Code - Bright. Constitutive Laws: Mechanical Constitutive Models Hydraulic and Thermal Constitutive Models

CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VI.
CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

This chapter contains the different models available and the corresponding parameters
required by each model. The following constitutive laws are available:
MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL
CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
ELASTICITY (THERMAL AND PORE RETENTION CURVE
PRESSURE TERM) INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE
PERMEABILITY
NONLINEAR ELASTICITY GAS PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS
MATERIALS DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF MASS AND
THERMOELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS ENERGY
CONDUCTIVE FLUX OF HEAT
PHASE PROPERTIES
SOLID PHASE PROPERTIES
LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES
GAS PHASE PROPERTIES
CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VI.2
VI. 1. MECHANICAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS
ELASTICITY
CODES ICL=1 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Elastic parameters (linear elasticity model). Linear elasticity with parameters
E and ν . Young modulus can be variable.
EQUATIONS dE
E = E o + (φ − φ o )
dφ
PARAMETERS
P1 E MPa Young Modulus
P2 dE/dφ MPa Variation of Young modulus with porosity
P3 ν - Poisson’s Ratio
P4 φo - Reference porosity
P5 φ min - Minimum porosity
ELASTICITY (THERMAL AND PORE PRESSURE TERMS)

CODES ICL=5 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Linear expansion coefficients
EQUATIONS Linear elastic models for volumetric strains induced by temperature or
pressure changes: ∆εV = 3bs ∆T + 3as ∆ ( Pg − Pl )
PARAMETERS
P1 void
P2 as MPa-1 Swelling coefficient for changes in suction
o -1
P3 bs C Linear thermal expansion coefficient for the medium
P4 Void
P5 Void
VISCOELASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS

CODES ICL=2 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Parameters for linear viscous deformation model. The deformation mechanism
fluid assisted diffusinal transfer (FADT) was applied to develop an equation for
creep of salt under wet conditions.
EQUATIONS Strain rate for a linear viscoelasticity is computed as:
FADT
dε 1 1
= d ( σ ′ - p ′I ) + v p′ I
dt 2 ηFADT 3 ηFADT
where σ ’ is the effective stress tensor (σσ ’=σσ+Pf, where Pf=max(Pg, Pl)), p’ is
the mean effective stress(p'=p+Pf), I is the identity tensor.
Volumetric and deviatoric viscosities are defined as:
1 16 B(T ) S l
= v
g FADT ( e)
η v
FADT d 3
0
1 16 B(T ) S l
= d
g FADT ( e)
2η d
FADT d 3
0
where gFADTd(e) and gFADTv(e) are internal nonlinear functions of void ratio (e),
and Sl is degree of saturation.
AB  − QB 
B(T ) = exp 
RT  RT 
3 g 2 e 3/ 2 g2
v
g FADT ( e) = d
g FADT ( e) =
(1 + e) (1 + e)
1 2e
g= f =
(1 − f ) 2 3(1 − e )(1 + e)
3/ 2
PARAMETERS:
P1 do m Grain size
P2 AB s-1MPa-1m3 Pre-exponential parameter
P3 QB J/mol Activation energy
P4 Void
P5 Void
If the pre-exponential parameter is set to zero (AB = 0.0) the viscous counterpart of the model does not work. In
this way the parameter acts as option because the value of these pre-exponential parameter is checked to decide
if this mechanism is considered.
This viscoelastic model (corresponding to FADT mechanism of deformation) requires that the liquid pressures
are computed or, alternatively, a value of PLCONS greather that -10-12 MPa. Otherwise liquid is considered
inexistent and the mechanism FADT remains inactive.
VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS

CODES ICL=3 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION The deformation mechanism referred as dislocation creep (DC) has been
applied to develop an equation for creep of porous salt aggregates. This
mechanims leads to nonlinear dependences on stresses.
EQUATIONS Strain rate for a nonlinear viscoelasticity is computed as:
DC
dε 1 ∂G
= d Φ (F)
dt ηDC ∂σ ′
where G is a flow rule, F is a stress function and Φ is a scalar function.

These functions are defined as:
2 1
 −p  η
v
 n+1
F = G = q2 +   Φ( F ) = F n αp = DC


 αp  η
d
DC 
1
= A(T ) g DC
v
( e)
η DC
v
1
= A(T ) g DC
d
( e)
η DC
d
where n is the power that comes from the rock power law and gDCd(e) and
gDCv(e) are internal nonlinear functions of void ratio (e) defined as follows:
v
g DC (e) = 3( g − 1) n f
n −1
 1+ g + g 2   2g +1  1
d
g DC ( e) =     f+
 3   3  g
 
and, the temperature dependence is considered as:
 − QA 
A(T ) = A A exp 
 RT 
PARAMETERS
P1 AB s-1MPa-n Pre-exponential parameter
P2 QB J/m Activation energy
P3 n - Stress power
P4 Void
P5 Void
If the pre-exponential parameter is set to zero the viscous counterpart of the model does not work. In this way the
parameter acts as option because the value of this pre-exponential parameter is checked to decide if this part of
the model is operating.
NONLINEAR ELASTICITY.
CODES ICL=4 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Nonlinear elasticity model

Volumetric strain is calculated in a reversible way according to:
EQUATIONS
∆e  s + 0.1 
= a1∆ ln ( − p ' ) + a2 ∆ ln  +
1+ e  0.1 
  s + 0.1  
+ a3∆ ln (− p ' ) ln  
  0.1  
where p' is mean effective stress (mean stress plus maximum of liquid and
gas pressure) and s is suction (gas pressure minus liquid pressure). Shear
strain is linearly elastic with modulus G or, alternatively, a constant value of
the Poisson’s ratio can be used.
PARAMETERS
= - κ/(1+e), where κ is the slope of the
P1 a1 -
unload/reload curve in the (e - lnp') diagramm.
= - κs/(1+e), where κs is the slope of the
P2 a2 - unload/reload curve in the (e - ln((s+0.1)/0.1))
diagramm.
P3 a3 - Coupling term
P4 G MPa Shear modulus
P5 ν - Poisson’s ratio
P6 tens MPa Tension term to avoid tractions (p’- tens.≤.0)
VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS.
CODES ICL=33 ITYCL=1,2 or 3
DESCRIPTION Viscoplasticity (general model for soils)

Viscoplastic constitutive model.
EQUATIONS
dε ∂G
= Γ Φ( F )
dt ∂σ
where the yield function and the flow rule are defined as:
ITYCL=1:
G = F = q 2 − δ ( p') n + δ( p') n +1 / po
ITYCL=2:
G = F = q 2 − δpo ( p') n + δ( p') n +1
ITYCL=3:
G = F = q 2 − δ 2 ( po p '− p ' 2 )
and the stress function adopted is:
Φ( F ) = F m
For this model, equations are written assuming p>0 compression, but the
program uses the standard sign criteria for continuum mechanics)
The viscosity can be written as a function of temperature as:

 − Q
Γ = Γo exp 
 RT 
The hardening laws are expressed in general as:

1+ e  1+ e 
dpo = Dd ( εlv ) + po d εv =  Dl εlv−1 + po d εv
λ−κ  χ 
where D ≠ 0 or (λ-κ) ≠ 0 permit to use each one of the two possibilities.
d δ = Ed ( εlv ) = El εlv−1d ε v
where po and δ are parameters in the yield surface and flow rule.
Invariants used in the models are defined as:

1
3
1
(
p = σ oct = I 1 = σ x + σ y + σ z
3
)
q=
3
2
τ oct =
1
2
( 2
) ( 2
)
σ x − σ y + σ y − σ z + (σ z − σ x ) + 6( τ 2xy + τ 2yz + τ 2zx )
2
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=1 and 2

P1 m Stress power
P2 Γo s--1 Viscosity
P3 Q J/mol Activation energy
P4 D MPa Constant in hardening law
P5 po MPa Initial value of po (positive)
P6 l - Power of hardening laws
P7 χ - Parameter in hardening law
P8 n - Power in F and G (only for ITYCL=1 and 2)
P9 E - Constant for hardening law
P10 δ - Initial value of δ
THERMOELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS.
CODES ICL=21 to 27 ITYCL=see below
DESCRIPTION Thermoelastoplastic model for unsaturated soils
EQUATIONS
The mechanical constitutive equation takes the incremental general form:
dσ ' = Ddε + hds
This equation is derived from:
∂G
d ε = d ε e + d ε p = ( De ) −1 d σ '+ αΙds + Λ
∂σ '
where an elasto-plastic constitutive law has been selected that is based on a
generalized yield surface that depends not only on stresses but on suction as
well:
F = F (σ ', ε vp , s )
Volumetric strain is defined as:
εv = ε x + ε y + εz
and ε v is the plastic volumetric strain.
p
Using stress invariants this equation depends on:

F = F ( p', J , θ, ε vp , s)
where:
p' =
1
3
(σ ' x + σ ' y + σ ' z ) = p − max( pg , pl )
1
J = trace(s : s) s = σ '− p ' I
2
1
(
θ = − sin −1 1.5 3 det s J 3
3
) (Lode's angle)
where I is the identity tensor. For this model, equations are written assuming
p>0 compression, but the program uses the standard sign criteria for
continuum mechanics).
For simplicity, a form of the classical Modified Cam-Clay model is taken as

the reference isothermal saturated constitutive law:
3J 2
F= − Ly ( p '+ ps )( po − p ' ) = 0
2
2
gy
where gy is a function of the Lode angle and
Ly = M / g y θ=− π / 6
Po, is considered dependent on suction:

λ (o )−kio
 p (T )  λ(s )−kio
*
po = p c  o
c 
 p 
po* (T ) = po* + 2( α1∆T + α3 ∆T ∆T )
[
λ ( s) = λ ( o) (1 − r ) exp (− β s) + r ]
Ps = k s
Hardening depends on plastic volumetric strain according to:
1+ e
dpo* = po*d ε vp
λ (0 ) − kio
The plastic potential is taken as:
3J 2
G= 2
− αL2p ( p '+ ps )( po − p ' )
gp
where gp is a function of the Lode angle and
Lp = M / g p θ=− π / 6
α is an non-asociativity parameter.
The variation of stress-stiffness with suction and, especially, the variation of

swelling potential with stress and suction have been considered.
EQUATIONS Elastic component of the model (volumetric strains):

(continuation)
k i ( s) dp' k s ( p', s) ds
dε ev = + + (α o + 2α 2 ∆T )dT
1 + e p' 1 + e s + 01 .
where:
k i ( s) = k io (1 + α i s)
k s ( p ', s ) = k so (1 + α sp ln p ' pref ) exp (α s s s )
For deviatoric elastic strains, a constant Poisson’s ratio is used.
Since this model requires a substantial number of parameters and has different possibilities for the Lode angle
functions, several ICL's are included:
ICL=21 contains elastic paramenters
ICL=22 contains parameters for the thermal terms
ICL=23 contains plastic paramters
ICL=24 contains parameters for different aspects
ICL=25 contains parameters for the function gy
ICL=26 contains parameters for the function gp
ICL=27 contains parameters for the integration of the model
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=21, ITYCL=1
P1 κ io - Initial (zero suction) elastic slope for specific
volume-mean stress
P2 κ so - Initial (zero suction) elastic slope for specific
volume-suction
P3 Kmin MPa Minimum bulk module
P4 Void
P5 ν - Poisson’s ratio
P6 α ss - Parameter for κ s
P7 Void
P8 αi - Parameter for κ i
P9 α sp - Parameter for κ s
P10 pref MPa Reference mean stress

αo
o
P1 C-1 Parameter for elastic thermal strain
P2 α1 MPa oC-1 Parameter for plastic thermal strain
α2
o -2
P3 C Parameter for elastic thermal strain
P4 α3 MPaoC-2 Parameter for plastic thermal strain
o
P5 Tref C Reference temperature

P1 λ (o) Slope of void ratio - mean stress curve at zero
suction
P2 r Parameter for slope of void ratio - mean stress
curve
P3 β MPa-1 Parameter for slope of void ratio - mean stress
curve
ρ
o
P4 C-1 Parameter that takes into account decrease of
tensile strength due to temperature
P5 k Parameter that takes into account increase of
tensile strength due to suction

P1 pc MPa Reference pressure
P2 M Critical state line parameter
P3 α Non-associativity parameter
o
P4 eo C-1 Initial void ratio (default value)
P5 po* MPa Initial preconsolidation mean stress for saturated
soil (default value)
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=25, ITYCL=1: Mohr Coulomb function:
gy(θ )=sinφ /(cosφ +0.577sinθ sinφ )

P1 φ
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=25, ITYCL=2: van Eeckelen function:
gy(θ )=X/(1+Ysin3θ φ /(cosφ +0.577sin3θ )Z

P1 X
P2 Y
P3 Z
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=25, ITYCL=3: Von Mises (default option):
Gy(θ )=1
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=26, ITYCL=1: Mohr Coulomb function:
Gp(θ )=sinφ /(cosφ +0.577sinθ sinφ )

P1 φ
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=26, ITYCL=2: van Eeckelen function:
Gp(θ )=X/(1+Ysin3θ φ /(cosφ +0.577sin3θ )Z

P1 X
P2 Y
P3 Z
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=26, ITYCL=3: Von Mises (default option):
Gp(θ )=1

P1 Tole1 Yield surface tolerance
P2 Tole2 Elastic integration tolerance
P3 Tole3 Plastic integration tolerance
P4 µ Integration weight (ranges from 0 to 1)
P5 Index -1 elastoplastic matrix,
+1 elastic matrix
P6 Itermaxc Maximum allowed subincrementations (execution
continues)
P7 Itermaxs Maximum allowed subincrementations (execution
stops)
The integration procedure is based on an incremental scheme. Two different situations must be considered:the
elastic integration and the elastoplastic one (when yield surface is reached).
A second-order integration procedure is used in order to obtain an integration error estimation. µ is considered as
a weight in the evaluation of second-order integration matrix and vectors.
VI. 2. PHASE PROPERTIES
SOLID PHASE PROPERTIES.
CODES ICL=10 ITYCL=1, 2
DESCRIPTION Solid specific heat, density and expansion coeficient
EQUATIONS
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=1

P1 Cs J/kg Solid phase specific heat (default: 874)
P2 ρs kg/m3 Solid phase density (default: 2163)
Linear thermal expansion coefficient for grains
P3 αs o
C-1
(not volumetric).
o Reference temperature for thermal expansion
P4 To C
(default: 40)
P5

P1 cs J/kg Solid phase specific heat for T=0 (default: 874)
P2 ρs kg/m3 Solid phase density (default: 2163)
Linear thermal expansion coefficient for grains
P3 αs o
C-1
(not volumetric)
o
P4 To C Reference temperature for thermal expansion
P5 ó P6? dcs/Dt Variation of solid phase specific heat
Linear thermal dilatance coefficient for grains should be identical to the bulk value if thermal expansion of the
porous medium does not produce porosity variations. Specific heat for water, air and salt (not solid) are internal
values.
LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES.
CODES ICL=15 and 16
DESCRIPTION ICL=15, Liquid density.
ICL=16. Liquid viscosity.
EQUATIONS ICL=15, ITYCL=1
ρ l = ρ l 0 exp(β( Pl − Plo ) + αT + γω hl )
ICL=15, ITYCL=2
ρl = ρl 0 (1 + β( Pl − Plo ) + αT + γωlh )
ICL=16, ITYCL=1
 B 
µ l = A exp 
 27315
. + T

P1 ρlo kg/m3 Reference density
P2 β MPa-1 Compressibility, default=4.5 10-4
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient for
α
o
P3 C-1
water, default=-3.4 10-4
P4 γ Solute variation, default=0.6923
P5 Plo MPa Reference pressure, default=0.1
P1 ρlo kg/m3 Reference density
P2 β MPa-1 Compressibility, default=4.5 10-4
α
o
P3 C-1
water, default=-3.4 10-4
P4 γ Solute variation, default=0.6923
P5 Plo MPa Reference pressure, default=0.1
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=16, ITYCL=1:

P1 A MPa s Pre-exponential parameter, default= 2.1 10-12
o Exponential parameter, default=1808.5 (only used
P2 B K
if A=B=0, but not used if A>0 and B=0)
Remark: liquid and gas density and viscosity are not material dependents. For this reason, only values (if the
default ones are not adequate) should be read for first material. If these are read for other materials they will be
igonored in the computations.
GAS PHASE PROPERTIES.
CODES ICL=17 and 18
DESCRIPTION ICL=17: Air density.
ICL=18: Air viscosity.

ICL=17, ITYCL=1: law of ideal gases (and Henry's law for dissolved air)
EQUATIONS
ICL=17, ITYCL=2:
( )
θ ag = θ ag
o
exp(β( Pg − Pgo ) + αT )
ICL=17, ITYCL=3, law of ideal gases and Henry’s law:
Pa M w
ω la =
H Ma
where Pa is air pressure, Mw is molecular mass of water and Ma is molecular
mass of air.
ICL=18, ITYCL=1:
A 273 + T 1
µg =
 B  bk
1 +  1+
 273 + T  Pg
bk = C − Dk
(k : intrinsic permeability)
ICL=18, ITYCL=2:
 B 
µ g = A exp 
 273.15 + T 

P1 (θga)o kg/m3 reference density for T=0
P2 β MPa-1 compressibility, default=0.0
α
o
P3 C-1
water, default=0.0
P4
P5 Plo MPa reference pressure, default=0.1
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=17, ITYCL=3, (gases law with modified molecular mass and Henry’s constant)
P1 M kg/mol molecular mass (value for air is 0.02895)
P2 H Mpa Henry’s constant (value for air is 10000 MPa)

P1 A MPa s default=1.48 10-12
o default=119.4 (only used if A=B=0, but not used
P2 B C
if A>0 and B=0)
P3 C default=0.14
P4 D default=1.2 1015
P5

P1 A MPa s pre-exponential parameter
o
P2 B C exponential parameter
P3
P4
P5
Remark: gas phase can be considered another fluid (liquid or gas) if density is computed with another law
instead of using gases law. In this case, water vapour and air dissolved must not be considered, hence, VAPOUR
NOT PERMITTED and DISSOLVED AIR NOT PERMITTED should be used to avoid the species to be mixed.
VI. 3. HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL CONSTITUTIVE LAWS
RETENTION CURVE
CODES ICL=6 ITYCL=see below
DESCRIPTION Curve capillary pressure versus degree of saturation.
EQUATIONS
ITYCL=1: Van Genuchten model:
−λ
 1

S l − S rl   Pg − Pl  1− λ 
Se = = 1+  
S ls − S rl   P  
 
σ
P = Po
σo
ITYCL=2: Linear model:
S l − S rl Pg − Pl
Se = = 1−
S ls − S rl Po
ITYCL=4: Square law:
S l − S rl 1
Se = =
S ls − S rl Pg − Pl
1+
Po
ITYCL=9: Van Genuchten model with assimptotic branch that goes to

negative capillary pressures.
−λ
 1 
Sl − S rl   Pg − Pl 1− λ  Po
Se = = 1 +  
  Pg − Pl > a =
Sls − S rl   P   f
 
σ
P = Po
σo
b
Sl = Sls − Pg − Pl < a
(Pg − Pl − a − c )2
P1 Po MPa Measured P at certain temperature
Surface tension at temperature in which Po was
P2 σo N/m
measured (usually σo=0,072 N/m at 20ºC)
P3 λ Shape function for retention curve
P4 Srl Residual saturation
P5 Sls Maximum saturation
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=2:

P2 Void
P3 Void

P2 Void
P3 Void

Surface tension at temperature in which Po was
P2 σo N/m
measured (usually σo=0,072 N/m at 20ºC)
P3 λ
P6 f Used for the asymptotic branch
Srl and Sls are lower and upper bounds of saturation. Effective saturation Se is defined in such a way that ranges
between 0 and 1.
If hysteretic behaviour is allowed (IOPTHYS=1 is necessary), the above parameters are considered to belong to
the dry retention curve and some additional parameters are necessary in order to define the transition and the
wetting paths:
P6 Pow MPa Po for wetting branch
P7 dSe Effective degree of saturation transition interval
P8 sd MPa Maximum suction in soil history
P9 sw MPa Minimum suction in soil history
P10 λw λ for wetting branch
INTRINSIC PERMEABILITY.
CODES ICL=7 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Intrinsic permeability
EQUATIONS For a continuum medium (Kozeny’s model):
φ 3 (1 − φo ) 2
k = ko
(1 − φ )2 φo3
φo : reference porosity
k o : intrinsic permeability for matrix φo
which is used in Darcy’s law:
qα = −
kk rα
µα
(∇Pα − ρα g)
where viscosity, density and relative permeability are defined in other laws.
PARAMETERS:
P1 (k11)o m2 Intrinsic permeability, 1st principal direction
P2 (k22)o m2 Intrinsic permeability, 2nd principal direction
P3 (k33)o m2 Intrinsic permeability, 3rd principal direction
Reference porosity for read intrinsic permeability.
P4 φo
If φo=0, permeability will be constant.
Minimum porosity, porosity will not be lower
P5 φmin
than this value
LIQUID PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY.
CODES ICL=14 ITYCL= see below
DESCRIPTION By default, the consistent form of relative permeability with van Genuchten
model is used. In this case, this ICL=14 can be ignored.
ITYCL=1: van Genuchten model
( )
EQUATIONS
k rl = S e 1 − (1 − S e1/ λ )
λ 2
ITYCL=5: Liquid perfectly mobile

k rl = 1
ITYCL=6: Generalised power
k rl = AS e λ
ITYCL=8: Power with initial cut off
λ
 S − S eo 
krl = A  e  Se >= Seo
 1 − Seo 
krl = 0 otherwise

P1 Void
P2 Void
P3 λ Power
Residual saturation (default = same value as for
P4 Srl
retention curve)
Maximum saturation (default = same value as for
P5 Sls
retention curve)
PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=5: none.

P1 Void
P2 A constant
P3 λ power
residual saturation (default = same value as for
P4 Srl
retention curve)
maximum saturation (default = same value as for
P5 Sls
retention curve)

P1 Seo Parameter
P2 A Constant
P3 λ Power
Residual saturation (default = same value as for
P4 Srl
retention curve)
Maximum saturation (default = same value as for
P5 Sls
retention curve)
Srl and Sls are lower and upper bounds of saturation. Effective saturation Se is defined in such a way that ranges
between 0 and 1. In principle, the same values Srl and Sls should be defined for liquid and gas relative
permeability and for retention curve. However, different values can be used to define a residual saturation of
liquid and/or gas with possibility of flow.
GAS PHASE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY.
CODES ICL=19 ITYCL= see below
DESCRIPTION Relative permeability of the gas phase

ITYCL=1: Default law
EQUATIONS
k rg = 1 − k rl
ITYCL=5: Gas perfectly mobile
k rg = 1
ITYCL=6: Generalised power
k rg = AS eg λ

P1 Void
P2 Void
P3 Void
Residual saturation (default = 1-Sls in retention
P4 Srg -
curve)
Maximum saturation (default = 1-Srl in retention
P5 Sgs -
curve)

P1 Void
P2 A Constant
P3 λ Power
Residual saturation (default = 1-Sls in retention
P4 Srg
curve)
Maximum saturation (default = 1-Srl in retention
P5 Sgs
curve)
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES OF MASS
CODES ICL=11, 12 and 13. ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Diffusion coefficients
EQUATIONS
Fick's law for molecular diffussion is written as:
i iα = −(φρ α S α Dmi I)∇ω iα
where φ is porosity, ρα is density, Sα is degree of saturation, ω is mass
fraction and Dmi is the diffusion coefficient of species i in phase α in m2/s.
The nonadvective flux of a species in a phase is composed by molecular

diffusion and mechanical dispersion (dispersion is defined in another set of
parameters).
ICL=11. ITYCL=1. Molecular diffusion of vapour:

 (273.15 + T )n 
D vapor
= τD  
m
 Pg 
 
where Pg is the gas pressure in Pa.
ICL=12. ITYCL=1. Molecular diffusion of dissolved salt and dissolved air:

 −Q 
Dmair or solute = τD exp  
 R (273.15 + T ) 

P1 D m2/s/K-nPa Default=5.9 10-6 (default value).
P2 n Default=2.3 (default value).
P3 τ Coefficient of tortuosity, default=1.0
P4 Void
P5 Void

P1 D m2/s Default=1.1 10-4 (default value).
P2 Q J/mol Default=24530 (default value).
P3 τ Coefficient of tortuosity, default=1.0
P4 Void
P5 Void
DISPERSIVE FLUXES OF MASS AND ENERGY
CODES ICL=8 ITYCL=1
DESCRIPTION Dispersivities for vapour, dissolved air and heat.

Mechanical dispersion mass flux is computed by means Fick's law written
EQUATIONS
as:
i iα = −(ρ α D' α )∇ω iα
where the mechanical dispersion tensor is defined as:
q α q tα
D' α = d t q α I + ( d l − d t )
qα
where dl is longitudinal dispersivity and dt is transversal dispersivity.
Mechanical dispersion heat flux is computed by means Fourier's law written
as:
i h = −(cα ρ α D' α )∇T
where cα is the specific heat of the α phase, and the mechanical dispersion
tensor is defined in the same way as before but using the corresponding
dispersivities for heat dispersion (only the contribution due to liquid phase
dispersion, i.e. α =l has been implemented). Heat conduction is defined in
another set of variables.
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=8 AND ITYCL=1

Longitudinal dispersivity for solutes in liquid
P1 dl m
phase
P2 dt m Transverse dispersivity for solutes in liquid phase
P3 Void
P4 dl m Longitudinal dispersivity for heat
P5 dt m Transverse dispersivity for heat
P6 dl m Longitudinal dispersivity for vapour, default: P1
P7 dt m Transverse dispersivity for vapour, default: P2
CONDUCTIVE FLUX OF HEAT.
CODES ICL=9 and 20
DESCRIPTION ICL=9: Dependence on porosity and temperature.
ICL=20: Dependence on water content.

Thermal conductivity is used in Fourier's law to compute conductive heat
EQUATIONS
flux, i.e.:
i c = −λ∇T
There are two possibilities to solve conductive flux of heat through this law
(ICL=9):
a) Giving directly λdry and λsat. These values can be measured in the
laboratory. They will be used in law ICL=20.
b) Giving the conductivity of the phases of the soil, i.e. (λsolid)o, λliquid λgas
and a1, a2, a3. In this case, λdry and λsat are calculated according to the
laws given below.
ICL=9. ITYCL=1: Thermal conductivity dependence on porosity. Geometric

weighted mean.
1− φ ) φ 1− φ ) φ
λ dry = λ(solid λ gas λ sat = λ(solid λ liq
λ solid = ( λ solid ) o + a1T + a 2 T 2 + a 3 T 3
ICL=9. ITYCL=2: Thermal conductivity dependence on porosity. Weighted

arithmetic mean.
λ dry = (1 − φ) n λ solid + φ n λ gas λ sat = (1 − φ) n λ solid + φ n λ liq
ICL=9. ITYCL=3: Thermal conductivity dependence on porosity. Nonlinear

function of porosity.
n
 φ
(
λ dry = λ solid + λ odry − λ solid )
 
 φo 
n
 φ
λ sat = λ solid + (λ osat − λ solid ) 
 φo 
Dependence of thermal conductivity on degree of saturation can be

considered in the following ways:
ICL=20. ITYCL=1:
(
λ = λ sat S l + λ dry 1 − S l )
ICL=20. ITYCL=2:
λ = λ sat Sl λ dry (1− Sl )

P1 λdry W/mK Thermal conductivity of the dry porous medium
Thermal conductivity of the water saturated
P2 λsat W/mK
porous medium
Solid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P3 (λsolid)o W/mK
λsat >0)
Gas phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P4 λgas W/mK
λsat >0)
Liquid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P5 λliq W/mK
λsat >0)
P6 a1 Ignored if λdry, λsat > 0
P9 Void
P10 Void

P1 λdry W/mK Thermal conductivity of the dry porous medium
Thermal conductivity of the water saturated
P2 λsat W/mK
porous medium
Solid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P3 (λsolid)o W/mK
λsat >0)
Gas phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P4 λgas W/mK
λsat >0)
Liquid phase thermal conductivity (ignored if λdry,
P5 λliq W/mK
λsat >0)
P9 Void
P10 n Power of porosity function
PARAMETERS FOR ICL=9. ITYCL=3.

P1 Void
P2 Void
P3 (λsolid)o W/mK Solid phase thermal conductivity
P4 (λdry)o W/mK Dry thermal conductivity for reference porosity
Saturated thermal conductivity for reference
P5 (λsat) W/mK
porosity.
P6 Void
P7 Void
P8 Void
P9 φo Reference porosity
P10 n Power of porosity
Heat dispersion is defined in another set of variables.
________________________________

Code - Bright. Constitutive Laws: Mechanical Constitutive Models Hydraulic and Thermal Constitutive Models

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Code - Bright. Constitutive Laws: Mechanical Constitutive Models Hydraulic and Thermal Constitutive Models

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS VI.

CODE_BRIGHT. CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

ELASTICITY (THERMAL AND PORE PRESSURE TERMS)

VISCOELASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS

Volumetric and deviatoric viscosities are defined as:

VISCOPLASTICITY FOR SALINE MATERIALS

where G is a flow rule, F is a stress function and Φ is a scalar function.

CODES ICL=4 ITYCL=1

DESCRIPTION Nonlinear elasticity model

VISCOPLASTICITY FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS.

CODES ICL=33 ITYCL=1,2 or 3

DESCRIPTION Viscoplasticity (general model for soils)

The viscosity can be written as a function of temperature as:

The hardening laws are expressed in general as:

Invariants used in the models are defined as:

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=1 and 2

THERMOELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR SOILS.

CODES ICL=21 to 27 ITYCL=see below

DESCRIPTION Thermoelastoplastic model for unsaturated soils

Using stress invariants this equation depends on:

For simplicity, a form of the classical Modified Cam-Clay model is taken as

Po, is considered dependent on suction:

The variation of stress-stiffness with suction and, especially, the variation of

EQUATIONS Elastic component of the model (volumetric strains):

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=22, ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=23, ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=24, ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=25, ITYCL=1: Mohr Coulomb function:

gy(θ )=sinφ /(cosφ +0.577sinθ sinφ )

gy(θ )=X/(1+Ysin3θ φ /(cosφ +0.577sin3θ )Z

Gp(θ )=sinφ /(cosφ +0.577sinθ sinφ )

Gp(θ )=X/(1+Ysin3θ φ /(cosφ +0.577sin3θ )Z

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=27, ITYCL=1

VI. 2. PHASE PROPERTIES

SOLID PHASE PROPERTIES.

CODES ICL=10 ITYCL=1, 2

DESCRIPTION Solid specific heat, density and expansion coeficient

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=2

LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES.

CODES ICL=15 and 16

DESCRIPTION ICL=15, Liquid density.

ICL=16. Liquid viscosity.

EQUATIONS ICL=15, ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=15, ITYCL=1

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=16, ITYCL=1:

GAS PHASE PROPERTIES.

CODES ICL=17 and 18

DESCRIPTION ICL=17: Air density.

ICL=18: Air viscosity.

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=17, ITYCL=2:

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=18, ITYCL=1:

PARAMETERS FOR ICL=18, ITYCL=2:

VI. 3. HYDRAULIC AND THERMAL CONSTITUTIVE LAWS

CODES ICL=6 ITYCL=see below

DESCRIPTION Curve capillary pressure versus degree of saturation.

ITYCL=9: Van Genuchten model with assimptotic branch that goes to

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=2:

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=4:

PARAMETERS FOR ITYCL=9:

CODES ICL=7 ITYCL=1

DESCRIPTION Intrinsic permeability