and education outcomes require
investment in infrastructure. Inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the
primary source of income generation, allows for rapid and sustained increases in living
standards for all people, and provides the technological solutions to environmentally
sound industrialization. Technological progress is the foundation of efforts to achieve
environmental objectives, such as increased resource and energy-efficiency. Without
technology and innovation, industrialization will not happen, and without
industrialization, development will not happen.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Basic infrastructure like roads, information and communication technologies,
sanitation, electrical power and water remains scarce in many developing countries
 About 2.6 billion people in the developing world are facing difficulties in
accessing electricity full time
 2.5 billion people worldwide lack access to basic sanitation and almost 800
million people lack access to water, many hundreds of millions of them in Sub
Saharan Africa and South Asia
 1-1.5 billion people do not have access to reliable phone services
 Quality infrastructure is positively related to the achievement of social, economic
and political goals
20
 Inadequate infrastructure leads to a lack of access to markets, jobs, information
and training, creating a major barrier to doing business
 Undeveloped infrastructures limits access to health care and education
 For many African countries, particularly the lower-income countries, the existent
constraints regarding infrastructure affect firm productivity by around 40 per cent
 Manufacturing is an important employer, accounting for around 470 million jobs
worldwide in 2009 – or around 16 per cent of the world’s workforce of 2.9 billion.
In 2013, it is estimated that there were more than half a billion jobs in
manufacturing
 Industrialization’s job multiplication effect has a positive impact on society. Every
one job in manufacturing creates 2.2 jobs in other sectors
 Small and medium-sized enterprises that engage in industrial processing and
manufacturing are the most critical for the early stages of industrialization and are
typically the largest job creators. They make up over 90 per cent of business
worldwide and account for between 50-60 per cent of employment
 In countries where data are available, the number of people employed in
renewable energy sectors is presently around 2.3 million. Given the present gaps
in information, this is no doubt a very conservative figure. Because of strong
rising interest in energy alternatives, the possible total employment for renewables
by 2030 is 20 million jobs
 Least developed countries have immense potential for industrialization in food and
beverages (agro-industry), and textiles and garments, with good prospects for
sustained employment generation and higher productivity
 Middle-income countries can benefit from entering the basic and fabricated metals
industries, which offer a range of products facing rapidly growing international
demand
 In developing countries, barely 30 per cent of agricultural production undergoes
industrial processing. In high-income countries, 98 per cent is processed. This
suggests that there are great opportunities for developing countries in agribusiness
GOAL 9 TARGETS
 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including
regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and
human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
21
 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly
raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with
national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in
developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their
integration into value chains and markets
 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable,
with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and
environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries
taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial
sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030,
encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and
development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and
development spending
 Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing
countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to
African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States 18
 Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing
countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia,
industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
 Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and
strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed
countries by 2020
 Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
The international community has made significant strides towards lifting people
out of poverty. The most vulnerable nations – the least developed countries, the
landlocked developing countries and the small island developing states – continue to
make inroads into poverty reduction. However, inequality still persists and large
disparities remain in access to health and education services and other assets.
Additionally, while income inequality between countries may have been reduced,
inequality within countries has risen. There is growing consensus that economic growth is
not sufﬁcient to reduce poverty if it is not inclusive and if it does not involve the three
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dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. To reduce
inequality, policies should be universal in principle paying attention to the needs of
disadvantaged and marginalized populations.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 On average—and taking into account population size—income inequality
increased by 11 per cent in developing countries between 1990 and 2010
 A significant majority of households in developing countries—more than 75 per
cent of the population—are living today in societies where income is more
unequally distributed than it was in the 1990s
 Evidence shows that, beyond a certain threshold, inequality harms growth and
poverty reduction, the quality of relations in the public and political spheres and
individuals’ sense of fulfilment and self-worth
 There is nothing inevitable about growing income inequality; several countries
have managed to contain or reduce income inequality while achieving strong
growth performance
 Income inequality cannot be effectively tackled unless the underlying inequality of
opportunities is addressed
 In a global survey conducted by UN Development Programme, policy makers
from around the world acknowledged that inequality in their countries is generally
high and potentially a threat to long-term social and economic development
 Evidence from developing countries shows that children in the poorest 20 per cent
of the populations are still up to three times more likely to die before their fifth
birthday than children in the richest quintiles
 Social protection has been significantly extended globally, yet persons with
disabilities are up to five times more likely than average to incur catastrophic
health expenditures
 Despite overall declines in maternal mortality in the majority of developing
countries, women in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while
giving birth than women living in urban centers
GOAL 10 TARGETS
 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per
cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
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 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all,
irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or
other status
 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by
eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate
legislation, policies and action in this regard
 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and
progressively achieve greater equality
 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions
and strengthen the implementation of such regulations
 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-
making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to
deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people,
including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration
policies
 Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing
countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade
Organization agreements
 Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign
direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed
countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked
developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes
 By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances
and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
 Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development,

which will take place in Quito, Ecuador from 17-20 October, is the first UN global
summit on urbanization since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. Habitat III offers a unique opportunity to discuss the important challenges
of how cities, towns, and village can be planned and managed, in order to fulfill their role
as drivers of sustainable development, and how they can shape the implementation of the
Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on climate change. In Quito,
world leaders will adopt the New Urban Agenda which will set global standards of
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achievement in sustainable urban development, rethinking the way we build, manage, and
live in cities through drawing together cooperation with committed partners, relevant
stakeholders, and urban actors at all levels of government as well as the civil society and
private sector.
Cities are hubs for ideas, commerce, culture, science, productivity, social
development and much more. At their best, cities have enabled people to advance socially
and economically. However, many challenges exist to maintaining cities in a way that
continues to create jobs and prosperity while not straining land and resources. Common
urban challenges include congestion, lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage
of adequate housing and declining infrastructure. The challenges cities face can be
overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while improving
resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. The future we want includes cities of
opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and
more.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Half of humanity – 3.5 billion people – lives in cities today
 By 2030, almost 60 per cent of the world’s population will live in urban areas
 95 per cent of urban expansion in the next decades will take place in developing
world
 828 million people live in slums today and the number keeps rising
 The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80
per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon emissions
 Rapid urbanization is exerting pressure on fresh water supplies, sewage, the living
environment, and public health
 But the high density of cities can bring efficiency gains and technological
innovation while reducing resource and energy consumption
GOAL 11 TARGETS
 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic
services and upgrade slums
 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport
systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with
special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children,
persons with disabilities and older persons
25
 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for
participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and
management in all countries
 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural
heritage
 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people
affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global
gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with
a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including
by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste
management
 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and
public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons
with disabilities
 Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-
urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
 By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements
adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion,
resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to
disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels
 Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical
assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
 Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and energy
efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and
decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its implementation helps to achieve overall
development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen
economic competitiveness and reduce poverty.
Sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with
less,” increasing net welfare gains from economic activities by reducing resource use,
degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life. It
involves different stakeholders, including business, consumers, policy makers,
26
researchers, scientists, retailers, media, and development cooperation agencies, among
others.
It also requires a systemic approach and cooperation among actors operating in the
supply chain, from producer to final consumer. It involves engaging consumers through
awareness-raising and education on sustainable consumption and lifestyles, providing
consumers with adequate information through standards and labels and engaging in
sustainable public procurement, among others.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Each year, an estimated one third of all food produced – equivalent to 1.3 billion
tons worth around $1 trillion – ends up rotting in the bins of consumers and
retailers, or spoiling due to poor transportation and harvesting practices
 If people worldwide switched to energy efficient lightbulbs the world would save
US$120 billion annually
 Should the global population reach 9.6 billion by 2050, the equivalent of almost
three planets could be required to provide the natural resources needed to sustain
current lifestyles
Water
 Less than 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable), of which 2.5 per cent
is frozen in the Antarctica, Arctic and glaciers. Humanity must therefore rely on
0.5 per cent for all of man’s ecosystems and fresh water needs.
 Man is polluting water faster than nature can recycle and purify water in rivers and
lakes.
 More than 1 billion people still do not have access to fresh water.
 Excessive use of water contributes to the global water stress.
 Water is free from nature but the infrastructure needed to deliver it is expensive.
Energy
 Despite technological advances that have promoted energy efficiency gains,
energy use in OECD countries will continue to grow another 35 per cent by 2020.
Commercial and residential energy use is the second most rapidly growing area of
global energy use after transport.
 In 2002 the motor vehicle stock in OECD countries was 550 million vehicles (75
per cent of which were personal cars). A 32 per cent increase in vehicle ownership
is expected by 2020. At the same time, motor vehicle kilometers are projected to
27
increase by 40 per cent and global air travel is projected to triple in the same
period.
 Households consume 29 per cent of global energy and consequently contribute to
21 per cent of resultant CO2 emissions.
 One-fifth of the world’s final energy consumption in 2013 was from renewables.
Food
 While substantial environmental impacts from food occur in the production phase
(agriculture, food processing), households influence these impacts through their
dietary choices and habits. This consequently affects the environment through
food-related energy consumption and waste generation.
 1.3 billion tons of food is wasted every year while almost 1 billion people go
undernourished and another 1 billion hungry.
 Overconsumption of food is detrimental to our health and the environment.
 2 billion people globally are overweight or obese.
 Land degradation, declining soil fertility, unsustainable water use, overfishing and
marine environment degradation is all lessening the ability of the natural resource
base to supply food.
 The food sector accounts for around 30 per cent of the world’s total energy
consumption and accounts for around 22 per cent of total Greenhouse Gas
emissions.
GOAL 12 TARGETS
 Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and
production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead,
taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries
 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural
resources
 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and
reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest
losses
 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all
wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international
frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to
minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
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 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,
recycling and reuse
 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt
sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting
cycle
 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with
national policies and priorities
 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and
awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature
 Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological
capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and
production
 Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for
sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
 Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption
by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances,
including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where
they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the
specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible
adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the
affected communities
 Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Climate change is now affecting every country on every continent. It is disrupting
national economies and affecting lives, costing people, communities and countries dearly
today and even more tomorrow.
People are experiencing the significant impacts of climate change, which include
changing weather patterns, rising sea level, and more extreme weather events. The
greenhouse gas emissions from human activities are driving climate change and continue
to rise. They are now at their highest levels in history. Without action, the world’s average
surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century and is likely to surpass 3
degrees Celsius this century—with some areas of the world expected to warm even more.
The poorest and most vulnerable people are being affected the most. Affordable, scalable
solutions are now available to enable countries to leapfrog to cleaner, more resilient
economies. The pace of change is quickening as more people are turning to renewable
energy and a range of other measures that will reduce emissions and increase adaptation
29
efforts. But climate change is a global challenge that does not respect national borders.
Emissions anywhere affect people everywhere. It is an issue that requires solutions that
need to be coordinated at the international level and it requires international cooperation
to help developing countries move toward a low-carbon economy.
To address climate change, countries adopted the Paris Agreement at the COP21
in Paris on 12 December 2015. In the agreement, all countries agreed to work to limit
global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, and given the grave risks, to
strive for 1.5 degrees Celsius. You can learn more about the agreement here.
Implementation of the Paris Agreement is essential for the achievement of the Sustainable
Development Goals, and provides a roadmap for climate actions that will reduce
emissions and build climate resilience. On 21 September, countries will come to the
United Nations Headquarters to deposit their instruments of ratification. The Agreement
enters into force “on the thirtieth day after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the
Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55 percent of the total global
greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance,
approval, or accession.”
FACTS AND FIGURES
Thanks to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change we know:
 From 1880 to 2012, average global temperature increased by 0.85°C. To put
this into perspective, for each 1 degree of temperature increase, grain yields
decline by about 5 per cent. Maize, wheat and other major crops have experienced
significant yield reductions at the global level of 40 megatons per year between
1981 and 2002 due to a warmer climate.
 Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea
level has risen. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as
oceans expanded due to warming and ice melted. The Arctic’s sea ice extent has
shrunk in every successive decade since 1979, with 1.07 million km² of ice loss
every decade
 Given current concentrations and on-going emissions of greenhouse gases, it
is likely that by the end of this century, the increase in global temperature will
exceed 1.5°C compared to 1850 to 1900 for all but one scenario. The world’s
oceans will warm and ice melt will continue. Average sea level rise is predicted as
24 – 30cm by 2065 and 40-63cm by 2100. Most aspects of climate change will
persist for many centuries even if emissions are stopped
30
 Global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have increased by almost 50 per cent
since 1990
 Emissions grew more quickly between 2000 and 2010 than in each of the three
previous decades
 It is still possible, using a wide array of technological measures and changes in
behavior, to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels
 Major institutional and technological change will give a better than even chance
that global warming will not exceed this threshold
GOAL 13 TARGETS
 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural
disasters in all countries
 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on
climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
 Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly
$100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing
countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on
implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its
capitalization as soon as possible
 Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related
planning and management in least developed countries and small island
developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and
marginalized communities
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is
the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to
climate change.
 Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global
systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind.
Our rainwater, drinking water, weather, climate, coastlines, much of our food, and even
the oxygen in the air we breathe, are all ultimately provided and regulated by the sea.
Throughout history, oceans and seas have been vital conduits for trade and transportation.
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Careful management of this essential global resource is a key feature of a sustainable
future.
FACTS AND FIGURES

 Oceans cover three quarters of the Earth’s surface, contain 97 per cent of the
Earth’s water, and represent 99 per cent of the living space on the planet by
volume
 Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their
livelihoods
 Globally, the market value of marine and coastal resources and industries is
estimated at $3 trillion per year or about 5 per cent of global GDP
 Oceans contain nearly 200,000 identified species, but actual numbers may lie in
the millions
 Oceans absorb about 30 per cent of carbon dioxide produced by humans, buffering
the impacts of global warming
 Oceans serve as the world’s largest source of protein, with more than 3 billion
people depending on the oceans as their primary source of protein
 Marine fisheries directly or indirectly employ over 200 million people
 Subsidies for fishing are contributing to the rapid depletion of many fish species
and are preventing efforts to save and restore global fisheries and related jobs,
causing ocean fisheries to generate US$ 50 billion less per year than they could
 As much as 40 per cent of the world oceans are heavily affected by human
activities, including pollution, depleted fisheries, and loss of coastal habitats
GOAL 14 TARGETS
 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in
particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient
pollution
 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid
significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take
action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through
enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
32
 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported
and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-
based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time
feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as
determined by their biological characteristics
 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with
national and international law and based on the best available scientific
information
 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal,
unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such
subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential
treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part
of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and
least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including
through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
 Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine
technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in
order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine
biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island
developing States and least developed countries
 Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
 Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by
implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal
framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources,
as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want
 Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse
land degradation, halt biodiversity loss
Forests cover 30 per cent of the Earth’s surface and in addition to providing food
security and shelter, forests are key to combating climate change, protecting biodiversity
and the homes of the indigenous population. Thirteen million hectares of forests are
being lost every year while the persistent degradation of drylands has led to the
desertification of 3.6 billion hectares.
33
Deforestation and desertification – caused by human activities and climate change
– pose major challenges to sustainable development and have affected the lives and
livelihoods of millions of people in the fight against poverty. Efforts are being made to
manage forests and combat desertification.
FACTS AND FIGURES
Forests
 Around 1.6 billion people depend on forests for their livelihood. This includes
some 70 million indigenous people
 Forests are home to more than 80 per cent of all terrestrial species of animals,
plants and insects
Desertification
 2.6 billion people depend directly on agriculture, but 52 per cent of the land used
for agriculture is moderately or severely affected by soil degradation
 As of 2008, land degradation affected 1.5 billion people globally
 Arable land loss is estimated at 30 to 35 times the historical rate
 Due to drought and desertification each year 12 million hectares are lost (23
hectares per minute), where 20 million tons of grain could have been grown
 74 per cent of the poor are directly affected by land degradation globally
Biodiversity
 Of the 8,300 animal breeds known, 8 per cent are extinct and 22 per cent are at
risk of extinction
 Of the over 80,000 tree species, less than 1 per cent have been studied for potential
use
 Fish provide 20 per cent of animal protein to about 3 billion people. Only ten
species provide about 30 per cent of marine capture fisheries and ten species
provide about 50 per cent of aquaculture production
 Over 80 per cent of the human diet is provided by plants. Only three cereal crops –
rice, maize and wheat – provide 60 per cent of energy intake
34
 As many as 80 per cent of people living in rural areas in developing countries rely
on traditional plant-‐based medicines for basic
healthcare
 Micro-organisms and invertebrates are key to ecosystem services, but their
contributions are still poorly known and rarely acknowledged
GOAL 15 TARGETS
 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and
inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands,
mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements
 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of
forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase
afforestation and reforestation globally
 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land
affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land
degradation-neutral world
 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their
biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential
for sustainable development
 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats,
halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of
threatened species
 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of
genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as
internationally agreed
 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora
and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products
 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce
the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or
eradicate the priority species
 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local
planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts
35
 Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to
conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
 Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance
sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing
countries to advance such management, including for conservation and
reforestation
 Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected
species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue
sustainable livelihood opportunities
 Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies
Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of

peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, the provision of access to
justice for all, and building effective, accountable institutions at all levels.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Among the institutions most affected by corruption are the judiciary and police
 Corruption, bribery, theft and tax evasion cost some US $1.26 trillion for
developing countries per year; this amount of money could be used to lift those
who are living on less than $1.25 a day above $1.25 for at least six years
 The rate of children leaving primary school in conflict affected countries reached
50 per cent in 2011, which accounts to 28.5 million children, showing the impact
of unstable societies on one of the major goals of the post 2015 agenda: education.
 The rule of law and development have a significant interrelation and are mutually
reinforcing, making it essential for sustainable development at the national and
international level
GOAL 16 TARGETS
 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of
children
 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal
access to justice for all
 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the
recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime
36
 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at
all levels
 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions
of global governance
 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in
accordance with national legislation and international agreements
 Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international
cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing
countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
 Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable
development
 Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between

governments, the private sector and civil society. These inclusive partnerships built upon
principles and values, a shared vision, and shared goals that place people and the planet at
the center, are needed at the global, regional, national and local level.
Urgent action is needed to mobilize, redirect and unlock the transformative power
of trillions of dollars of private resources to deliver on sustainable development
objectives. Long-term investments, including foreign direct investment, are needed in
critical sectors, especially in developing countries. These include sustainable energy,
infrastructure and transport, as well as information and communications technologies.
The public sector will need to set a clear direction. Review and monitoring frameworks,
regulations and incentive structures that enable such investments must be retooled to
attract investments and reinforce sustainable development. National oversight
mechanisms such as supreme audit institutions and oversight functions by legislatures
should be strengthened.
FACTS AND FIGURES
 Official development assistance stood at $135.2 billion in 2014, the highest level
ever recorded
37
 79 per cent of imports from developing countries enter developed countries duty-
free
 The debt burden on developing countries remains stable at about 3 per cent of
export revenue
 The number of Internet users in Africa almost doubled in the past four years
 30 per cent of the world’s youth are digital natives, active online for at least five
years
 But more four billion people do not use the Internet, and 90 per cent of them are
from the developing world
GOAL 17 TARGETS
Finance
 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international
support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other
revenue collection
 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance
commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve
the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per
cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to
consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least
developed countries
 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple
sources
 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through
coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt
restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor
countries to reduce debt distress
 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries
Technology
 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international
cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance
knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved
coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level,
and through a global technology facilitation mechanism
38
 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of
environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms,
including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation
capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance
the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications
technology
Capacity building
 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-
building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the
sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and
triangular cooperation
Trade
 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable
multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through
the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda
 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a
view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020
 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a
lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade
Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin
applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple,
and contribute to facilitating market access
Systemic issues
Policy and institutional coherence
 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination
and policy coherence
 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement
policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development
Multi-stakeholder partnerships
 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by
multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise,
39
technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable
development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries
 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society
partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
40
Pollution Prevention (P2),

Cleaner Production (CP),
Green Productivity (GP) and
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Pollution Prevention (P2)

1
Pollution Prevention Law
In 1990, Congress passed the Pollution Prevention Act which states: "the
Environmental Protection Agency must establish a source reduction program which
collects and disseminates information, provides financial assistance to States, and
implements the other activities...." EPA is responsible for implementing the law passed by
Congress called the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
The "Findings" section of the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 explains why
Congress passed the P2 Act and are briefly captured below:
 The United States of America annually produces millions of tons of pollution and
spends tens of billions of dollars per year controlling this pollution.
 There are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or prevent pollution at
the source through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw
materials use.
 The opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because existing
regulations, and the industrial resources they require for compliance, focus upon
treatment and disposal, rather than source reduction.
 Source reduction is fundamentally different and more desirable than waste
management and pollution control.
What is Pollution Prevention (P2)?

Pollution prevention (P2) is any practice that reduces, eliminates, or prevents
pollution at its source, also known as "source reduction." Source reduction is
fundamentally different and more desirable than recycling, treatment and disposal. There
are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or prevent pollution at the source
through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. The
opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because existing regulations
focus upon treatment and disposal. Reducing the amount of pollution produced means
less waste to control, treat, or dispose of. Less pollution means less hazards posed to
public health and the environment.
2
Specific Pollution Prevention Approaches

Pollution prevention approaches can be applied to all potential and actual
pollution-generating activities, including those found in the energy, agriculture, federal,
consumer and industrial sectors. Prevention practices are essential for preserving
wetlands, groundwater sources and other critical ecosystems - areas in which we
especially want to stop pollution before it begins.
a) Energy sector
 Increasing efficiency in energy use

 Use of environmentally benign fuel sources
b) Agricultural sector
 Reducing the use of water and chemical inputs

 Adoption of less environmentally harmful pesticides or cultivation of crop strains
with natural resistance to pests
 Protection of sensitive areas
c) Industrial sector
3
 Modifying a production process to produce less waste
 Using non-toxic or less toxic chemicals as cleaners, degreasers and other
maintenance chemicals
 Implementing water and energy conservation practices
 Reusing materials such as drums and pallets rather than disposing of them as
waste
d) Homes and schools
 Using reusable water bottles instead of disposable ones

 Automatically turning off lights when not in use
 Repairing leaky faucets and hoses
 Switching to "green" cleaners
Why is pollution prevention important?

Pollution prevention reduces both financial costs (waste management and cleanup)
and environmental costs (health problems and environmental damage). Pollution
prevention protects the environment by conserving and protecting natural resources while
strengthening economic growth through more efficient production in industry and less
need for households, businesses and communities to handle waste.
What EPA is doing in P2?

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promotes source reduction to eliminate
or reduce pollution at its source. It:
 Implements the law and policies
EPA implements the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. It implements
Executive Orders and EPA P2 policies. Presidential Executive Orders (EOs)
charge EPA with the responsibility to take actions to protect human health and the
environment using P2 strategies.
 Supports state technical assistance programs through grants
4
One section in the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 asks EPA to establish a
grant program for states to support programs. Many states and universities sponsor
internship programs that assist businesses in identifying and implementing
pollution prevention practices.
 Measures prevention
The Toxics Release Inventory Program collects information to track
industry progress in reducing waste generation and moving towards safer waste
management alternatives. Strategic measures are reported by P2 grantees.
Measuring results is one way to determine the success of a technical assistance or
training effort.
 Promotes P2 awareness
EPA established the Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse
dedicated to reducing and eliminating industrial pollutants through education and
public awareness. It participates in P2 Week to highlight the efforts of EPA, its
partners, and the public in making pollution prevention a cornerstone of
sustainability.
 Promotes related voluntary EPA programs
E3: Economy, Energy and Environment: is a federal technical assistance
framework helping communities, manufacturers and manufacturing supply chains
adapt and thrive in today's green economy.
1. Environmental Management Systems: a set of processes and practices that

enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its
operating efficiency.
2. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing: helps the federal government "buy
green."
3. Green Chemistry: is the design of chemical products and processes that
reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances.
4. Safer Choice: helps consumers, businesses and institutional buyers identify
products that are safer for human health and the environment.
5
5. Voluntary standards development for green products and standards: EPA
works with a variety of non-governmental standards developers to promote
the development of voluntary consensus standards for environmentally
preferable goods and services.
Cleaner Production (CP)
Used in conjunction with other elements of environmental management, cleaner

production is a practical method for protecting human and environmental health, and for
supporting the goal of sustainable development.
Production with no regard for environmental impacts creates water and air
pollution, soil degradation, and large-scale global impacts such as acid rain, global
warming and ozone depletion. To create more sustainable methods of production, there
needs to be a shift in attitudes away from control towards pollution prevention and
management.
The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) introduced the concept of

cleaner production in 1989, and defined it as 'the continuous application of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase
eco-efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment'.
Cleaner production activities include measures such as pollution prevention,

source reduction, waste minimization and eco-efficiency. They involve better
management and housekeeping, substitution of toxic and hazardous materials, process
modifications, and reuse of waste products. At its heart, the concept is about the
prevention, rather than the control, of pollution.
The concept of cleaner production questions the need for a product, and looks at
other ways to satisfy the demand. It is a slowing down of the rate at which we use
resources, and a gradual shift from linear to more circular processes, like those found in
6
nature. The eventual goal of clean production is to achieve a 'closed loop' operation in
which all excess materials are recycled back into the process.
The four elements of cleaner production are:

1. The precautionary approach - potential polluters must prove that a
substance or activity will do no harm;
2. The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the source rather than
after it has been created;
3. Democratic control - workers, consumers, and communities all have access
to information and are involved in decision-making;
4. Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material, energy and water
flows using life-cycle analyses.
The benefits of cleaner production include decreased waste, the recovery of

valuable by-products, improved environmental performance, increased resource
productivity, increased efficiency, lower energy consumption, and an overall reduction in
costs.
Implementing cleaner production can be as straightforward as adopting better

housekeeping practices, or it may involve more complex measures associated with
processes and products. The more sophisticated options may include switching to
renewable energy sources, increasing material efficiency, and re-using and recycling by-
products. The product itself can be designed to reduce consumption of resources, to
prolong its useful life, and to allow disassembly and recycling of its component parts.
Cleaner production requires a new way of thinking about processes and products,
and about how they can be made less harmful to humans and the environment. For
successful implementation, the concept must be effectively communicated within the
7
organization. Employees at all levels, including senior management, should be actively
involved.
The following guidelines can be used to implement a cleaner production approach:

1. Identify the hazardous substance to be phased out, based on the
precautionary principle;
2. Undertake a chemical/material flow analysis;
3. Establish a time schedule for the phase-out of the hazardous substance in

the production process, as well as its accompanying waste management
technology;
4. Implement and further develop cleaner production processes and products;
5. Provide training and technical and financial support;
6. Actively disseminate information to the public and ensure their

participation in decision-making;
7. Facilitate substance phase-out with regulatory and economic incentives;
8. Facilitate the transition to cleaner production with social planning,

involving workers and communities affected.
The cost of complying with environmental legislation can be significantly reduced

by companies that adopt cleaner production techniques. The latter are often more cost-
effective than control technologies. The costs of dealing with wastes are reduced, and
there is potential for new markets to be discovered through innovations or the sale of by-
products.
Cleaner production can reduce environmental risks and liabilities and lead to
greater competitiveness. By demonstrating a commitment to cleaner production,
companies can also improve their public image and gain the confidence of consumers.
Green Productivity (GP)
8
Green Productivity (GP) is a strategy for enhancing productivity and

environmental performance for overall socio-economic development.
As GP focuses on productivity improvement and environmental protection, the
central element of the GP methodology is the examination and re-evaluation of both
production processes and products to reduce their environmental impacts and highlight
ways to improve productivity and product quality. GP techniques are used to bring about
the changes that will result in better environmental performance and improved
productivity They range from simple housekeeping techniques to designing "green"
products. Some of the techniques used in GP include, good housekeeping, design change,
process modification, waste and water management, pollution prevention etc.
Green Productivity (GP) is a strategy for simultaneously enhancing productivity

and environmental performance for overall socio-economic development that leads to
sustained improvement in the quality of human life. It is the combined application of
appropriate productivity and environmental management tools, techniques and
9
technologies that reduce the environmental impact of an organization's activities,
products and services while enhancing profitability and competitive advantage.
Green productivity is a dynamic strategy to harmonize economic growth and

environmental protection for sustainable development. It offers small and medium
businesses a way to achieve a competitive advantage by doing better with less. It is thus a
practical strategy to increase productivity and protect the environment simultaneously.
Traditional methods of pollution control were not cost-effective. The concept of

green productivity assures profitability and resource productivity. Businesses and
communities get multiple returns in the form of bottom-line savings, value added
products and services, and environmental protection.
Having a good green productivity program:
 increases profitability
 improves health and safety
 makes quality products
 promotes environmental protection
 ensures regulatory compliance
 enhances company image
 raises morale
 leads to sustainable development
Green productivity uses a set of management tools, techniques and technologies to
encourage innovation and a continuous cycle of productivity gains. The result is
competitive enterprises, preservation of the natural resources, and a better quality of life.
A typical comprehensive green productivity program has three levels of
implementation:
 Management Systems and Programs, using ISO 14001/EMS, Total Productive
Maintenance, Total Quality Management etc.
10
 Green Productivity Techniques, using 3Rs, Housekeeping/5S, Resource
Conservation, Product Improvement etc.
 Green Productivity Tools, using Eco-Mapping, Benchmarking, Control Charts and
Check lists etc.
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

The concept of conducting a detailed examination of the life cycle of a product or
a process is a relatively recent one which emerged in response to increased environmental
awareness on the part of the public, industry and governments. The immediate precursors
of life cycle analysis and assessment (LCAs) were the global modelling studies and
energy audits of the late 1960s and early 1970s. These attempted to assess the resource
cost and environmental implications of different patterns of human behavior. LCAs were
an obvious extension, and became vital to support the development of eco-labelling
schemes which are operating or planned in several countries around the world. For eco-
labels to be granted to chosen products, the awarding authority needs to be able to
evaluate the manufacturing processes involved, the energy consumption in manufacture
and use, and the amount and type of waste generated. To accurately assess the burdens
placed on the environment by the manufacture of an item, the following of a procedure or
the use of a certain process, two main stages are involved. The first stage is the collection
of data, and the second is the interpretation of that data. Several different terms have been
coined to describe the processes. One of the first terms used was Life Cycle Analysis, but
more recently two terms have come to largely replace that one: Life Cycle Inventory
(LCI) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These better reflect the different stages of the
process. Other terms such as Cradle to Grave Analysis, Eco-balancing, and Material Flow
Analysis are also used. Whichever name is used to describe it, LCA is a potentially
powerful tool which can assist regulators to formulate environmental legislation, help
manufacturers analyze their processes and improve their products, and perhaps enable
consumers to make more informed choices. Like most tools, it must be correctly used,
however. A tendency for LCAs to be used to 'prove' the superiority of one product over
another has brought the concept into disrepute in some areas.
11
LCAs enable a manufacturer to quantify how much energy and raw materials are
used, and how much solid, liquid and gaseous waste is generated, at each stage of the
product's life.
LCA in Waste Management

LCA has begun to be used to evaluate a city or region's future waste management
options. The LCA, or environmental assessment, covers the environmental and resource
impacts of alternative disposal processes, as well as those other processes which are
affected by disposal strategies such as different types of collection schemes for
recyclables, changed transport patterns and so on.
Why perform LCAs?

LCAs might be conducted by an industry sector to enable it to identify areas where
improvements can be made, in environmental terms. Alternatively, the LCA may be
intended to provide environmental data for the public or for government. In recent years,
12
several major companies have cited LCAs in their marketing and advertising, to support
claims that their products are 'environmentally friendly' or even 'environmentally
superior' to those of their rivals. Many of these claims have been successfully challenged
by environmental groups. All products have some impact on the environment. Since some
products use more resources, cause more pollution or generate more waste than others,
the aim is to identify those which are most harmful. Even for those products whose
environmental burdens are relatively low, the LCA should help to identify those stages in
production processes and in use which cause or have the potential to cause pollution, and
those which have a heavy material or energy demand. Breaking down the manufacturing
process into such fine detail can also be an aid to identifying the use of scarce resources,
showing where a more sustainable product could be substituted.
13

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

CHE 429 - Environmental Engineering

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

ISO 14000: Environmental Management System…………………………......20

UN Sustainable Development Goals…………………………………………... 49

Pollution, Prevention, Cleaner Production

∑ To Introduce of the concept of Philippine Environmental Impact Statement.

∑ To define what is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), placing it within

the framework of sustainable development

∑ To describe the purpose and process of EIA.

∑ To understand the Environmental Management Systems and to determine

why it is beneficial to an organization

∑ To understand thoroughly and intuitively what Sustainable Development is

and what progress Philippines made regarding Sustainable Development.

∑ To define Pollution Prevention (P2), Cleaner Production (CP), Green

Productivity (GP) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects -

National Pollution Control Commission may be availed of as one of its implementing

(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

(Sgd.) JACOB C. CLAVE

(Sgd.) MELQUIADES T. DELA CRUZ

Table 4. Who can prepare an EIS or IEE?

individuals or organizations to be EIS or IEE preparers.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Format and Content Process

Environmental Impact Assessment

2. Presidential Decree No.1586

3. DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 42 (2002)

4. DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 96-37

Environmental Critical Area

EIA REPORT REVIEW AND EVALUATION

MONITORING, VALIDATION, AND EVALUATION/AUDIT

ROLE OF EIA IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

PEISS – Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System

The Technical Committee (TC) behind ISO 14000 is TC 207.

ISO 14031 provides guidance on how an organization can evaluate its

THE PDCA CYCLE

Figure 3.1 Sustainability and its three pillars

Figure 3.2 Ecological footprints for different countries

ISSUES RELEVANT TO SUSTAINABILITY:

Figure 3.3 Estimates of population evolution in different continents

Figure 3.4 Percentage of World Population: Urban vs. Rural

Figure 3.5 Water distribution on Earth

Figure 3.6 Growth of wind and solar power

Sustainable Development in the Philippines

WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)?

WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS UNDERPINING THE SUSTAINABLE

HOW ARE THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS DIFFERENT FROM THE

17 Goals to Transform Our World

 Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all

 Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern

 Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth,

 Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable

 Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries

 Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development,

FACTS AND FIGURES

on traditional plant-‐based medicines for basic

 Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies

Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of

 Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between