10 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) f liversity, Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+0t CEN/TR 10347:2006 NOTE Temperatures referred to in this Technical Report are measured a the steel product surface and not somewhere in the furnace. Allowance should be made for the fact that the temperatures in the product may not be uniform. 4 Hot forming 4.1 General 4.1.4. The following products can generally be subjected to hat forming + non alloy structural steels supplied as-rolled for normalizing by the purchaser (see 7.3.1.3 of EN 10025-2:2004) or supplied in the normalized delivery condition conforming to EN 1025-2; ‘+ normalized fine-grain structural steels conforming to EN 1025-3 and EN 10149-3; structural steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance supplied as-rolled for normalizing by the purchaser (see 7.3.1.3 of EN 10025-5:2004) or supplied in the normalized delivery condition conforming to EN 1025-6. is not envisaged that thermomechanical rolled steel grades conforming to EN 10025-2, EN 10025-4 and EN 10149-2 or quenched and tempered steels conforming to EN 10025-6 should require further processing by hot forming. The strength properties of thermomechanical rolled steel grades, the material condition of which is not achievable or reproducible by a heal treatment alone, are impaired by hot forming during further processing, For quenched and tempered steels the necessary heat treatment afer hot forming is very difficull to reproduce. 4.1.2 Whare special hat forming operations are porformed, e.g. hole flanging or inductive bending, the stool product manufacturer should be consulted. Process verification for induction bending should ensure that both the steel and the process are matched. zaLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Un 4.4.3 Where only local heating to hot forming temperature is involved, other than flame-straightening, attention should be paid to the fact that, apart from the region heated in regular fashion to normalizing temperature, areas appear with temperatures between the lower limiting temperature for normalizing and the Upper limiting temperature for stress relieving, In these areas, the material properties can be impaired, depending on the heating technique, temperature, and duration involved, ‘The area heated Into the two phase regime ferrite-austenite is experienced to be particulary critical for both strength and toughness. 42 Temperature during hot forming To carry out hot forming, the work piace should be heated above 900 "C, but not above 1050 °C, preferably not above 1020 °C. After reaching the planned temperature for the work piece, holding at that temperature to ‘ensure a uniform temperature in the work piece is only nacassary if stipulated in the relevant steal product standard. NOTE 1 The temperature of 890 °C ralates to the lower temperatures for normalizing NOTE2 —_Forquenched and temperad steels see 4.1.1 Heating rates should be as fast as possible and holding times should be as short as possible. For this reason, work pieces should not be heated in a pile.ty, Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TR 10347:2006 During het forming, the temperature should net drop below the lower limit of admissible temperatures as given in Tablo 1. In particular, when the product thickness is small (less than 15 mm) the heat flow from the work piece to the forming devicas should be taken into account during hot forming, After hot forming, the work piece should generally be cooled in alr, in order to ensure a minimum of deformation due to intemal stresses. The cooling rate should be kept as similar as possible to the one applied to the original product. In general, the cooling rate after hot forming depends on the shape and wall thickness of the component. In particular, tho cooling rato of products with a small thicknoss is significantly highar when the work pioco € cooled in contact with the forming devices than in contact with air. For this reason, retarded cooling or temporing may be necessary in spacial cases for normalized stool grades with minimum yield strength values ‘equal to or greater than 420 MPa and small wall thickness (iess than 15 mm). Details should be obtained from the steel product manufacturer. ‘Tho temperature should be monitored in all hot forming operations in order to ensure that, during the forming operation, the highest allowable temperature is not exceeded (see 4.3.2). This is of particular importance where the heat treatment of the work piece is not intended to be repeated after forming. 4.3. Heat treatment after hot forming 4.3.1 Heating to a temperature greater than about 50 K above the transformation temperature Acs, at ‘which austenitization is completed, in particular if combined with a long holding time, leads to grain growth and thereby impairs the toughness properties and the yield strength. For this reason, after hot forming the finished component should be heat treated generally in accordance with the advice of the steel product manufacturer or the relevant steel praduct standard, Es= o nsed Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Ui Its essential that normalized steel grades are renormalized. This Is of particular Importance where fabrication processes require the normalizing of the component after hot forming. Under these circumstances, @ normalized steel product could be ordered in the ‘as-rolled! delivery condition. The steel product manufacturer should be consulted for advice. 43.2 With normalized steel grades, normalizing alter hot forming may be omitted in the following cases: a) After single-step hot forming, normalizing of the finished component may be omitted if the process has been undertaken within the limits given in Table 1., Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI CEN/TR 10347:2006 Table 1 — Criteria for omitting renewed heat treatment after single-step hot forming {temperature for | Steel grade | Maximum temperature | Lowest tamporature at the end of verification of Charpy before hot forming | hot forming with the degree of hot Impact eneray forming? >5% <5% "C c c °c 3235-5355 380 2-20 '$420-8460 340 750 700 '$236-5386 040 <-20 ‘8420-8460 925 * Degree of hot forming is related tothe highest local strength. b) After multi-step hot forming, renewed heal treatment of the component may be omitted provided the work plece has been cooled, prior to the last step, to a temperature below 500 °C for steel grades S235 to S355, or below 300 °C for stoel grades $420 to $460, and that nthe last stop, the process has boon undertakgnesmain quRTesn) the limits given in Table 1.2d Copy: London South Bank University, London South Bank Universi 4.3.3 _In the course of selecting the steel product, the purchaser should ensure that the required heat treatment can be applied to the finished component, taking into account the influence of the shape and the thickness of the component on the heat flow. 44° Practical hints regarding hot forming ‘The envisaged effects of the fabricating process on the’ mechanical properties of the components should be taken into account, particularly where special toughness requirements are involved. Hf, after hot forming, heat treatment of the component is to be undertaken, the cooling rate of the component vihen cooled from the normalizing temperature, should be planned such that it Is similar fo thal applied to the criginal normalized product. For air cooling, @ component should be taken out of the furnace after heating for normalizing and cooled in {ree air. Some forced air circulation might be advantageous in order to avoid heat accumulation as a result of local stack heat flow. 5 Cold forming 5.1 General In goneral, the steel grades conforming to EN 10025, Parts 2-6 can be subjected to cold forming. All stee! grades of EN 10149 Parts 2 and 3 can be subjected to cald forming, When cold forming above room tomporature is planned, it should be checked whether the material is suitable for the envisaged tomperatures. Forming in the range 200 °C to 380 °C should be avoided. Preferably steel grades suitable for cold forming ‘should be used. EN 10025 defines special steel grades and/or order options for which recommended bending radii are given in the standard,CEN/TR 10347:2006 d Copy, (c) BSI As-rolled steels, thermomechanical rolled stee!s and quenched and tempered steels should not be used in cold forming applications for which a hoat treatmont above the stross-rolief temperature is required after forming. 5.2 Change in the material properties due to cold forming Cold forming changes the material properties of steel and impairs ductlity as well as toughness and enhances strength. These changes may also limit the abilty to weld in cold deformed areas. The oxtent to which the properties are changed by cold forming depends upon the type of steel, the forming temperature and the degree of deformation. 5.3. Heat treatment after cold forming If, after extensive cold forming, heat treatment Is necessary to remove strain hardening or to Improve the toughness properties impaired by cold forming, a heat treatment at stress relieving temperature may be sufficient, provided that the technical delivery conditions of the standards in question do not explicitly require renormalizing after cold forming. If the Improvement Is insufficient, renormalizing would be necessary to restore the initial properties. 5.4 Practical hints regarding cold forming Hf cold forming is carried out, it should be recognized that the yield strength of the steels increases with the degree of deformation to the effect that the forming force required and the springback are increased. ‘Tho effects of the envisaged fabricating process on the mechanical properties of the components should be taken into account, particularly where special toughness requirements are involved. co ee ty, Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontroll, London South Bank Universit nsed Copy: London South Bank Univer: ‘Steels of high yield strength generally require a larger ratio of cold bending radius to material thickness. ‘Thormally-cut edges and shoarad edges may have reduced ductility. In order to provent fracture initiation, the ‘edges should be ground in the area to be cold formed. For the same reason where Irregularities from deep drag lines and other defects occur in the flame cut surface, these should be removed and smoothed by local grinding to avoid localized strains. NOTE EN 1993-1-10 includes ways to link the degree of cold forming with specified toughness requirements, 6 Flame-straightening 6.1 General 61.1 The purpose of flame-straightening is to give the component the desired shape, or to remove deviations from the desired shape. Depending on the intended straightening effect, the heating may be ‘superficial only or more penetrating ‘When flame-straightening is performed, flame straightening patterns are applied. Such pattems are hot points, hot ines, or hot wedges, as well as derivations of such patterns, e.g. two to five hot lines running parallel wihich can be called a hot track. Flamo-straightening patterns are applied to remove or to produce curvatures, to remove bumps and waves, to smooth the distortion by welds, to adapt weld preparations, and to perform ‘other types of forming 6.1.2 In general, all steel grades conforming to EN 10025-2 to -6 and EN 10149-2 and -3 may be subjected to flame-straightening, but the flame-straightening temperature should not exceed defined maximum values (see Table 2). 6.1.3 The straightening effect may be increased by appropriate restraint, e.g. clamping,2 = 8 2 5 a g Ss s 8 ° E = 5 2 5 2 6 8 a 3 8 6 $ e 2 2 & 2 = 5 z = & 6.2 Effect of flame-straightening on the material properties 6.2.1 When flame-stralghtening Is performed, the heating should be quick and locally restricted. The ‘expansion of the heated zone is rastrained by the adjacent cold zones. Tha rastraint from these cold zones, possibly supplemented by appropriate externally-applied restraint, results in a plastic compression of the heated zone as soon as the yiold strength (which decreases with increasing temperatures) is exceeded. ‘Compression stresses arise and produce a change in shape, generally an upsetting of the thickness. 62.2 _ In relation to the heat input applied for flame-straightening, there are two typical cases. In the first ‘case only a superficial ragion of the component is hoated. The heat input related to the product thicknoss at the location to be heated Is small. The cooling rate of the area heated Is large. In the second case, the full cross-section of the component at the location concerned is briefly heated. The heal input related to the product thickness at the location to be heated is large. The cooling rate of the area heated Is smaller than that resulting inthe first case. 62.3 The effect of the flame-straightening operation on the material properties depends on the flame- straightening temperature and on the cooling rate, as explained in the following paragraphs: 6.2.3.1 When the ‘lame-straightening temperatures are lower than or equal to 700 °C, austenitizing of the material does not occur. However between about 650 °C and 700 °C, with Increasing holding time ‘spheroidizing of pearite takes place with the effect that strength and toughness properties will decrease. Thus no significant impairment of the material properties is to be expected if the temperature is kept below 700 °C. ‘and the holding time on the flame-straightening temperature is short even if the heating is penetrative. In ‘general this applies to plate thicknesses up to about 20 mm. ‘The larger the plate thickness, the longer the period of time during which the temperature of the heated area is between 650 °C and 700 °C. The flame-straightening temperature should therefore be limited to a maximum, value of 650 "C when the holding time is extended, as given in Table 2, Due to the different manufacturing processes used by the various steel product manufacturers, a reduction of the flame-stralghtening temperature might be advisable to a maximum value of 650 °C for high strength, thermomechanical rolled plates with minimum yield strength values (Rex) > 460 MPa. In such cases, it is very advisable that the steel product manufacturer is consulted for advice. EsLicensed Copy: London South Bank University, London South B In addition to the elevated temperature ‘effect on the microstructure, metallurgical precipitation processes play fan additional role with regard to water-quenched and tempered stee! grades. For this reason the flame- straightening temperature should be kapt strictly at least 20 K lower than the tempering temperature, 6.2.3.2 When the flame-straightening temperatures are higher than 700 “C, it should be assumed that at least partial austenitizing of the material occurs. Where microstructure constituents richer in carbon and other alloy elements transform into austenite diffusion of additional carbon takes place from the regions stil feritic into thoso already austenitic. During subsequent rapid cooling, the austenitic regions transform into martensite, ‘which might also be enriched In carbon. Increased hardness and lower toughness can result from that process. When the cooling rate is comparatively slower, a mixed microstructure is produced, with the risk that the yield strongth decreases locally and falls short of the specified minimum value. At the samo tima, local enrichment in carbon can lead to an impairment of toughness properties. The change in toughness is, however, less ‘marked than in the case of rapid cooling from temperatures where austenite is present. Tho possible impairment of toughness properties by flame-straightening is greater with increased carbon content of the steels. Heating of the full cross-section of the component to temperatures above 700 °C will result in an impairment of the strength and toughness properties. Fiame-straightening temperatures above 950 °C should be avoided even if the heating of the component is only superficial.CEN/TR 10347:2006 6.3 Maximum values of the flame-straightening temperature Recommended maximum values of the flame-straightening temperature as a function of the steel type and of the flame-straightening technique are given in Table 2. ‘Table 2— Recommended maximum values of the flame-straightening temperature Delivery condition Recommended maximum values ofthe flame-straightening temperature Short superficial heating | Short full section | Full section heating with heating onger holding time c *c c normalized = 800 700 650 thermomechanical iversity, Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) E rolled up to $460 = 900. 700 <650 thermomechanical rolled $500 to S700 S00 < 600 550 quenched and tempered ‘tempering temperature applied to the original product ~ 20 K (generally below 550°C)uth Bank University, Tue Dec 12 05:50:19 GMT+00:00 2006, Uncontr EN 1993-1 properties 10, Eurocode 3: Design of stoo! structures - Part 1-10: Matorial toughnoss and through-thickness EN 10025-1, Hof rolled products of structural steels — Part 1: General technical delivery conditions EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural stools. EN 10025-3, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for normalizedinormalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steets. EN 10025-4, Hot rolled products of structural stools — Part 4; Technical dolivery conditions for thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels. EN 10025-5, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 5: Technical delivery conditions for structural steals with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance. EN 10025-6, Hot rolled products of structural stools — Part 6: Technical delivory conditions for Nat products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition. EN 101491, Hot-rolied flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming — Part 1: General delivery conditions, EN 10149-2, Hot-rlied flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming — Part 2: Delivery conditions for thormomachanically rolled steols EN 10149.3, Hot-rolied flat products mado of high yiald strongth stools for cold forming — Part 3: Delivary conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels