Project Report on

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with Magnetic Levitation &

Vortex Generator
SUBMITTED IN COMPLETE FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
MID TERM EXAMINATION FOR

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering

Submitted by
Vishal Singh
2K20/A15/53
Sambhav Jain
2K20/A15/64

Under the Supervision

of
Prof. Rajiv Chaudhary

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Delhi Technological University
Bawana Road. Delhi -110042
March -2021

i
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CANDIDATE’S DECLERATION

We, (Vishal Singh, Sambhav Jain, 2K20/A15/53, 2K20/A15/64) students of B. Tech.

(Electrical Engineering) hereby declare that the project Dissertation titled “Vertical

Axis Wind Turbine with Magnetic Levitation & Vortex Generator ” which is submitted

by us to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University,

Delhi in complete fulfilment of the requirements for mid-term examination for the

degree of Bachelor of Technology, is original and not copied from any source without

proper citation. This work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any

Degree, Diploma Associateship, Fellowship or other similar title or recognition.

Place: Delhi Vishal Singh (2K20/A15/53)

Date: Sambhav Jain(2K20/A15/64)

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the project Dissertation titled “Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with

Magnetic Levitation & Vortex Generator” which is submitted by Vishal Singh, Sambhav

Jain (2K20/A15/53, 2K20/A15/64) [Department of Mechanical Engineering], Delhi

Technological University, Delhi in complete fulfilment of the requirements for mid-term

examination for the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is a record of the project work

carried out by the students under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge this work

has not been submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or

elsewhere.

Place: Delhi Prof. Rajiv Chaudhary

Date: SUPERVISOR

iii
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, as technology, science and population are increasing and getting more and
more advance every day, scientist think of manipulating renewable energies because
nonrenewable energies are running out in the world and needs millions of years to
produce again. The main type of renewable energy is wind and this wind can be
converted to electrical energy by the help of wind turbines. There are two types of
wind turbines, vertical axis and horizontal axis. HAWT are wind turbines that the
blades are rotating horizontally and they are very efficient turbines but occupy large
areas, need constant, high velocity wind to operate and they need regular maintenance.
However, Vertical axis wind turbines are also efficient turbines, they are smaller in
size and can be installed anywhere in the cities and highways. This type of turbine can
be placed in high ways where there is constant wind produced by the fast-moving cars
and also the atmosphere. High-Way VAWT like all the wind turbines converts kinetic
energy of the blades to electrical energy, but this type is small, the blades are different
and they can be placed anywhere to produce electricity for the traffic lights, street
lights, security cameras and many other applications. Vortex generators can also be
attached to this type of wind turbine which optimizes it to get the maximum power
possible to get from that wind velocity and turbine size.

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4
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing our major project, we had to take the help and guideline

of some respected persons, who deserves our greatest gratitude. The completion of

this assignment gives us much pleasure. We would like to show our gratitude

towards Prof. Rajiv Chaudhary , Mentor for major project. Giving us a good

guideline for report throughout numerous consultations. We would also like to

extend our deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guided us

in writing this assignment.

In addition, we would like to thank Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Delhi Technological University for giving us the opportunity to work

on this topic.

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 CONTENTS

Title page i

Candidate’s Declaration ii

Certificate iii

Abstract iv

Acknowledgment v

Contents vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Wind Power 2

1.2 Generator 3
1.3 Wind Turbine 3
1.3.1 Wind Power Technology 3
1.3.2 The Power of Wind 3
1.4 The Types of Wind Turbine 5
1.5 Major Components and Operations of a Wind Turbine 7

CHAPTER 2 Generator 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Vortex Generator 11

2.2.1 Basic 11

2.2.2 Selection 12

CHAPTER 3 Magnetic Levitation 14

3.1 Introduction 14

3.2 Placement 14

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 3.3 B-H Curve 15

3.4 Calculations 17

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 20

REFERENCES 21

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power,
solar power, geothermal energy, hydropower and various forms of biomass. These
sources have been coined renewable due to their continuous replenishment and
availability for use over and over again. The popularity of renewable energy has
experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional
power generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the
environment. This popularity has been bolstered by cutting edge research and ground
breaking technology that has been introduced so far to aid in the effective tapping of
these natural resources and it is estimated that renewable sources might contribute about
20% – 50% to energy consumption in the latter part of the 21st century. Facts from the
World Wind Energy Association estimates that by 2010, 160GW of wind power
capacity is expected to be installed worldwide which implies an anticipated net growth
rate of more than 21% per year

Unlike the traditional horizontal axis wind turbine, this design is levitated via maglev
(magnetic levitation) vertically on a rotor shaft. This maglev technology, which will be
looked at in great detail, serves as an efficient replacement for ball bearings used on the
conventional wind turbine and is usually implemented with permanent magnets. This
levitation will be used between the rotating shaft of the turbine blades and the base of
the whole wind turbine system. The conceptual design also entails the usage of spiral
shaped blades and with continuing effective research into the functioning of sails in
varying wind speeds and other factors, an efficient shape and size will be determined
for a suitable turbine blade for the project.

With the appropriate mechanisms in place, we expect to harness enough wind for power
generation by way of an axial flux generator built from permanent magnets and copper
coils. The arrangement of the magnets will cultivate an effective magnetic field

9
and the copper coils will facilitate voltage capture due to the changing magnetic field.
The varying output voltage obtained at this juncture will then be passed through a DC-
DC converter to achieve a steady output DC voltage.

OVERVIEW

This section introduces and provides a brief description of the major components and
factors that will contribute to an efficiently functioning wind turbine. These factors
are wind power, the generator, magnet levitation and the DC-DC converter. Later
sections will provide an in-depth look into the essence of each factor and its function
and importance to the overall operation of the vertical axis wind turbine.

1.1 Wind Power

Undoubtedly, the project’s ability to function is solely dependent on the power of

wind and its availability. Wind is known to be another form of solar energy
because it comes about as a result of uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun
coupled with the abstract topography of the earth’s surface [3.1]. With wind
turbines, two categories of winds are relevant to their applications, namely local
winds and planetary winds. The latter is the most dominant and it is usually a
major factor in deciding sites for very effective wind turbines especially with the
horizontal axis types.

These winds are usually found along shore lines, mountain tops, valleys and open
plains. The former is the type you will find in regular environments like the city or
rural areas, basically where settlements are present. This type of wind is not
conducive for effective power generation; it only has a lot of worth when it
accompanies moving planetary winds [3.1]. In later chapters, more focus will be
placed on the power of wind and effective ways to design wind turbines for
optimal wind power production.

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1.2 Generator
The basic understanding of a generator is that it converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Generators are utilized extensively in various applications
and for the most part have similarities that exist between these applications.
However the few differences present is what really distinguishes a system
operating on an AC motor from another on the same principle of operation and
likewise with DC motors. With the axial flux generator design, its operability is
based on permanent magnet alternators where the concept of magnets and
magnetic fields are the dominant factors in this form of generator functioning.
These generators have air gap surface perpendicular to the rotating axis and the
air gap generates magnetic fluxes parallel to the axis. In further chapters we
will take a detailed look into their basic operation and the configuration of our
design.

1.3 WIND TURBINE

1.3.1 Wind Power Technology

Wind power technology is the various infrastructure and process that

promote the harnessing of wind generation for mechanical power and
electricity. This basically entails the wind and characteristics related to its
strength and direction, as well as the functioning of both internal and
external components of a wind turbine with respect to wind behavior.

1.3.2 The Power of Wind

As mentioned earlier the effective functioning of a wind turbine is dictated
by the wind availability in an area and if the amount of power it has is
sufficient enough to keep the blades in constant rotation. The wind power
increases as a function of the cube of the velocity of the wind and this
power is calculable with respect to the area in which the wind is present as
well as the wind velocity [4.1]. When wind is blowing the energy
available is kinetic due to the motion of the

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wind so the power of the wind is related to the kinetic energy.
We Know:

Kinetic Energy = 0.5MV2

The volume of air passing in unit time through an area A, with speed V is
AV and its mass M is equal to the Volume V multiplied by its density ρ so:

M = ρAV

Substituting the value of M in equation 4.1 we get:

Kinetic Energy = 0.5 ρAV3

To convert the energy to kilowatts, a non-dimensional proportionality

constant k is introduced where,

k = 2.14 × 10–3

Therefore,

Power in kW (P) = 2. 14qAV3 × 10–3

Where:

Air density (q) = 1.2kg/n3/2.33 × 10–3slugs/ft3

Area(A) = area swept by the blades of the turbine Velocity

(V) = wind speed in mph

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 With equation above, the power being generated can be calculated, however
one should note that it is not possible to convert all the power of the wind
into power for generation.

1.4 Types of Wind Turbines

Many types of turbines exist today and their designs are usually inclined towards one
of the two categories: horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and vertical-axis wind
turbines (VAWTs). As the name pertains, each turbine is distinguished by the
orientation of their rotor shafts. The former is the more conventional and common
type everyone has come to know, while the latter due to its seldom usage and
exploitation, is quiet unpopular. The HAWTs usually consist of two or three
propeller-like blades attached to a horizontal and mounted on bearings the top of a
support tower as seen in Figure

When the wind blows, the blades of the turbine are set in motion which drives a
generator that produces AC electricity. For optimal efficiency, these horizontal
turbines are usually made to point into the wind with the aid of a sensor and a servo
motor or a wind vane for smaller wind turbine application.

With the vertical axis wind turbines, the concept behind their operation is similar to
that of the horizontal designs. The major difference is the orientation of the rotors
5

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and generator which are all vertically arranged and usually on a shaft for support
and stability. This also results in a different response of the turbine.

Their design makes it possible for them to utilize the wind power from every
direction unlike the HAWTs that depend on lift forces from the wind similar to
the lift off concept of an airplane.
Vertical axis wind turbines are further subdivided into two major types namely

Figure IV.3 -Savonius Model Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

the Darrieus model and the Savonius model. Pictured above in figure 4.2 is an
example of the Darrieus Model which was named after designer and French
aeronautical engineer, Georges Darrieus. This form of this design is best

14
 described as an eggbeater with the blades, two or three of them bent into a c-
shape on the shaft. The Savonius model was invented by Finnish engineer Sigurd
Savonius and an example is shown in Figure.

1.5 Major Components and Operation of a Wind Turbine

A wind turbine basically draws the kinetic energy from the wind and converts this
power to electrical energy by means of a generator. Its operability is dependent on
key components of the turbine and its response to the wind based on how it is built.
Figure IV.4 shows an illustration of a conventional wind turbine and its parts.

Figure IV.4 -Components of a Wind Turbine

With this turbine, the blades receive the wind and are caused to lift and rotate.
Depending on the wind speed the controller will start up or shut off the turbine. If
wind speeds are right between 8 to 16 miles per hour, the turbine would start to
operate but will shut down if speeds exceed about 55 miles per hour. This is a

7
15
preventative measure because at very high winds the turbine could be damaged.
The anemometer on the turbine calculates this wind speed and sends the
information to the controller. The VAWTs usually do not have anemometers
because they are usually used for low speed and small scale applications.
The high speed shaft drives the generator to produce electricity and they are
connected to the low speed shaft by gears to increase their rotational speed during
operation. Most generators usually require a rotational speed of about 1000 to
1800 rotations per minute so the gears increases them significantly from 30 to 60
rotations per minute to the electricity producing threshold.

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 CHAPTER-2

GENERATOR

2.1 Introduction
When designing a generator it is important to have a firm grasp of the basic laws that
govern its performance. In order to induce a voltage in a wire a nearby changing
magnetic field must exist. The voltage induced not only depends on the magnitude of
the field density but also on the coil area. The relationship between the area and field
density is known as flux (Φ) [5.1]. The way in which this flux varies in time depends
on the generator design. The axial flux generator uses the changing magnetic flux to
produce a voltage. The voltage produced by each coil can be calculated using
Faraday's law of induction:
V = —N dQ/dt

In order to explain how an axial flux generator is designed the elements that produce
an electromotive force or voltage must be described. An induced EMF is produced by

Figure V.1 - Field Lines through Coil

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a time varying magnetic field. Michael Faraday performed experiments with steady
currents and a simple transformer in hopes of producing a voltage from a magnetic
field. He discovered that a constant magnetic field would not induce a voltage but a
time varying field could .This was an important discovery in what is known as
electromagnetic induction, a discovery that is fundamental in the design of a
generator. It is this relative motion of a magnetic field producing a voltage that allows
us to be creative in the ways we produce electricity.
Lenz's law states that the induced EMF is always opposing the original change in
flux[5.3]. This law will help explain the direction of current flow in each coil. In an
axial flux generator the magnets flow over each coil producing a changing magnetic
field. As an individual magnet enters the area of a coil, the coil produces a magnetic
field opposing the magnets; in turn a current flows in a direction according to the right
hand rule.

Figure V.4 - Magnet Entering Coil Region

When a magnet is positioned directly over a coil the magnetic field produced by the

Figure V.5 - Magnet Directly Above Coil Region

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18
 coil equals the magnetic field produced by the magnet; therefore the voltage will go
to zero and no current flows at this instant.
When the magnet finally exits the area of the coil, the coil now produces a field that
coincides with the direction of the magnet. This in turn produces a current that flows in
the opposite direction that it was originally flowing when the magnet entered the
region.

2.2 VORTEX GENERATOR

2.2.1 BASIC
Vortex Generators (VG) are small aerodynamic devices made of a plate and
have an angle. It is placed perpendicular to the surface of the moving object.
These devices are used to keep and align the air to be attached on the surface of
the moving airfoil and do not allow the air flow to get separated and interrupted.
These VGs are used mainly on airplane wings, cars and wind turbines to
improve aerodynamics by way of reducing drag increasing lift.

Vortex generators can improve the performance of wind turbines significantly

when attached to their blades in an appropriate way. The blades of turbines are
subject to erosion and roughness which has a negative impact on the

performance of the wind turbines because it causes the airflow to detach from
the blades. However, installing VGs, which look like small inclined fins, and

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 attaching them on each blade reduces the air flow separation from the blades of
the turbines and it optimizes the efficiency and operation of the turbine. As a
result, the maximum power of the turbine is increased.
The effects of VGs are very important and significant to be considered because
they have many benefits to aerodynamic devices. These benefits include the
control of air flow especially at high speeds because in such circumstances the
air is highly subjected to detachment from the surface and this creates separation
of the air flow and reduces the stability of the moving or rotating object
especially at high speeds. Lift force is also developed by VGs which is a type of
force that creates swirling or vortex which is spinning of the air that facilitates
and supports motion.

2.2.2 SELECTION

Many different designs and shapes of vortex generators are available. The
process of choosing the best design for our VGs was through researching and
testing different samples including triangular, rectangular and circular shapes.

The combination of rectangular and triangular shapes was found to be the

optimal choice for low speed wind. Since the width of VGs are small compared
to the blades, a base was made under each one to make the attachment to the
blades easier. Also, to make sure that the base doesn’t cause turbulence, the base
was designed with round edges in order to be more aerodynamic. The edges on
the VGs are fitted with a radius of 2mm which will improve the aero dynamical

12

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performance, The Vortex generators were tested in the wet lab using the wind
tunnel fan to look at the changes in the air flow. Multiple extremely thin strings
were placed on a blade to visualize the air flow. Before attaching the vortex
generators, we could clearly see that the wind at the trailing edge separates and
gets very turbulent. After the VGs were attached to the blades at different angle
of attacks, an improvement could be seen while we changed the angle to about
45 degrees.

That proves that vortex generators help the air to remain attached and reduces stall.

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 CHAPTER 3

MAGNETIC LEVITATION

3.1 Introduction
In selecting the vertical axis concept for the wind turbine that is implemented as the
power generation portion of this project, a certain uniqueness corresponded to it that
did not pertain to the other wind turbine designs. The characteristic that set this wind
generator apart from the others is that it is fully supported and rotates about a vertical
axis. This axis is vertically oriented through the center of the wind sails which allows
for a different type of rotational support rather than the conventional ball bearing
system found in horizontal wind turbines. This support is called maglev which is based
on magnetic levitation. Maglev offers a near frictionless substitute for ball bearings
with little to no maintenance.

3.2 Placement
This attribute will be very important because the load that will be levitated will be
heavy and rotating a high speeds which will exhibit a large downward force on the axis.

The next factor that needs to be considered is the shape and size of the magnet
which directly related to the placement of the magnets. It seems that levitation
would be most effective directly on the central axis line where, under an evenly
distributed load, the wind turbine center of mass will be found as seen in Figure
VI.2. This figure shows a basic rendition of how the maglev will be integrated into
the design. If the magnets where ring shaped then they could easily be slid tandem
down the shaft with the like poles facing toward each other. This would enable the
repelling force required to support the weight and force of the wind turbine and
minimize the amount of magnets needed to complete .

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 Figure VI.2 -Basic Magnet Placement

3.3 B-H Curve

All of the following information is supported by reference [6.1] and explains the
importance of the B-H curve corresponding to magnet design.

The hysteresis loop also known as the B-H curve, where B is the flux density and H
the magnetizing force, is the foundation to magnet design and can be seen in Figure
VI.3. Each type of material has its own B-H characteristic which describes the
cycling of the magnet in a closed circuit as it is brought to saturation, demagnetized,
saturated in the opposite direction, and then demagnetized again under the influence
of an external magnetic field. Of the four quadrants that the hysteresis loop passes
through on the B-H graph, the most important is the second.This quadrant commonly
known as the demagnetization curve, will give the operating point of a permanent
magnet at a given air gap.In the case of maglev for the wind turbine, the air gap

15
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corresponds to the space in between the two opposing magnets and should stay
moderately constant as long the wind is not too violent. If the air gap were to change,
the operating point of the magnets on the B-H curve will change respectively.

Figure VI.3 -General Hysteresis Loop

The most important points of the hysteresis loop are when it intersects with the B-H.
The point where the curve intersects the B axis in the second quadrant is known as the
magnets retentivity, which is the point where a material will stay magnetized after an
external magnetizing field is removed [6.2]. The next point that is relevant to magnet
design is the point at which the curve intersects the H axis. This point is known as the
materials coercivity which is the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to
reduce the magnetization of that material to zero after the magnetization of that material
has been driven to saturation [6.2]. This point is also known as the coercive force which
is denoted by Hc as seen in Figure VI.4. The last point that is important to the maglev

Figure VI.4 -General B-H Curve: Second Quadrant

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 design is the resultant product of B and H which is denoted by BH(MAX). This point
represents when the energy density of the magnetic field into the air gap surrounding
the magnet is at its maximum.

3.4 Calculations
Calculating the force between the two selected magnets is critical because this data will
show whether or not this maglev system will be able to support the load of the wind
turbine. The main obstacle in this permanent magnet design was finding the distribution
of the magnetic flux in this magnetic “circuit”. Variables that needed to be considered
were the distribution in the air gap and the distortion caused by the opposing magnetic
force. With finite analysis tools and experience, one may be able to get an accurate
approximation to find this flux distribution.

To understand how to calculate the repelling force between two magnets, one must first
understand how to relate the force, F that is caused by the magnet to its flux, ф. This
can be put into perspective by deriving the formula from the simple magnetic circuit
shown in Figure VI.5. A material with a very high permeability has a wire wrapped
around it N times and has a current i, flowing through it. This material has a diameter D
and area A that will become a magnetic pole while current is flowing through it. There
is another piece of material with a very high permeability directly below the magnet
with an air gap between them that is X meters away.

Figure VI.5 -Magnetic Circuit

To find the magnetic force in between the two materials a relationship needs to be

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established in terms of current and work. As more current is injected into the wire, more
work is done hence the magnetic force getting stronger.

Essentially the wire that is wrapped around the high permeability material is an inductor.
A time varying voltage v(t), across an inductor with the inductance L and the time
varying current i(t) going through it can be described by the differential equation (6.1).
v(t) = L di/dt (6.1)
When eq (6.1) is substituted into the eq supported by Ohm’s Law we have eq (6.2).
P = vi = Li di/dt (6.2)
2

W = ƒ Pdt = ƒ Li di /dt = 𝐿𝐿 (6.3)

2
Work is also equal to the integral of force so if the derivative is taken for the whole
equation, the force F which is the unknown variable will be equal to the derivative of
work .There are some variables that have to be substituted in order to arrive to the
equation that is desired. The reluctance R n is given by the equation.

𝐿 =L/N
And inductance is given by the equation,

2
𝐿
L= 𝐿
𝐿

after all calculation we get formula for force as

2 −2
𝐿𝐿 (𝐿𝐿) µ𝐿𝐿
F= 𝐿𝐿
= 4

The relationship between the force in the air gap of a magnetic circuit and flux is
clear. What was proven can now be applied to the permanent magnet concept which
applies to this application. The website for the permanent magnets supplied the specs
that are required to make this calculation as seen in Table VI.1.

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BH(MAX) BR(MAX) HC DO = DI h
Dm

42 ave 13200 11 1.5 0.75 0.75

MGOe Gauss KOe inches inches inches

Table VI.1 -Permanent Magnet Specifications

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 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

Over all, the magnetically levitated vertical axis wind turbine was a success. The
rotors that were designed harnessed enough air to rotate the stator at low and high
wind speeds while keeping the center of mass closer to the base yielding stability. The
wind turbine rotors and stator levitated properly using permanent magnets which
allowed for a smooth rotation with negligible friction. At moderate wind speeds the
power output of the generator satisfied the specifications needed to supply the LED
load. Lastly the SEPIC circuit operated efficiently and to the specifications that were
slated at the beginning of the circuit design

After testing the project as an overall system we found that it functioned properly but
there are many things that can be improved upon. The generator itself had some design
flaws which we feel limited the amount of power it could output. These flaws start at
the coils which were initially made too thick and limited how close the magnets
attached to the stator could be positioned from each other. If the magnets were pulled
in closer to one another, the magnetic field density would be much greater allowing for
more power to be induced into the coils.

The home for the magnetically levitated vertical axis wind turbine would be in
residential areas. Here it can be mounted to a roof and be very efficient and
practical. A home owner would be able to extract free clean energy thus
experiencing a reduction in their utility cost and also contribute to the “Green
Energy” awareness that is increasingly gaining popularity.

Future experimental data and results will test those assumptions and provide a clearer
understanding of the direct effects of the materials, dimensions, and added parts as well a
broader understanding of the theories involved

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 References

[2.1] World Wind Energy Association - Home. 29 Apr. 2009

<http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.
pdf>
Market Report." American Wind Energy Association. 29 Apr. 2009
<http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_Market_Release_Q4_011708
.ht ml>.
[3.1] "Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: How Wind Turbines
Work." EERE: EERE Server Maintenance. 29 Apr. 2009

<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html>.

[3.2] "What is Magnetic Levitation?" The Tech FAQ. 29 Apr. 2009

<http://www.tech- faq.com/magnetic-levitation.shtml>.
[4.1] "Wind Turbine FAQ." Rainbow Power Company. 29 Apr. 2009

<http://www.rpc.com.au/products/windturbines/wind_faq.html>.

[4.2] Putnam, Palmer Cosslett. Putnam's Power from the wind. New York:
Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.

[5.1] Giancoli, Douglas C. MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGfor scientists &

engineers with modern physics. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall,
2000.

[5.2] Gonen, Turan. Electric Power Distribution System Engineering. Boca

Raton: CRC P, 2008.

[5.3] Hambley, Allan R. Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications (4th

Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2007.

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