AP World History Class Notes

Ch 15 Tang/Song China November 7, 2011

After the fall of the Han dynasty, > 350 years of disruption plagued China. Toward the end of the 6th
century, centralized imperial rule returned to China and persisted for almost 700 years under the Sui,
Tang, and Song dynasties. (589–1279 CE) This period witnessed unprecedented economic prosperity for
China. In addition, China, as the “Middle Kingdom,” made its influence felt throughout the surrounding
territories, creating a larger E Asian society centered on China. This period of E Asian history is
characterized by
• Rapid economic development because of more advanced agricultural practices, technological &
industrial innovations, and participation in sophisticated trade networks throughout E Asia and
including the revived Silk Roads
• The spread of Buddhism beyond its place of origin in India until it became the most popular religious
faith in all of E Asia
• The profound influence of Chinese social organization & economic dynamism on the surrounding
cultures of Korea, Vietnam, Japan, & central Asia

1. The Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rule in China

A. The Sui Dynasty (589–618 CE) (Sui = “sway”) How did post-classical
1) After the Han dynasty, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years states avoid the
2) Reunification by Yang Jian in 589 mistakes of classical
3) The rule of the Sui empires?
a. Construction of palaces & granaries; repairing Great Wall
b. Military expeditions in central Asia & Korea
c. High taxes & compulsory labor services What pre-existing
4) The Grand Canal integrated economies of N & S China labor systems contin-
5) The fall of the Sui ued through the post-
a. High taxes & forced labor generated hostility among the people classical era?
b. Military reverses in Korea
c. Rebellions broke out in N China beginning in 610
d. Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty

B. The Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) (Tang = “tahng”)

1) Tang Taizong (627–649)
a. A rebel leader seized Chang’an & proclaimed a new dynasty
b. Tang Taizong, the 2nd Tang emperor; ruthless but extremely
competent
c. era of unusual stability & prosperity
2) Extensive networks of transportation & communications
3) Equal-field system—land allotted according to needs
4) Bureaucracy of merit through civil service exams
5) Foreign relations
a. Political theory: China = the “Middle Kingdom,” (center of civ)
b. Tributary system became diplomatic policy
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Ch 15 Tang/Song China November 7, 2011

6) Tang decline
a. Casual & careless leadership led to dynastic crisis
b. Rebellion of An Lushan in 755 weakened the dynasty
c. The Uighurs (Chinese Muslims) became de facto rulers
d. The equal-field system deteriorated What new labor forms
e. A large-scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao, 875–884 developed in the post-
f. Regional military commanders gained power & were beyond classical era?
control of the emperor
g. The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907

C. The Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) (Song = “Soong”)

1) Song Taizu (reigned 960–976 CE) = founder
2) Song weaknesses
a. Financial problems: enormous bureaucracy & high salary
devoured surplus
b. Military problems: civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
c. External pressures: semi-nomadic Khitan & nomadic Jurchen
(1) Khitan conquered northern half of Song land, 1127
d. The Song moved to the south, ruled S China until 1279

2. The Economic Development of Tang and Song China

A. Agricultural Development What new technologies
1) Fast-ripening rice increased food supplies enabled the growth of
2) New agricultural techniques increased production inter-regional trade
3) Population growth: 45 to 115 million between 600–1200 CE. networks?
4) Urbanization
5) Commercialized agriculture; some regions depended on other What new innovations
regions for food affected agriculture in
6) Patriarchal social structure the post-classical era?
a. Ancestor worship became more elaborate
b. Foot binding gained popularity

B. Technological and Industrial Development What new technologies,

1) Porcelain (chinaware) diffused rapidly governmental policies,
2) Metallurgy increased ten times from 9th–12th centuries & merchant activities
3) Gunpowder used in primitive weapons & diffused through Eurasia emerged in the post-
4) Printing developed from wood block to movable type (100s of years classical era?
before Europe)
5) Naval technology: “south-pointing needle” = magnetic compass

C. The Emergence of a Market Economy What factors encour-

1) Financial instruments: “flying cash” (letters of credit) & paper $ aged commercial
2) A cosmopolitan society: communities of foreign merchants in cities growth in the post-
3) China’s economic surge fueled economic growth in E hemisphere classical era?
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Ch 15 Tang/Song China November 7, 2011

3. Cultural Change in Tang and Song China

A. Establishment of Buddhism Why did some gender

1) Foreign religions: Nestorians, Manichaeans, Zoroastrians, Muslim roles and family
communities structures change in
2) Mahayana Buddhism þ China via Dunhuang, Silk Road city the post-classical era?
3) Buddhism in China
a. Attraction: moral standards, intellectual soph, & salvation
b. Monasteries became large landowners, helped poor & needy
c. Also posed a challenge to Chinese cultural tradition
4) Buddhism and Daoism
a. Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocab How did post-classical
(e.g. Dharma = dao, and nirvana = wuwei trade affect the
b. Teaching: one son in monastery = benefit whole family for 10 diffusion of literary,
generations (!) artistic, and cultural
5) Chan (Zen) Buddhism traditions?
a. A syncretic faith: Buddhism w/ Chinese characteristics
b. Chan (or Zen in Japanese) was a popular Buddhist sect
6) Hostility to Buddhism from the Daoists & Confucians
7) Persecution; it survived because of popularity

B. Neo-Confucianism
1) Buddhist influence on Confucianism
a. Early Confucianism focused on practical issues (politics &
morality)
b. Confucians drew inspiration from Buddhism in logic, meta-
physics
2) Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE), most prominent neo-Confucian scholar

4. Chinese Influence in East Asia

A. Korea and Vietnam

1) The Silla dynasty of Korea (669-935 CE)
a. Tang armies conquered much of Korea; the Silla dynasty
organized resistance
b. Korea entered into a tributary relationship w/ China
2) China’s influence in Korea
a. Tributary embassies included Korean royal officials & scholars
b. The Silla kings built a new capital at Kumsong modeled on Tang
c. Korean elite turned to neo-Confucianism; peasants turned to
Chan Buddhism
3) Difference between Korea & China: aristocracy & royal houses
dominated Korea
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Ch 15 Tang/Song China November 7, 2011

4) China & Vietnam

a. Viet people adopted Chinese agriculture, schools, & thought
b. Tributary relationship w/ China
c. When Tang fell, Vietnam gained independence
5) Difference between Vietnam & China
a. Many Vietnamese retained their religious traditions
b. Women played more prominent roles in Vietnam than in China
6) Chinese influence in Vietnam: bureaucracy & Buddhism

B. Early Japan How & where did

1) Nara Japan (710-794 CE) governmental diffusion
a. Earliest Japanese inhabitants Japan = nomads from NE Asia occur in the post-
b. Ruled by dozens of states by the middle of the 1st millennium CE. classical era?
c. Inspired by Tang example, one clan claimed imperial authority
over others
d. Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 CE, modeled on Chang’an
e. Adopted Confucianism & Buddhism, but maintained Shinto rites
2) Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
a. Moved to new capital, Heian (modern Kyoto), in 794
b. Japanese emperors = ceremonial figureheads & symbols of
authority
c. Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family
d. Emperor did not rule, which explains the longevity of the
imperial house
e. Chinese learning dominated Japanese education & pol thought
3) The Tale of Genji was written by a woman, Murasaki Shikibu
4) Decline of Heian Japan
a. The equal-field system began to fail
b. Aristocratic clans accumulated most land
c. Taira & Minamoto (two most powerful clans) engaged in wars
d. Clan leader of Minamoto claimed title shogun, military
governor; ruled in Kamakura

C. Medieval Japan was a Period of Decentralization

1) Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) & Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods
a. De-emphasized professional bureaucracy, social etiquette,
courtesy & refinement.
2) Instead, warlords favored the samurai
a. Professional warriors
b. Valued for their loyalty, military talent & discipline
c. Observed samurai code called bushido
d. To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku
(hari kari)