12/10/2021

Solid Dosage Forms Powders, Granules, Pellets

POWDERS
intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and or
chemicals that may be intented for internal or
external use

Powders, Granules and Pellets Types:

• Divided powders
• Bulk powders

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

POWDERS POWDERS
1. Oral Powders Types of Papers
2. Dentrifices 1. White Bond Paper
3. Douche Powders 2. Glassine Paper
4. Dusting Powders 3. Vegetable Parchment
5. Insufflations 4. Waxed Paper
6. Triturations
7. Aerosols

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

POWDERS POWDERS
REMEMBER!!!  Blending/Mixing of Powders
1. spatulation
Hygroscopic
2. trituration
absorbs moisture, but does not dissolve
3. geometric dilution
Deliquescent
4. sifting
absorbs moisture and eventually dissolves
Efflorescent 5. tumbling
releases water of crystallization
Effervescent
releases carbon dioxide gas in water

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Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

POWDERS GRANULES
Advantage Disadvantage aggregates of powders that adhere or bond to each
other to form larger unit particles
• Increased stability • Inconvenient to carry

• Convenience when • Problems in masking Fines

dispensing drugs with a unpleasant tastes
large dose Act as bridges to fill interparticulate spaces in
• Not for drugs with a low between granules
• Faster dissolution rate dose

• Not for drugs inactivated

in the stomach

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

GRANULES GRANULES
Qualities of a Good Granulation: Essential Properties of Granules for Tablet Production
1. Spherical as possible 1. Fluidity
2. Distribution must resemble bell-shaped curve 2. Compressibility
3. Uniform in content

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

GRANULES GRANULES
Flow Characterization: Problem in Fluidity/Flowability
1. Indirect Methods
– Angle of repose
– Shear cell determination
– Bulk density measurement
– Critical orifice diameter
2. Direct Methods
– Hopper flow rate
– Recording flow meter

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Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

GRANULES GRANULES
Improvement of Flowability Improvement of Flowability
1. Alteration of particle size and size distribution 1. Alteration of particle size and size distribution
2. Alteration of particle shape or texture – Use of coarser particles
– Reduction of the fine particle fraction
3. Alteration of surface forces
4. Use of flow activators
5. Alteration of process conditions

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

GRANULES GRANULES
Improvement of Flowability Improvement of Flowability
2. Alteration of particle shape or texture 3. Alteration of surface forces
– More spherical more flowable – Reduction of electrostatic charges
– Smooth surfaced particles flow better – Reduction of moisture content

Powders, Granules, Pellets Powders, Granules, Pellets

GRANULES GRANULES
Improvement of Flowability Effervescent Granules
4. Use of flow activators Methods:
– Use of glidants, lubricants, antiadherents 1. Fusion
Talc Reducing or altering electrostatic to release water of crystallization of ingredients
Cornstarch interactions
Magnesium stearate
2. Addition of moistening binding agent
Colloidal silicon dioxide Reduce bulk density but may cause
water in alcohol
flooding
Magnesium oxide Disrupt continuous film of adsorbed water
surrounding moist particles
Silicone-coated talc and Improve flowability of moist or
sodium bicarbonate hygroscopic powders