METROLOGY

ASSIGNMENT- 2

Thinesh kumar ( Ta19115) section 01

1. What is the meaning of Legal Metrology and what are the applications of Legal Metrology.

Legal metrology is the application of legal requirement to measurements and measuring

instruments. Legal metrology comprises the administration of measuring instruments, application for
units of measurement, and testing procedures which are commonly established in either legislation
or documented standards. The purpose is to provide accurate and reliable measurements for trade,
health, safety, and the environment.

2. What are the five categories of symbols used in GD&T and how many types of GD&T are there?
There are fourteen geometric characteristic symbols used in the language of GD&T. They are
divided in to five categories namely form, orientation, location, runout, and profile.

3. Differentiate between line and end standards. How they can be converted into each other?
Line standards
I. When the length being measured is expressed as the distance between two lines, this is
known as line standard.
II. A scale is quick and easy to use over a wide range of dimension.
III. Line standards are not as accurate as end standards and cannot be used for close tolerance
measurement.
End standards
I. When the length being measured is expressed as the distance between two surfaces or
ends, this is known as end standard.
II. They are time consuming to use and prove only one dimension at a time.
III. End standards are highly accurate and well- suitable to close tolerance measurement.

4. Distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary standards of length.

A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, it not a hydrate/has no water of
hydration, and has a high molecular weight .A primary standard is a standard based only on one’s
knowledge of the only three fundamental units such as mass, length ,time.. A secondary standard is
a standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis. It is usually standardized against
a primary standard. A tertiary standard is any measuring device that has been calibrated against a
primary standard.
5. What is the order of reproducibility of meter and how it can be explained.
The reproducibility of data is a measure of whether results in a paper can be attained by a different
research team, using the same methods. This shows that the results obtained are not artifacts of the
unique setup in one research lab. Using the data collected from the reproducibility test, you can
analyze the results to calculate the uncertainty caused by reproducibility. First, calculate the mean
result from testing with condition A. Next, calculate the mean result from testing with condition B.

6. Why it is necessary give a tolerance on an engineering dimension?

Tolerance is the acceptable range for a physical dimension, which is determined by the product
designer based on form, fit and function of a part. Tolerances are pivotal in the manufacturing
process because they will determine how well a part will fit in the final piece and how reliable the
final product will be.

7. Explain the following terms with examples and sketches,

a. Tolerance
Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary. It is the
difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension. Example, a
dimension given as 1.330+/- means that the manufactured part may be 1.332 or 1.228 or
anywhere between these limit dimension.

b. Fit
Fit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or looseness that may result
from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.
There are four types of fits between parts clearance fit is internal member fits in an external
member and always leaves a space or clearance between the parts.

Second fit,interference fit the internal member is larger than the external member such that
there is always an actual interference of material.
 Third fit, transition fit may result in either a clearance or interference condition.
Line fit , the limits of size are so specified that a clearance or surface contact may result
when mating part are assembled.
c. Limits
These are the permissible sizes within which the operator is expected to make the
component. Maximum limit sizes is the greater of the two limit size, where as minimum limit
of size is the smaller of the two limit of size.
8. Differentiate between hole basis and shaft basis system of limits and fits. Which system is
extensively followed and why?
Hole basis system Shaft basis system

1. The size of the hole whose lower deviation 1. The size of the shaft whose upper
is zero is assumed as the basic size.
deviation is zero is assumed as basic size.

2. Limits on the hole are kept constant and 2. Limits on the shaft are kept constant and
those of shafts are varied to obtain desired those on the hole are varied to have
type of fit. necessary fit

3. Hole basis system is preferred in mass 3. This system is not suitable for mass
production because it is convenient & less production and costly to make a shaft of the
costly to make a hole of correct size due to correct size.
the availability of standard drills & reamers.

4. It is much easier to vary the shaft sizes 4. It is rather difficult to vary the hole size
according to the fit required. according to the fit required.

5. It requires less amount of capital and 5. It needs large amounts of capital and
storage space for tools needed to produce storage space for a large number of tools
shafts of different sizes. required to produce holes of different sizes.

6. Gauging of shafts can be easily and 6. Being internal measurement, gauging of

conveniently done with adjustable gap holes can’t be easily and conveniently done.
gauges

the hole basis system is used because standard tools such as drills and reamers are used for
producing the hole whose size is generally not adjustable.

In the shaft basis system, the shaft size and limits are maintained constant and the limits of
the hole are varied to obtain the fit.
9. Explain the Taylor’s principle of gauge design as applied to gauge design.
Go – gauge is designed to check the maximum metal limit while NO-GO gauge should be designed
to check minimum metal limit.

10. Briefly explain the interchangeability.

Interchangeability can be defined as it is a system of producing the mating parts.To reduce the cost
and time, mass production of the system was developed. In the production systems, the
components will be produced in one or more batches by different operations on different machines.

11. Write the shaft basis equivalent of H7g8 fit.

12. Explain clearly the following types of fits and how can they be achieved,
d. Selective fit
e. Push fit
Push fit of mating machine parts that can be made with moderate hand pressure by the
assembler and is used where occasional disassembly is expected.
f. Driving fit
when a plug or a shaft is made slightly larger than the hole into which it is to be inserted and
the allowance is such that the parts can be assembled by driving, this is known as driving fit.
g. Forced fit
Force fits are designed to maintain a controlled pressure between mating parts.
A fitting which one part is forced pressed into another to form a single unit. There are
different classes of force fits depending on standard limits between mating parts.
h. Shrinkage fit
Shrink fitting is a process where a size change after assembly creates an interference fit. By
heating or cooling one component prior to assembly and allowing it to return to the ambient
temperature after assembly, the thermal expansion creates a joint.