jkpo;ehL muR

Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj;Jiw

gphpT : TNPSC Group I Njh;T

ghlk; : jhtutpay;
gFjp : caph; jfty; njhlh;G

fhg;Ghpik

jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 1 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

Njh;TfSf;fhd fhnzhyp fhl;rp gjpTfs;> xypg;gjpT ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;> khjphp Njh;T
tpdhj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhFk;
khzt> khztpfSf;F cjtpLk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwahy;
nkd;nghUs; tbtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;GfSf;fhd fhg;Ghpik
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis ve;j tifapYk; kWgpujp vLf;fNth> kW Mf;fk; nra;jplNth>
tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapNyh <LgLjy; $lhJ. kPwpdhy; ,e;jpa fhg;Ghpik rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; jz;bf;fg;gl VJthFk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; Nghl;bj;
Njh;TfSf;F jahh; nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lzkpy;yh NritahFk;.

Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiw
 caph; jfty; njhlh;G

jhtuq;fspy; eilngWk; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G

 jhuq;fs; vd;gij fl;bd;wp efuKbahj xU capupdk; MFk;. ,it G+kpapd;

Nky; kw;Wk; mbapy; Rw;Wr;Roy; tsq;fSf;fhf Nghl;bg;NghLfpd;wd.
jhtuq;fspy; mjpfg;gbahd ntt;NtW jpwd; tha;e;j njhlu;Gfs; eilngw
tha;gG; cz;L. Vnddpy; jhtuq;fs; ,izahd jfty; njhlu;G Kiwia
nfhz;L cs;sd. ntw;wpfukhd jfty; njhlu;G Kiw> jhtuq;fis
nropg;ghf tsur; nra;fpd;wd. Njhy;tpaile;j jfty; njhlu;G Kiw
vjpu;kiwahd tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. nry;ypil jfty; njhlu;G Kiw
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;khL> tbtk; kw;Wk; ,af;fj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf
cs;sJ. nghJghd rpwg;gpay;G. ,it jFe;j jftikg;G ,ay;G cUthtijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
 milahsq;fs; (iriffs;) %yk; eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G vd;gJ
Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L capupd nghUs;fs;> mjhtJ nry;fs;> jpRf;fs;>
cWg;Gfs;> capupdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s midj;J xj;Jiog;G
kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;gpw;fhd Kd; epge;jidahFk;. ngUk;ghyhd epiyfspy;
capu;j; jfty; njhlu;gpd; milahsk; vd;gJ Ntjpapay; %yf;$Wfs; MFk;.
,it `hu;Nkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; njhlu;G nfhs;fpd;wd.
 jpwd; thae;j jfty; njhlu;G Ntjpapay; kw;Wk; ,aw;gpgay; jfy; njhlu;G
Kiwfis nfhz;L cs;sJ. flj;jy; my;yJ nry;-nry; jfty; njhlu;G
MFk;. ,J xU Fwpg;gpl;l jhtu jpR ,izg;G %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
cly;rhu;e;j jfty; njhlu;ghdJ kpd;dD> ePu; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu milahsq;fs;
%yk; eilngWfpwJ.
 euk;G ,izg;Gfspy; eilngWk; nry;-nry; jfty; njhlu;gpw;fhf> jhtuq;fs;
euk;gZf;flj;jpfshd Mf;rpid gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; FSl;lNkl;>
fpisrpd;> `P]l ; ikd;> mrpily; nfhiyd; kw;Wk; Nlhgikd; Nghd;w
euk;gZf;flj;jpfisAk; jhtuq;fs; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
‡igl;Nlh`hu;Nkhd;fisg; Nghd;W> jhtu ngg;ilL `hu;Nkhdhd
rp];lkpd; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. jhtuq;fs; ,jid cs;
fhaq;fSf;F vjpuhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. xU gaDs;s ghJfhg;G nraypy;
rp];lkpd;> [h];NkhNdl; kw;Wk; vj;jpypd; Mfpait rkpf;if %yf;$Wfshf
nray;gLfpd;wd.

jhtuq;fspy; Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; gupkhw;wk;

 jhtuj;jpDs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk;; Ntjpapay; jfty;

njhlu;G kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ. jw;NghJ 20f;F Nkw;;gl;l gy;NtW tifahd
%yf;$W njhFjpfs; jfty; njhlu;gpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Ntjp jfty; njhlu;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpa nghUl;fshtd.

Page 1
 jhtutpay;;

a) Mf;rpd;

 jhtu Ntu;fs; jhtu jz;Lfs; Rw;Wr;#oy; Fwpg;giyfisf;

fz;Lgpbf;fpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W tsu;r;rp epiyfs;> ePz;l njhiyT jfty;
njhlu;G topKiwiaf; fz;Lgpbf;fpd;w Mf;rpd;> `hu;Nkhd;fs;> cUtj;
Njhw;wtpay; kw;Wk; Fwpg;giyfisr; nrYj;Jk; topKiwfspy;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ. jhtu euk;gpizg;gpyp Mf;rpd; xsp> <u;g;G tpirf;F vjpuhf
nray;gLtjhy; GwtZ Fwpg;ghiyahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhf ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; ,J kpd;dZ Fwpg;giyfis mDg;Gk; GwtZ J}J nghUshfr;
nray;gLfpwJ. NkYk; nry; gpupiff;fhf Fwpg;giyfis xd;WgLj;JfpwJ.

b) ngg;ilL `hu;Nkhd;

 jhtu ngg;igL `hu;Nkhd; rp];lkpd; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

jhtuq;fs; ,jid cs; fhaq;fSf;F vjpu;nghUshf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf capuw;w mOj;j `hu;Nkhd;> mg;rprpf; mkpyk; Mfpait
capUs;s mOj;j Fwpg;giyfspy; cs;s gy;NtW epiyfshf nray;gLtjd;
%yk; Neha;fisj; jLf;Fk; jpwid toq;FfpwJ.
 jhtu `hu;Nkhd;fs;> jhtu tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;il fl;LgLj;JtJ
kl;Lkpd;wp mNj tif ,dq;fSf;fpilNa jfty; njhlu;ghfTk;
nray;gLfpwJ. ‡igl;Nlh `hu;Nkhd;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L Ntjpapay; jhJ
nghUl;fs;> ‡igl;Nlh ry;Nghiffd; tsu;r;rp fhuzp kw;Wk; RNA Nghd;w
ngg;ilLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

c) RNA f;fs;

 jhtuq;fs; ntspg;Gwj;jpypUe;J tUk; jhf;fq;fis mtw;wpd; elj;ijapd;

%ykhf vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wd. mjhtJ rupahd Neuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; tsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL %yk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
 Ez; RNAf;fs; jhtu tsu;r;rp my;yJ ,lg;ngau;r;rp/ gbnaLj;jy; my;yJ
,lg;ngau;r;rp jLg;G Mfpatw;wpy; nry;ypDs; Vw;gLk; jfty; njhlu;gpy; xU
Kf;fpa gq;if mspf;fpwJ. Mf;Fj;jpR> cWg;G KidTj; jd;ik> ,uj;j
ehsq;fspd; tsu;r;rp> kyu; mikg;G> `hu;Nkhd; ,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpw;F Ez;
RNA-f;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;g fhy rpwpa Ez; RNA, tsu;r;rpapd;
NghJ> Fwpg;giyahf nray;gLfpd;wd.

capuw;w jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;

 ,af;ftpay; njhlu;G> jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw A+NfupNahl;Lfs; Mfpa

,uz;bYk; cs;s xl;L nkhj;j capupdq;fs; kw;Wk; nry; epiyfspy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. njhlu;Gfshy; jhtuq;fspy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;.
1. jPtpukhf vjpu; nrayhw;WfpwJ.
2. mtw;wpd; kfue;jq;fis ,of;fpd;wd.

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 jhtutpay;;

3. jhtu jz;Lfis tsu;r;rpaila nra;Ak;. jhtuj;jpd; KO mikg;gpy;

ghjp msT ,af;f cs;sPLfs; %yk; epu;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh. fhw;W
kw;Wk; <u;g;Gtpir
 jhtu mikg;igg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; kpfTk; El;gkhdjhFk;.
nel;ilahf tsUk; jhtuq;fspy;> v.fh. ePu; rkepiy ,lq;fspy; nry; Rtu;
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; mikg;gpw;F mjpfg;gbahd Njitfs; cs;sd. ,it Nrkpg;G
kw;Wk; mOj;j gq;fPl;bd; NghJ mjpfg;gbahd mOj;jj;ij jhq;fpf;
nfhs;SkhW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jhtuq;fspd; vjpu; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G

(Transorganismic Commuication of Plants)

 capupdq;fspd; milahsq;fs; %yk; eilngWk; FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; capupdg;

NguuR Mfpatw;iw rhu;ej
; pUg;gJ vd;gJ jhtuq;fSf;F kpf
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,it Vwf;Fiwa vg;NghJk; ,ize;J tho;gitahf
my;yJ xl;Lz;zpfshf cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; tuk;G> eLepiyj;jd;ik %yk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W gadiljy; Kjy; kw;nwhd;iw mopg;gJ tiu cs;sJ.
gy;NtW tifahd ,iz tho;T jfty; njhlu;gpw;F mjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s
capupdq;fspd; gy;NtW ,ay;G eltbf;iffs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
 Ntjpapay; rkpf;if nghUl;fs; vd;gJ goikahd milahsk; MFk;. ,J
Ez;Zapupfs;> G+Q;ir> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpdhy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhFk;.
 ,it Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; cs;s jputq;fs; my;yJ clypDs; cs;s ,uj;jj;jpd;
topahf gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iw tspkz;lyj;jpd; %yk;
gug;gyhk; kw;Wk; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,iyfs; vg;nghOJk; vspjpy;
Mtpahff; $baij rpwpa msT ntsptpLfpwJ. Mdhy; xl;Lz;zp
G+r;rpfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ mjpf mstpy; ntsptpLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fs; G+r;rpfshy; jhf;fg;gLk; NghJ mit jLg;ghw;wy; nghUis
tsu;r;rpailar; nra;fpwJ. mtw;wpd; nray;Kiw tpyq;Ffspy; nray;gLtJ
Nghd;wjhFk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fs; xU tif eWkzj;ij cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd. mJ kw;w jhtuq;fis vr;rupf;if nra;fpwJ. gpwF mit
Ntfkhf vd;irk;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,it ,iyfis> ,iy
cz;Zk; G+r;rpfs; cz;zhjthW khw;WfpwJ. xU ifjpfis #o;eJ ; s;s
rpiwr;rhiy Nghd;W jhtuq;fs; mjid #o;e;Js;s G+r;rpfis milahsk;
fz;L mjw;F Vw;wthW vd;irk;fis Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 jhtuq;fs; fl;lw;w ,af;fk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gjpdhy; mtw;wpd; vjpu;ghw;wy;
,af;ftpay; Nrjhuk; kw;Wk; G+r;rpfspd; ghjpg;ig Nehf;fp nrYj;Jg;gLfpwJ.
ghjpg;GfSf;F vjpuhd gy vjpu;ghw;wypy; xd;whd GNuhgp]; kl;Lg;gLj;jpfs;
I, IIit cUthf;FfpwJ. ,it G+r;rpfspy; nrupkhd gFjpapy; GNuhl;bd;
rpijtiljiyj; jLf;fpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd ghJfhg;G vjpu;tpid
ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjp kw;Wk; mjid Rw;wpAs;s jpRf;fspYk; cUthfpwJ.

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 jhtutpay;;

jhtuj;jpDs; Vw;gLk; fhak; ,lg;ngau;r;rp rpf;dy;fis (irif)

cUthf;FfpwpJ. mJ KO jhtuj;jpy; Kiwahd vjpu;gg
; hw;wiy
Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ.

jhtuq;fspd; ,il capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G (Inter – Organismic

Communicaiton of Plants)

 gy Ma;Tfs; G+r;rpfs; kw;Wk; ,af;ftpay; fhaq;fs; %yk; Vw;gLk;

rpijTfshy; jhtuq;fs; NtWgl;Ls;sij fhl;LfpwJ. ,af;f uPjpahf
fhag;gl;l jhtuq;fs;> mjw;F mUfhikapy; cs;s jhtuq;fshy; xJf;fg;gLk;
nghUl;fis ntsptpLfpd;wd. ,it midj;Jk; G+r;rp ghjpg;gpw;F vjpuhf
cldbahf nray;gLfpwJ.
 jhtuq;fis Ra jd;ik cilait kw;Wk; Ra jd;ik mw;wit vd
NtWgLj;jyhk;. me;epa Ntu;fSf;F vjpuhf ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs;
Jtq;fg;gLfpd;wd. me;epatu;fSf;F vjpuhf jhtuj;jpd; nrhe;j Ntu;
gFjpfis ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L ,J cUthfpwJ. jdpj;j Ntu;gFjp kw;Wk;
mjDila ,iz tho;T jhtuq;fs; tho;tjw;F kw;Wk; nropj;J tsu;tjw;F
rpy mbg;gil epge;jidfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Kd; epge;jidfs; kw;w
jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;fs; %yk; mr;RWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Kd;
epge;jidfis ,ilA+W nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd ,ilA+W
nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j tifahd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Ntu; gFjpapy; cs;s
Ez;Zapu;fSf;F vjpuhf vjpu; - Ez;Zapu; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;fpd;wd.
 jhtuq;fs; capUs;s milahsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; ,Uf;Fk;
jd;ik> ,ayhj jd;ik> mUfhikapy; cs;s jhtuq;fspd; milahsk;>
tsu;r;rp ,lk;> tsu;r;rp ,ilA+W kw;wk; Nghl;b Mfpatw;iw kw;w
jhtuq;fSf;F njuptpf;fpd;wd.
 jhtuq;fis xU ,lj;jpypUe;J ePf;fptpl;L kw;nwhU ,lj;jpy; gapupl;lhy;
mit gy khjq;fSf;F mtw;wpd; Ke;ija neUq;fpa mz;ilj;
jhtuq;fspd; milahsq;fis epidtpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;.

jhtuq;fspd; cs; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G (Intra-organismic

communication of Plants)

 jhtuj;jpd; vjpu;tpidf; fl;Lg;ghL gutyhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it jhtuq;fisj;

jdpj;J tsuTk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; mtw;wpd; Nkk;ghl;L
eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;fTk; nra;fpwJ.

ghf;Bupahtpy; eilngWk; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G

 ghf;Bupah jfty; njhlu;G nfhs;fpwJ. vdNt mjd; gy nry; capupdq;fs;

Nghd;W mtw;wpd; elj;ijfis xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wd kw;Wk;
xUq;fikf;fpd;wd. jw;NghJ jfty; njhlu;G (irif) Kiwia Ma;T

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 jhtutpay;;

nra;jhy; mJ milahsq;fs; %yk; eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;ghf cs;sJ

vd;gJ njupa tUfpwJ. mjhtJ jfty;fs; ntt;NtW Kiwfspy;
iriffis ntspg;gLj;Jtd; %yk; gupkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ. milahsq;fs;
ngUk;ghYk; Ntjpapay; %yf;$Wfshf cs;sd. rpy rkaq;fspy; njhL
czu;r;rp %yk; njhlu;G nfhs;fpd;wd. ,it mtw;wpw;Fs;Ns kw;Wk;
GNuhNfupNahk; capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNa rpf;dy;fshf (rkpf;if)
nray;gLfpd;wd.
 Fthuk; nrd;]pq; vd;gJ milahsk; %yk; eilngWk; jfy; njhlu;ig
tpsf;Fk; xU thu;j;ij MFk;. ,jpy; Ntjpapay; %yf;$Wfs; ghf;Bupah %yk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j %yf;$Wfs; kugZ gbnaLj;jypd; gy
tiffis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gy ghf;Bupahf;fs; gy klq;F Fthuk;
nrd;]pq; njhFg;ig gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf vt;thW xU
Fwpg;gpl;l kuf;fpis kw;Wk; xU jhtuj;jpd; KO mikg;ghdJ fhw;W> xspapd;
Nfhzj;ij nghWj;J tsu;r;rpailfpwJ vd;gjhFk;. jhtuq;fs; mtw;wpd;
tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL Fwpj;J vLf;fg;gLk; ngUk;ghyhd eltbf;iff;F
mj;jhtuj;jpd; midj;J gFjpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; jfty;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
 NkYk; jfty; njhlu;ghdJ gy;NtW ,d ghf;Bupahf;fSf;F ,ilNa kw;Wk;
ghf;Bupah> ghf;Bupah my;yhjitfSf;F ,ilNa eilngWfpwJ. gpsj;jy;>
capu;tpj;J ntspahjy;> ,uz;lhk; epiy fopTfis njhFj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;F
Ntjpg; nghUl;;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,it cly; uPjpahd njhlu;Gfs; %yk;
jftiyg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,J capu;jpiu mikg;gpy; kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. NkYk; capuw;w jhf;fq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Cl;lr;
rj;Jf;fs; my;yJ ePupaf;f khw;wq;fshd Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiy Mfpatw;wpw;F
rpf;dy;fshf nry;agLfpd;wd.
 rpwg;ghd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; ghf;Bupah
kUe;J vjpu;gG ; j; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J capu;j;jpiu mikg;G
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 capu;j;jpiu mikg;G vd;gJ mjpf cly;uPjpahd kw;Wk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l irif
mDg;Gjiyf; nfhz;Ls;s rpwg;G tifahd xUq;fikg;G MFk;.

ghf;Bupahtpd; Ntjpg; nghUs; gupkhw;wk; (Semio chemical Vacabulary of

Bacteria)

 ghf;Bupah Fwpg;ghf gy tifg;gl;l epiyfspy; nrkpNahnfkpf;fy;

gupkhw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Vnddpy; rpy iriffis mDg;Gk;
%yf;$Wfs; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fshf cs;sd. miry;
N`hkhnriud; yhf;Nlhd;fs; kw;wk; rPuhd xypNfhngg;ilLfs; gy
tifg;gl;l Kiwapy; rpf;dy;fshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. V-gpA+bNuh yhf;ld;fs;
capu;tpj;J ntspahjy;. Kiw kw;Wk; vjpu; capu;gn; ghUshf gad;gLfpd;wd.
C-rpf;dy; vd;gJ nry; Nkw;gug;G - GNuhl;bDld; njhlu;GilaJ. ,J ,aq;Fj;

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 jhtutpay;;

jd;ikia xUq;fpizf;f N`hNkhnriud; yhf;Nlhid jfty; njhlu;G

Kiwapy; iriffshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W fpuhk; gh]pl;bt;
ghf;Bupah xypNfhngg;ilLfis Fthuk; nrd;rpq; jfty; njhlu;G Kiwapy;;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. FwpaPL my;yhj RNA cau;epiy xOq;F topKiwapy;
Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.

ghf;Bupahtpd; vjpu; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G (Trans – organismic

Communication of Bacteria)

kz; ghf;Bhpah> ikf;Nfhiur]; G+Q;ir kw;Wk; jhtu Ntu;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F

,ilNa eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;ig ehk; rpf;fyhf cs;snjd;W fUJfpd;Nwhk;.

ikf;Nfhiur]; G+Q;ir %yf;$Wfisr; Rue;J Rw;wpAs;s Rw;Wr;#oYf;Ff;

nfhLf;fpd;wd. mit kz; ghf;Bupahtpw;F Cl;lr;rj;jhf nray;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;
mtw;wpd; nray;jpwid Cf;Ftpj;J jdpj;Jtk; kpf;f Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisr;
rpijf;fpd;wd. gpwF ,e;j Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisr; rpijf;fpd;wd. gpwF ,e;j
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; ikf;Nfhiurs; G+Q;irfSf;F fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd. rpwg;G
%yf;$Wfis cw;gj;jp nra;a ghf;Bupahitj; J}z;Ljy; nra;tjd; %yk; my;yJ
ghf;Bupa jfty; njhlu;G topKiwia njhe;juT nra;tjd; %yk; jhtu Ntu;fs;>
ghf;Bupah rpf;dypq; %yf;$Wfs; Nghd;W nray;gLfpd;wd.

ghf;Bupahtpd; ,il capupd jfty; njhlu;G (Inter-organismic

Communication of Bacteria)

ghf;Bupahf;fs; $l;lhf Nru;eJ

; tho;fpd;wd. Vwf;Fiwa midj;J
tiffSk; kw;w ,d ghf;BupahTld; Nru;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. gy;NtW iriffs;
%yk; eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G %yk; jhkhfNt xUq;fikfpd;wd. ghf;Bupah
capUs;s #o;epiyapy; cs;s midj;J Rw;Wr; #oypYk; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa
kw;Wk; ,dq;fSf;Fs; milahsq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

fpilf;ff; $ba Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fisg; nghWj;J rpy ghf;Bupah ,ay;ghd nry;

tsu;r;rpia kl;lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J gy tifahd NtWgl;l nry; tsu;r;rpf;F
toptFf;fpwJ. ,J NghJkhd Vw;Gj; jd;ik ,ay;Gila Rw;Wr; #oYf;F Vw;wthW
cs;sJ. vdNt ntt;NtW Rw;Wr;#oy; epiy> xNu tpjkhd kugZ jfty;
njhFg;gpy; ntt;NtW tpjkhd kugZ ntspg;ghl;bw;F toptFf;fpwJ. xNu $l;lk;
gy Kiw ,e;j khw;w #o;epiyf;F Ml;gLfpwJ vdpy;> mJ mjpf nrayhw;W
jpwidg; ngw;wpapUf;fpwJ vd;W $wyhk;. ,J ghf;Bupa njhFjpfs; epahgf
rf;jpia Nkk;gLj;JtijAk;> mtw;wpd; mDgtq;fs; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;tijAk;
Fwpf;fpwJ. kdpj tha;top J}thuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy tifahd ghf;Bupa ,iz
tho;tpfspd; jfty; njhlu;G KiwahdJ kpf Rthu];akhdJ kw;Wk; kpfTk;

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 jhtutpay;;

Muhaf;$ba epfo;thf css;J. kdpj gy; kw;Wk; tha; rt;Tfspy;

ghf;Bupahf;fs;Neha; Vw;gLj;Jk; jd;ikia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,it Fwpg;gpl;l
,dq;fs; kw;Wk; khWgl;l ,dq;fSf;F ,ilNa gu];gu Kiwapy;
milahsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jftiy gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd. kdpjdpd; tha;
Jthuj;jpy; cs;s gw;rpijT jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ. ,J kw;w ,dq;fspy;
fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy. rpwg;G tifahd jfty; njhlu;G Kiw> iriffis
cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mjidg; gug;Gjypy; njspthd gbepiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mit

a. tsu;rpij khw;w gupkhw;wk;

b. nry;-nry; milahk; fhzy;
c. kugZ gupkhw;wk;
d. tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; irifia milahsk; fhzy; kw;Wk; xNu khjpupahd
my;yJ njhlu;Gila ,dq;fSf;F ,ilNa irif milahsk; fhzy;

ghf;Bupahtpd; cs; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G (Intra-organismic

Communication of Bacteria)

cs; capupdj; jfty; njhlu;G Kiw vd;gJ nry;ypDs; iriffs; %yk;

eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G KiwahFk;. ,J ,dg;ngUf;fk;> khw;wk;> gupzhk
tsu;r;rp mile;j Ntu;fs; kw;Wk; kugZ thu;j;ijfspd; mbg;gilapy;
GNuhNfupahl;Lfis xOq;fikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fp cs;sJ.

GNuhNfupahl;bf; kugZ tupir GNuhl;bd; FwpaPl;L tupirahf

guhkupf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. GNuhl;bd;fspd; ,aw;gpay; uPjpahd njhlu;gpw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;l xNu khjpup cau; tupir nfhz;l xOq;fikTfs; Vwf;Fiwa
midj;J tifahd ghf;Bupa kugZf;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jw;Nghija Ma;Tfs; mjpf jpwd; tha;e;j Gjpa tifahd kugZ tupiria

Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;LfpwJ. ,it jPtpukhd cs; capupdq;fspd; kWNru;f;if cld;
eilngWk; fpilkl;l kugZ gupkhw;wj;jpd; Mtzq;fshf cs;sd. nkhj;j
kugZf;fs; my;yJ kugZ njhFg;Gfspd; ,e;j gupkhw;w epfo;T ghf;Bupa tho;f;if
Kiwapy; mjid nray;jpwd; kpf;f gy ghf;BupahTld; (mjhtJ ‡NghNdhilg;)
cld; ,iztjw;F cjTfpwJ. cUkhw;w KiwahdJ ntspaplg;gLk; ghJfhg;gw;w
DNA it cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,jidj; njhlu;eJ ; kWNru;f;if eilngWfpwJ.
vdNt ehk; FOthf cs;stw;wpy; xU kugZit vLj;Jf; nfhs;shky; gy;tifj;
jd;ik nfhz;l nkhigy; DNA-tpd; gyd;fis kl;Lk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; ghf;Bupa kugZ njhFg;G vd;gJ jpwd;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. ,J midj;J
jdpj;j ghf;Bupahtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; ,J ghf;Bupa kugZ fz;Lgpbg;G
kw;Wk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpf;F %yhjukhf cs;sJ.

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 jhtutpay;;

cs;> ,il kw;Wk; vjpu; capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd jfty; njhlu;G Mfpa

%d;Wk; ghf;Bupahtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it ghf;Bupahf;fspy; gy;NtW ,ay;G
Kiwfshd Rakhf my;yJ Rakhf my;yJ milahsk; fhZjy;> $l;lkhf
thOk; mikg;gpy; khWghL> ];Nghu;fis cUthf;Fk; mikg;Gfspd; jfty;
(Fruiting bodies), Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp Kiwapd; Jtf;fk; Mfpatw;iw
cUthf;fp xOq;fikf;fpd;wd.

G+Q;ir capupdq;fspd; njhlu;G

tpyq;Ffspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L> G+Q;irfs; fl;bd;wp efUk; jd;ik

mw;witahf cs;sJ. ,it ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ePz;l ngUk; gFjpfspy;
tho;fpd;wd.

xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; xOq;fikT Kiwfs; midj;J capupdg;

NguuRfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; G+Q;ir tpjptpyf;F my;y. ,e;j tifahd
Kiw xNu tifahd ,dq;fSf;F> vjpu; capupdq;fs;> ,il capupdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpw;fpilNa ikrPypah kw;Wk; ];Ngu;fis cUthf;Fk; mikg;G (Fruiting
bodies) (cs; capupdq;fs;) cUthFk; NghJ cUthfpwJ. ,e;j Kiw irif %yk;
eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G Kiwapd; nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; eilngWfpwJ.

G+Q;irapd; Ntjpg;nghUs; gupkhw;wk;

Ie;J ntt;NtW tifahd Kjd;ik irif %yf;$Wfs; kpfTk; khWgl;l

,ay;G Kiwfshd ghf;Bupa tsu;g;G Kiw> ,dg;ngUf;fk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
ghj;jhn[dprpl;b Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLfpd;wd. ,ay;G xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; ,e;j
nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; tpisTfspd; ,ay;Gfis nfhz;L
kl;LNk ngw ,aYk;. cyfstpy; ,e;j nrkpNahnfkpf;fy;fs; ,e;j tifahd
Nehf;fq;fis ntt;NtW G+Q;ir ,dq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;gitahf
nray;gLfpd;wd. ,Jtiu mtw;wpw;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; ,dkhWghl;il
Gwf;fzpf;f Kbatpy;iy.

,e;j irif %yf;$Wfspd; - gq;F fPo;tUkhW:

i. ikl;Nlh[d; %yk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l GNuhl;bd; fpne]; ififs; nry;

xUq;fpizg;G> nry; Rtu; fl;Lkhdk;> ,dg;ngUf;fk; kw;Wk; rt;T+L gutypy;
<LgLfpd;wd.
ii. Row;rp mbNdhrpd; NkhNdhgh];Ngl; mikg;G G+Q;ir tsu;r;rp kw;Wk;
er;Rj;jd;ifspy; <LgLfpwJ.
iii. RAS GNuhl;bd;: njhlu; iriffSf;F ,ilNa FWf;Fg; ngr;rhf
nray;gLfpwJ.

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 jhtutpay;;

iv. fhy;rpak; - fhy;khLypd; - fhy;rpepA+upd; Mfpait Mf;]p[Ndw;w mOj;jk;

mjpf ntg;gepiy> nry; / rt;T Rtu; Fok;Gjy; Nghd;w epiyfspy; nry;
epiyj;J tho;tjw;F cjtp nra;fpwJ.
v. ,ug;gikrpd;/ mru; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jgitahf
nray;gLfpwJ.

capuw;w jfty;fspd; tpsf;fk;

G+Q;irfs; fpilf;ff; $ba NtWgl;l Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J

gha;kuq;fSld; kpFe;j czu;r;rpAld; tpidGupfpd;wd. ,J Kjypy; njhlu;G %yk;
tpisit Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. fhu;gd; my;yJ iel;u[d; gw;whf;Fiwapd; NghJ
capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNa eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G Nghjpa msT eilngWfpwJ
kw;Wk; mtupd; gpNdh tifahdJ i`gy; tsu;r;rp khWgLtjy; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,Jtiu ,uz;L Fwpg;gpl;l rpf;dypq; topKiwfs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L> mit ,ay;Gfis xUq;fikg;G nra;fpd;wd.

tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspd; ruNfbad; mikg;gpy; gUtfhy khw;wk;

vd;gJ xU mq;fkhf cs;sJ. NkYk; ,J G+Q;irfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf
,it xsp %yk; xUq;fikg;gLk; xU cly;rhu;e;j KiwahFk;. ,J G+Q;irapd;
cs;shu;ej
; fbfhuj;ij xUq;fikf;fpwJ.

G+Q;i
; rapd; vjpu; capu;dj; jfty; njhlu;G

midj;J cau;tif G+Q;ir tho;f;if KiwAk; ,iz tho;T Kiwapy;

,Ue;Nj cUthfp ,Uf;fpd;wd. G+Q;ir kw;Wk; My;fh my;yJ G+Q;ir kw;Wk;
ghf;Bupah Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; ,iz tho;T ($l;L tho;T)
Kiwapd; %yk; mtw;wpw;Fj; Njitahd kw;Wk; mtw;iwr; Rw;wpAs;s
capupdq;fSf;Fj; (Nghl;bahsu;fs;) Njitahd Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; gupkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. Fthuk; nrd;rpq; %yk; G+Q;irfs;> ghf;Bupa Nru;f;ifapy;
,Ue;J ed;ik milfpd;wd. ghf;Bupahf;fs; G+Q;irapd; tsu;rpij khw;w nghUis
vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mtw;wpd; Cl;lr;rj;J Njitia G+u;;j;jp nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wd. ,Nj Nghd;W My;fhf;fSld; $l;L tho;T KiwNa
Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

kw;nwhU vjpu;-NguuR ,iz tho;T rpf;dypq; KiwahdJ G+Q;ir kw;Wk;

vWk;GfSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,J kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf ePbj;J ,Uf;Fk; ,iz gupzhk tsu;r;rp

njhlu;gpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. Rthu];khf rpy ypf;dpd; - rpijT G+Q;irAk;
Tl nrkpNahnfkpf;fy;i] cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,it ‡Nghu;Nkhrd;
rg;nludpad; fiuahd; Nghd;W czT+l;ly; kw;Wk; ,iu NjLk; ,ay;igg;
ngw;Ws;sd.

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 jhtutpay;;

G+Q;irfspd; ,il capupdq;fspd; jfty; njhlu;G

,it xU nry; kw;Wk; gy nry; G+Q;ir ,dq;f shf ,Ug;gjhy;> xNu

,dq;fSf;FfpilNa kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila ,dq;fSf;F ,ilNa
eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G Kiwia> nry;ypil jfty; njhlu;G Kiwapy; ,Ue;J
njspthf NtWgLj;jp fhl;l ,ayhJ. vdNt xU nry; <];l;Lfspd; jfty;
njhlu;G KiwahdJ mkPghit xj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J fl;lakhf ,il
capupd jfty; njhlu;G Kiwahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.

G+Q;irfs; Fthuk; nrd;]pq;if gad;gLj;jp capu;j;jpiu cUthjy; kw;Wk;

ghj;jhn[dp]p]; Mfpatw;iw xUq;fikf;fpd;wd kw;wk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. ,J
ntspg;Gw nry; Rw;Wr;#oypy; njhFg;ghf cs;s rpW %yf;$Wfs; %yk;
nrayhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,it NghJkhd cau; nrwpit mile;j cld;> mtw;wpd; cl;nry;fspy;

xUq;fikf;Fk; jd;ik nrayhf;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;ej ;
kug;gDf;fis xUq;fikf;fTk; top tFf;fpwJ.

G+Q;irfspd; cs; capupdq;fspy; jftu; njhlu;G

capupdq;fSf;Fs; eilngWk; jfty; njhlu;G Kiw vd;gJ nry;fSf;Fs;

eilngWk; milahs ,ilepiy nray;fshFk;. tpyq;Ffspdy; cs;s rkpf;iQ
topg;ghijfSf;F (Signalling pathways) kl;Lk; nghUe;jf;$ba GNuhl;bd;fs;
G+Q;irfspd; rkpf;iQ topg;gghijfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;W Gjpa rhd;Wfs;
$Wfpd;wd. NkYk; mNghg;lhbf; Kiw vd;gJ tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jhtuq;fspy; gy
nry; capupdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,g;nghOJ ,J xU nry; cila G+Q;irfspy; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; %g;giljy; Kiwia
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

gtsq;fspd; jfty; njhlu;G

gtsq;fspYk; cs;Ns kw;Wk; ,ilNa vd nry;fs;> jpRf;fs;> cWg;GfSf;F

,ilNa milahsq;fs; %yk; jfty; njhlu;G eilngWfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;
milahsq;fs; vd;gJ %yf;$WfshFk;. vdNt ,it nrkpNahnrkpf;fy;]; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

ve;jnthU epiyapYk; ,e;j jfty; njhlu;G Kiwfs; tupirahf

xUq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW xj;jpirthd #oy; xUq;fpizg;G Kiw
Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ,e;j Kiwfs; mwpe;J nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
mNj Nghd;W capupdq;fSf;F ,ilNa tskpf;f jfty;fs; ntw;wpfukhf gfpu;e;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. xU Kiw ,e;j topKiwapy; ,aw;ifahf my;yJ kw;w
capupdq;fs; %yk; gpio Vw;gl;lhy; mJ khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; gts
tpyq;Ffs; gy ,ilA+Wfs; ,e;jj; jfty; njhlu;ig jPtpukhd epiyapd; NghJ

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 jhtutpay;;

FWf;fPL nra;jhy; mJ tpyq;fpd; cly; eyidg; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,Wjpahf Nehia

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. NkYk; ,wg;igAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; epiy tsu;rpij khw;wj;jpy; cUthd nghUl;fshd nlu;g;ngd;>

nfhOg;G> nkOF v];lu; illu;gPdha;L kw;Wk; euk;G flj;jpfshd mrpily;
nfhiyd;> Nlhg;gikd; Nghd;w rpy tifahd Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; jfty; njhlupy;
gq;F ngWfpd;wd.

G+r;rpfspd; jfty; njhlu;G

My;f`hy;> fPl;Nlhd;> My;bi`L> v];lu; mNuhnkl;bfl;> nlu;g;ngd;

Nghd;w tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Mtpahff;$ba jhtu Ntjpg;nghUl;fs; G+r;rpfspd;
jfty; njhlu;gpy; Kf;fpa gq;F mspf;fpd;wd. ngz;ghy; %yk; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; fyit my;yJ xNu xU jdpj;j
Ntjpg;nghUs; Mfpait rpf;dy;fis cUthf;fp cldbahf ghy;
,dg;ngUf;fj;jpidj; J}z;Lfpd;wd. ghrpl;bt; mdpNkhlhf;rp]; ngz;
,dg;ngUf;f Nky; gFjpapy; cs;sJ. ,J Mz; capupfis ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;fhf
<u;f;fpwJ.

,d <u;g;G Rug;gp vd;gJ 10-18 fhu;gd; Nru;kq;fs; MFk;. ,e;jf; fyit

Fiwe;j %yf;$W epiyapYk; kpfTk; nray;jpwd; kpf;fJ. ngz;ghy;> Mz;ghypy;
ghypdg; ngUf;fj;ijj; J}z;LfpwJ. mtw;wpd; ,ay;G mtw;wpw;FfpilNa Vw;gLk;
jfty; njhlu;gpd; msitg; nghWj;jJ. NkYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; nry;fspy;
cs;s ,d <u;g;Gr; Rug;gpiag; nghWj;jJ.

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