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AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ [750 wLª. n‡Z 1258 wLª. ch©š— ] 9

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Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask n‡”Q AveŸvmxq es†ki kvmb| Bmjv‡gi †MŠie`xß Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv
n‡qwQj G mgq| DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi cZ‡bi ci 750 wLª. AveŸvmxq ivRes‡ki kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq|
AveŸvmxq‡ì my`xN© cuvPk eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kvj gymwjg kvmb eë¯’vi µgweKv‡ki †¶‡Î GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb
iv‡L| hy×-weMÖn I ivR¨ we¯—v‡ii cwie‡Z© gymwjg mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| DgvBqv hyM wQj
Avie‡ì GKK Avwac‡Zï hyM| AveŸvmxq hy‡M DgvBqv‡ì msKxY© ivóªbxwZi cwieZ©b K‡i D`vi ˆbwZK
`„wófw½i cwiPq †`q| AveŸvmxqiv Avie-Abvie mKj †kªYxi gymjgvb‡ì mgvb AwaKvi `vb K‡ib| ZvB
AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ wQj me©Rbxb| AveŸvmxq ivRes‡k †gvU 37 Rb Lwjdv kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv
750 wLª÷vã n‡Z 1258 wLª÷vã ch©š— kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
DgvBqv hy‡M gymjgvbiv we¯—xY© GjvKv wb‡q mvgªvR¨ cwiPvjbv KiZ| Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I BD‡ivc G wZbwU
gnv‡`‡ki Dci gymjgvb‡ì KZ©„Z¡ wQj| AveŸvmxqiv ¶gZvq G‡j wekvj mvgªvR¨ wZbwU As‡k fvM n‡q hvq|
†¯úb DgvBqv‡ì kvm‡b †_‡K Ges DËi Avwd«Kvq ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg dv‡Zgxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|
GK‡Kw›`ªK mvgªv‡Rï cwie‡Z© wZbwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg iv‡Rï D™¢e nq| DgvBqv‡ì ivR‡Z¡ Avi‡ei cÖvavb¨
Ges wnsmvi ivRbxwZ †ewk PjZ| wKš—z AveŸvmxqiv åvZ…Z¡, mvg¨ I ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ kª×v‡eva wb‡q D`vi ˆbwZK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K ivRZ¡ cwiPvjbv K‡i| d‡j Zuv‡ì ivRZ¡Kvj `xN©vwqZ nq| G mgq GKK Aviexq
RvZxqZvev‡ì cZb Ges wek¦Rbxb gymwjg RvZxqZvev‡ì J‡b¥l N‡U|
AveŸvmxq Avg‡j ivRbxwZ‡ZI ¸YMZ cwieZ©b Av‡m| DwRi ev gš¿xi c` m„wó nq| `v‡g‡¯‹i cwie‡Z© evM`v`
ivRavbx I †K›`ªf‚wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| AveŸvmxq‡ì ivR¨ we¯—vi bxwZ bv _vKvq mvgwiK kw³ n«vm cvq| G‡Z
mvgªvR¨ msKzwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| AveŸvmxq LwjdvMY ivR¨ weR‡qi †P‡q Ava¨vwÍK I Ávb-weÁv‡bi DrK‡l©i cÖwZ
†ewk bRi †`b| AveŸvmxq Avg‡j mKj †kªYxi gymjgvbMY wLjvd‡Zi kvmb Kv‡h© KZ©„Z¡ Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
gvIqvwjMY gyw³ jvf K‡i Ges Zviv Avie‡ì mv‡_ mgvb AwaKvi †c‡q ¶gZvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
AveŸvmxq hy‡M wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ Ges Ávb-weÁv‡bi cÖf‚Z DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ AveŸvmxq hyM wQj Ávb-
weÁv‡bi hyM| AveŸvmxqiv 508 eQi ch©š— ivRZ¡ K‡ib| Zuv‡ì cÖ_g Lwjdv wQ‡jb Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&-
mvddvn| AveŸvmxq es‡ki Lwjdv‡ì g‡a¨ Avj-gbmyi, nvi“b-Ai-ikx` Ges Avj gvgyb wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ|
Zuv‡ì Avgj‡K BwZnv‡mi †mvbvjx hyM ejv nq| Guiv wQ‡jb AmvaviY Ávb wcqvmx| Zuv‡ì D`vi I Acwimxg
`v‡b gymwjg mf¨Zv c~Y© weKvk jvf K‡i| Zuv‡ì ci n‡Z AveŸvmxq‡ì cZ‡bi hyM ïi“ nq| Lwjdv
gymZvwmg wej−vni wbnZ I evM`v‡ì cZ‡bi gva¨g AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cwimgvwß N‡U|
GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg
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cvV 1 AveŸvmxq‡ì cwiPq I Av‡›`vjb

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AveŸvmxq Kviv Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvi †cÖ¶vcU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvi NUbv ci¯úivi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
AveŸvmxq‡ì cwiPq
nhiZ gynv¤§v` (m)-Gi PvPv wQ‡jb Avj-AveŸvm (iv)| wZwb wQ‡jb Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei cyÎ| Avj-AveŸv‡mi
bvgvbymv‡i AveŸvmxq ivRes‡ki bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| AveŸvmxqMY KzivBk es‡ki nvwkgx kvLv †_‡K D™¢~Z|
DgvBqvivI KzivBk es‡ki| Z‡e ivm~jyj−vni (m) wbKUZg wQ‡jb AveŸvmxqiv| GRb¨ Zuviv wb‡R‡ì‡K
wLjvd‡Zi mwZ¨Kvi `vwe`vi e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zvuiv AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb DgvBqvMY Zuv‡ì †_‡K †Rvi K‡i
wLjvdZ wQwb‡q wb‡q‡Q| Zvu‡ì GB b¨vh¨ `vwe ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ Zuviv DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o
†Zvjvi †Póv K‡ib|
nhiZ AveŸvm 32 wnRwi‡Z Bwš—Kvj K‡ib| Zuvi Pvi cyÎ Avãyj−vn, dhj, Devq`yj−v Ges KvBmvb| eo †Q‡j
Avãyj−vn BwZnv‡m Be‡b AveŸvm bv‡g cwiwPZ| nhiZ AveŸv‡mi Pvi cyÎB †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wQ‡jb| Zvuiv nhiZ
Avjxi (iv) mg_©‡b wmd&wd‡bi hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib| Zuviv nhiZ Avjx (iv) I Zuvi cyÎ‡ì mg_©K I
mn‡hvMx wQ‡jb| Kvievjvi gg©vwš—K NUbvq Be‡b AveŸvm LyeB †kvKvnZ nb| wZwb 70 eQi eq‡m fvOv gb
wb‡q Zv‡q‡d g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zzï ci cyÎ Avjx cwiev‡ii `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib| 735 wLª÷v‡ã
Avjxi g„Zz¨ n‡j cyÎ gynv¤§` Zuvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| gynv¤§` LyeB D”Pvwfjvlx wQ‡jb| wZwb g‡b g‡b wLjvdZ
`L‡ji evmbv †cvlY Ki‡Zb| wZwbB wQ‡jb AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb Ges cÖ_g D‡`¨v³v|
gynv¤§v` AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb I cÖ_g D‡`¨v³v

gynv¤§‡ì Av‡›`vj‡bi `y‡Uv w`K wQj wLjvd‡Z Zuvi es‡ki `vwei b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| Gi mc‡¶ wZwb
eskvbyµwgK m~‡Îi K_v mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡ib| Kvievjvq Bgvg ûmvB‡bi kvnv`v‡Zi ci Bmjv‡gi
BgvgZ (†bZ…Z¡) dv‡Zgxq‡ì Rb¨ †kl n‡q hvq| †Kbbv nhiZ dv‡Zgvi es‡ki GKgvÎ RxweZ cyi“l wQ‡jb
Bgvg ûmvB‡bi 6 eQ‡ii †Q‡j hqbyj Av‡e`xb| wZwb bvevjK nIqvq Zuvi Dci BgvgZ Ac©Y Kiv hvq bv|
myZivs Bgvg ûmvB‡bi kvnv`v‡Zi ci hqbyj Av‡e`x‡bi mr gv‡qi †Q‡j gynv¤§` Avj-nvbvwdqvi Dci BgvgZ
Awc©Z nq|
nhiZ Avjx (iv) nhiZ dv‡Zgv (iv)-Gi g„Zzï ci nvbvwdqv †Mv‡Îi GK gwnjv‡K we‡q K‡ib, †m N‡ii mš—
vb n‡jb GB gynv¤§` Avj-nvbvwdqv| gynv¤§` Avj nvbvwdqvi g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ nvwkg †bZ…Z¡ †`b| nvwkg
g„Zzï c~‡e© Zuvi †bZ…Z¡ gynv¤§v` web Avjx web Avãyj−vn‡K w`‡q hvb| gynv¤§` web Avjx gviv hvevi Av‡M Zuvi
wZb cyÎ Beivnxg, AveŸvm Avm mvddvn Ges Avey Rvdi‡K ch©vqµ‡g wLjvd‡Zi Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ K‡i hvb|
Gfv‡e AveŸvmxqiv wLjvd‡Zi `vwe`vi nb Ges Zv cybi“×v‡ii Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
nhiZ gynv¤§v‡ì (m) wbKUZi AvÍxqZvi `vwe

DgvBqv I AveŸvmxqiv KzivBk es‡ki n‡jI DgvBqv‡ì †P‡q AveŸvmxqiv nhiZ gynv¤§` (m)-Gi wbKUZi
wQ‡jb| nhiZ gynv¤§‡ì (m) PvPv AveŸvm Be‡b Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei bv‡gB G es‡ki bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Aciw`‡K DgvBqvMY Ave`yk kvg‡mi eskai| Kv‡RB AveŸvmxqMY bexi (m) †ewk wbK‡Ui wQj|
gynv¤§v` web Avjx wbR `vwei mc‡¶ G mKj hyw³ w`‡q e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| mvaviY gvby‡li e¨vcK
mg_©b Zuvi w`‡K P‡j Av‡m| ZvQvov gyqvweqvi K~U‡KŠkj, Bqvwh‡ì A‡hvM¨Zv Ges Kvievjvi gg©vwš—K
NUbvq gymjgvbMY DgvBqv‡ì wec‡¶ P‡j hvq| Gfv‡eB DgvBqv we‡ivax AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z
_v‡K|
AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg

0 DgvBqv‡ì ˆ¯îkvmb t ¶gZvmxb DgvBqv kvmKiv ˆ¯îbxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i| Zuviv G‡Ki ci GK hyjyg-
wbh©vZb Ki‡Z _v‡K| ivm~j (m) I Avjx (iv) eskxq †jvK‡ì wei“‡× nZ¨v-mš¿vm Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| Zuviv
Kvievjvi cÖvš—‡i ivm~j (m)-Gi †`ŠwnÎ Bgvg ûmvBbmn Zuvi cwievi I m½x-mv_x‡ì Dci †jvgnl©K I
ü`qwe`viK nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| eû wbiciva mvnvex, Zvweqx I mZ¨cš’x‡ì‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| †gvUK_v wek¦
BwZnv‡mi GKUv ee©iZg ˆ¯îkvm‡bi Aa¨vq iPbv K‡i Zuviv| Zuv‡ì G‡nb hyjy‡gi wei“‡× Rbg‡b
cÖwZ‡kv‡ai Av¸b a~gvwqZ n‡Z _v‡K|
0 DgvBqv we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb t DgvBqv kvmK‡ì ˆ¯îZš¿ I K‚U‡KŠk‡ji wei“‡× RbgZ HKë× n‡Z _v‡K|
mgMÖ mvgªvRë¨vcx Nb Nb we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K| GB a~gvwqZ Am‡š—vl ax‡i ax‡i we‡ùvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|
†Rvi`vi n‡Z _v‡K DgvBqv we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb| wØZxq gviIqv‡bi mgq G Av‡›`vjb P~ovš— iƒcjvf K‡i|
0 AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi RbwcÖqZv jvf t DgvBqv‡ì Kvh©Kjv‡c RbMY wQj we¶zä| Ggb mgq m~ÎcvZ nq
AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi| nhiZ gynv¤§` (m)-Gi PvPv nhiZ AveŸvm Be‡b Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei cyÎ cÖL¨vZ mvnvex
nhiZ Avãyj−vni cyÎ Avjx GB Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| cieZx© mg‡q Zuvi cyÎ gynv¤§v` GB Av‡›`vj‡bi
†bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
AveŸvmxq †bZ…e„›` gymjgvb‡ì‡K wbðqZv w`‡q e‡jb †h, Zuviv ivm~j (mv)-Gi es‡ki †jvK, Zuviv KziAvb-
mybœvn Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡eb, Zuv‡ì nv‡Z Avj−vni wewa weavb Kv‡qg n‡e| AveŸvmxq †bZv Aveyj AveŸvm Avm
mvddvn ebx DgvBqv‡ì AZ¨vPvi AwePv‡ii welq D‡j−L K‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, ÒAvwg Avkv Kwi, †h Lv›`vb †_‡K
†Zvgiv Kj¨vY jvf K‡iQ, †m Lv›`vb n‡Z †Zvgv‡ì Dci †Kvb hyjyg-wbh©vZb Pvjvb n‡e bv| †h Lv›`vb n‡Z
†Zvgiv ms‡kva‡bi c_ jvf K‡iQ, †m Lv›`vb †Zvgv‡ì Ici †Kvb aŸsm ev wech©q †W‡K Avb‡e bv|Ó
Gfv‡e AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× cywÄf‚Z †¶vf wb‡q `‡j `‡j
†jvK AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM w`‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvi c_ cÖk¯— n‡Z _v‡K|
AveŸvmxq‡ì wLjvdZ
0 gynv¤§v‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡›`vjb t nhiZ Avãyj−vn Be‡b AveŸvm g„ZzëiY Kivi cieZx© ch©v‡q Zuvi †cŠÎ
gynv¤§v` cwiev‡ii †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| gynv¤§` AveŸvmxqM‡Yi Rb¨ wLjvdZ `L‡ji cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb wLjvdZ Zuvi Ges Zuvi es‡ki `vwei b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ me©mvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖPviKvh©
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb|
AveŸvmxqMY KzivBk es‡ki nv‡kgx kvLv n‡Z D™¢~Z| myZivs Zuviv DgvBqv‡ì †P‡q gynv¤§` (m)-Gi wbKUZg,
GB `vwe RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zuviv ivm~j (m) I Avjx (iv) cwiev‡ii ¯^v_© i¶vi msMÖvg Ki‡Qb, g‡b
K‡i RbmvaviY we‡klZ Bivbx wkqviv GB Av‡›`vjb‡K AKzÉfv‡e mg_©b K‡ib| DgvBqv‡ì A‰bmjvgx I
ˆ¯îbxwZ‡Z ¶zä mybœx gymjgvbivI GB Av‡›`vj‡bi mg_©K n‡Z _v‡K|
0 Kvievjvi nZ¨vKvÊ I †Rvi`vi Av‡›`vjb t B‡Zvg‡a¨ Kvievjv cÖvš—‡i msNwUZ nq BwZnv‡mi ee©iZg
nZ¨vKvÊ| gyqvweqv (iv)-Gi cyÎ PwiÎnxb DgvBqv Lwjdv Bqvwh‡ì Bw½‡Z ivm~j (m)-Gi †`ŠwnÎ Bgvg
ûmvBb (iv) mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb| Bgvg ûmvB‡bi i³ gymwjg we‡k¦ cÖPÊ we‡¶v‡fi m„wó K‡i| Ggwb
†cÖ¶vc‡U AveŸvmxqiv Zuv‡ì Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡i| µ‡g G Av‡›`vjb gReyZ wfwË jvf K‡i| Lwjdv wnkv‡gi
g„Zzï ci GB Av‡›`vjb kw³kvjx n‡q I‡V| wØZxq gviIqv‡bi Avg‡j Zv cÖej AvKvi aviY K‡i| G mgq
gynv¤§`-Gi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi cyÎ Beivnxg AveŸvmxq‡ì †bZv wbhy³ nb| †mŠfvM¨ µ‡g wZwb Zvi cÖPvi Kv‡h©i
Rb¨ AmvaviY †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ Avey gymwjg †Lvimvbx‡K cvb|
Avey gymwjg-Gi cÖPviYv t AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡b cÖej MwZ m„wó K‡ib Avey gymwjg †Lvivmvbx| wZwb Beivnx‡gi
mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z nb| Zuvi wQj AmvaviY evM¥xZv-evKPvZzh©| Zvi e³…Zvq me©¯—‡ii †jvK GgbwK
kÎ“I Zuvi mn‡hvMx n‡q †hZ| Zuvi cÖPviYvq wngvixq, gy`vixq wbwe©‡k‡l me©¯—‡ii †jvK AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡b
kixK n‡Z _v‡K|
†Lvivmvb `Lj t Avey gymwj‡gi cÖPviYvq Avjvfx, dv‡Zgx, mybœx, gvIqvjx, LvwiRx, wkqv cÖf…wZ `j I g‡Zi
†jvK Zv‡ì mKj gZcv_©K¨ fz‡j Avey gymwj‡gi cZvKv Z‡j mg‡eZ n‡Z _vKj| Gfv‡e †Lvivmvb
AveŸvmxq‡ì kw³kvjx NuvwU‡Z cwiYZ nj| DgvBqv Lwjdv gviIqvb hLb wmwiqvq Ges †Lvivmv‡bi DgvBqv
kvmbKZ©v bvmi Be‡b mvBqvi hLb wKigv‡bi LvwiRx m¤úª`v‡qi wei“‡× hy‡× wjß wQ‡jb, ZLb Avey gymwjg
G my‡hv‡M †Lvivmv‡b AveŸvmxqM‡Yi Kv‡jv cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib| wZwb ivRavbx gvf© `Lj K‡ib| bvmi Avey
gymwj‡gi †mbvcwZ KvnvZvev KZ©„K civwRZ n‡q gviIqv‡bi wbKU mvnvh¨ †P‡q cvVvb| mvnvh¨ G‡m †cuŠQevi
Av‡MB †Lvivmvb I ciMYv Avey gymwj‡gi n¯—MZ nq| cjvqbci bvmi wbnZ nb|
0 BivK AwaKvi t †Lvivmv‡bi cZ‡bi ci gviIqvb wePwjZ n‡q AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j †bZv Beivnxg‡K
e›`x K‡ib| wKš—z Avey gymwjg †mw`‡K KY©cvZ bv K‡i AMÖhvÎv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Zvi †mbvcwZ
KvnvZvev I Lvwj` web evg©vK BD‡d«wUm b`x cvi n‡q HwZnvwmK Kvievjv cÖvš—‡i nvwRi nb| GLv‡b Biv‡Ki
DgvBqv kvmK Bqvwh‡ì mv‡_ Zv‡ì GK i³¶qx hy× nq| hy‡× Bqvwh` civwRZ n‡q cjvqb K‡ib| d‡j
Biv‡Ki ivRavbx KydvI Avey gymwj‡gi AwaKv‡i Av‡m|
0 wbnvIqv›` I †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv AwaKvi t G w`‡K Avey gymwj‡gi Aci †mbvcwZ Avey Avqvm gviIqv‡bi cyÎ
Avãyj−vn‡K civwRZ K‡i cvi‡mï wbnvIqv›` I †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv `Lj K‡ib| G mKj `ytmsev` ï‡b Lwjdv
gviIqvb †i‡M AwMœkg©v n‡q I‡Vb Ges AveŸvmxq †bZv Beivnxg‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| g„Zzï c~‡e© Beivnxg Zuvi
fvB Aveyj AveŸvm‡K DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i B”QvcÎ †i‡L hvb|
0 Aveyj AveŸv‡mi wLjvd‡Z Av‡ivnb t åvZv Beivnxg wbnZ nevi ci Aveyj AveŸvm Kv‡jv †cvkv‡K wb‡R‡K
Av”Qvw`Z K‡i †Mvc‡b Kydvq cÖ‡ek K‡ib| 749 wLª÷v‡ãi A‡±vei gv‡m (132 wnRwii iweDm mvbx) Kydvi
gmwR‡` Aveyj AveŸvm BivKevmxMY KZ©„K gymwjg Rvnv‡bi Lwjdv e‡j †NvwlZ nb| mg‡eZ BivKevmx Zuvi
cÖwZ AvbyM‡Zï kc_ MÖnY K‡i| evBqvZ MÖn‡Yi ci D‡Øvabx fvl‡Y wZwb hyjyg-wbh©vZ‡bi Aemvb Ges
DgvBqv‡ì b„ksmZvi wei“‡× cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi kc_ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb ÔAvm-mvddvn' ev i³ wccvmy Dcvwa
MÖnY K‡ib|
0 Rve-Gi hy× I AveŸvmxq‡ì wbi¼zk ¶gZv jvf t DgvBqv Lwjdv gviIqvb wLjvdZ cybi“×v‡i m‡Pó
n‡jb| GKjvL wek nvRvi ˆmb¨mn wZwb UvBwMÖm b`x AwZµg K‡i eo Rve b`xi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡jb|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avey Avqyb Aveyj AveŸv‡mi cvVv‡bv ˆmb¨ mvnvh¨cÖvß n‡jb| GB mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi †mbvcwZi
`vwqZ¡cÖvß nb Aveyj AveŸv‡mi R‰bK wcZ…e¨ Avãyj−vn|
750 wLª÷v‡ãi 25 Rvbyqvwi eo Rve b`xi c~e© Zx‡i Kzmvd bvgK MÖv‡g Dfq evwnbxi g‡a¨ hy× msNwUZ nq|
fqven G hy‡× gviIqvb †kvPbxqfv‡e civRq eiY K‡ib| gviIqv‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi
wPi Aemvb N‡U| wbi¼zkfv‡e ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib AveŸvmxqiv| mgMÖ DgvBqv mvgªvR¨ AveŸvmxq‡ì n¯—MZ
nq|
Gfv‡e ivm~j (m), Avjx-dvwZgvi eskai‡ì RbwcÖqZvi c_ a‡i ¶gZvq AwawôZ nb AveŸvmxqiv| GB
ivRes‡ki cÖwZôvq Avey gymwjg †Lvivmvwbi Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e| Zuvi g‡Zv AmvaviY cÖwZfv I
e¨w³Z¡ m¤úbœ †jv‡Ki †bZ…Z¡ bv †c‡j AveŸvmxqMY Ggb mvdj¨ jv‡f mg_© n‡Zv bv|
mvi-ms‡¶c
Avãyj gyËvwj‡ei cyÎ Avj-AveŸvm (iv) gnvbexi (m) PvPv wQ‡jb| Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i AveŸvmxq es‡ki bvgKiY|
AveŸvmxqiv wb‡R‡ì‡K wewfbœ hyw³‡Z wLjvd‡Zi `vwe`vi e‡j g‡b KiZ| ZvQvov, DgvBqv‡ì AveŸvmxq‡ì
cÖwZ AZ¨vPvi I wbh©vZb we‡kl K‡i Kvievjvi cÖvš—‡i Bgvg ûmvB‡bi kvnv`vZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i AviI gg©vwš—K
cwi‡e‡ki m„wó K‡i| mvaviY gvbyl DgvBqv‡ì kvmbbxwZ‡Z exZ kª× n‡q c‡o| G my‡hvM Kv‡R jvwM‡q
AveŸvmxqiv ¶gZv cvIqvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib| GK mgq DgvBqv‡ì cZb NwU‡q Zuviv ¶gZvq P‡j
Av‡mb| Zuv‡ì es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvn|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.1

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b
1. nhiZ gynv¤§v` (m) Gi ................ wQ‡jb Avj-AveŸvm (iv)|
2. wZwb wQ‡jb ........... ............ cyÎ|
3. ................. bvgvbymv‡i AveŸvmxq ivRes‡ki bvgKiY Kiv nq|
4. AveŸvmxqMY KzivBk es‡ki .............. †_‡K D™¢~Z|
5. DgvBqvivI ............. es‡ki|
6. Z‡e ivm~jyj−vn (m)-Gi wbKUZg wQ‡jb ................. |
7. GRb¨ Zuviv wb‡R‡ì ............. mwZ¨Kvi `vwe`vi e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
8. Zviv AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, DgvBqv Zuv‡ì †_‡K ........... K‡i wLjvdZ wQwb‡q wb‡q‡Q|
9. Zuv‡ì GB `vwe ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ Zuviv ........... wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Póv K‡ib|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. AveŸvmxq‡ì cwiPq w`b|
2. AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb I cÖ_g D‡`¨v³v †K wQ‡jb?
3. AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
4. AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vj‡bi msw¶ß eY©bv w`b|
5. Avey gymwjg‡K wQ‡jb? Zuvi m¤^‡Ü UxKv wjLyb|
cvV 2 AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvq Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvn (750-754 wLª.)-Gi f‚wgKv
D‡Ïk¨


Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&mvddvni cwiPq ej‡Z cvi‡eb
AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvq Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvn-Gi f‚wgKvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
 Aveyj AveŸv‡mi PwiÎ I K…wZ‡Z¡i weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
AveŸvmxq cÖ_g Lwjdvi cwiPq

AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖ_g Lwjdvi bvg Aveyj AveŸvm| Zuvi wcZvi bvg gynv¤§` Be‡b Avjx Be‡b Avãyj−vn
Be‡b AveŸvm Be‡b Avãyj gyËvwje| ivm~j (m)-Gi PvPv AveŸvm (iv)-Gi DËim~ix wQ‡jb wZwb| nhiZ
AveŸvm (iv)-Gi bvgvbymv‡i G ivRes‡ki bvg nq AveŸvmxq ivResk|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb t AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav Avey gymwjg hLb DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× weRqvwfhv‡b wjß
ZLb Zuvi fvB Beivnxg gviIqv‡bi nv‡Z e›`x nb| gviIqvb Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| g„Zzï c~‡e© wZwb fvB Aveyj
AveŸvm‡K Zuvi DËim~ix g‡bvbxZ K‡i hvb| 749 wLª÷v‡ã Kzdvi gmwR‡` Aveyj AveŸvm Lwjdv wn‡m‡e kc_
MÖnY K‡ib| RbmvaviY Zuvi cÖwZ AvbyM‡Zï kc_ MÖnY K‡i| 750 wLª÷v‡ãi Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Rv‡ei hy‡×
wØZxq gviIqv‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q DgvBqv es‡ki cZb N‡U| ZLb †_‡KB AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ ïi“ nq|
DgvBqv‡ì wbab hÁ I ¶gZv mymsnZKiY

wLjvdZ jv‡fi ci Aveyj AveŸvm AveŸvmxq‡ì ¶gZv mymsnZ Kivi cÖwZ g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| wZwb
DgvBqv‡ì hyjyg-wbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ `„p kc_ MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb wb‡R‡K ÔAvm-mvddvn' ev Ôi³
wccvmy' †LZv‡e f‚wlZ K‡ib|
750 wLª÷v‡ãi Rvbyqvwi‡Z DgvBqv Lwjdv gviIqv‡bi cZb n‡j wZwb cÖwZ‡kv‡ai Av¸b †R¡‡j †`b| wZwb
DgvBqv esk‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wPwýZ Kivi GK fqven Db¥v`bvq †g‡Z I‡Vb| Be‡b Lvj`yb wj‡Lb †h, Òeby
DgvBqv‡ì ivRavbx `v‡g¯‹ Rq K‡i AveŸvmxq ˆmbïv †mLv‡b MYnZ¨v Pvjvq| G nZ¨vKv‡Ê 50 nvRvi †jvK
wbnZ nq| 70 w`b hveZ `v‡g‡¯‹i DgvBqv Rv‡g gmwR` †Nvovi Av¯—ve‡j cwiYZ n‡qwQj| mKj eby
DgvBqvi Kei Dc‡o †djv nq| eby DgvBqv wkï‡ì‡KI nZ¨v Kiv nq Ges Zv‡ì i³v³ jv‡ki Ici divk
wewQ‡q Lv`¨ LvIqv nq| emivq eby DgvBqv‡ì nZ¨v K‡i g„Z‡ì‡K cv a‡i †U‡b G‡b iv¯—vq †d‡j †`qv
nq| †mLv‡b wkqvj KzKzi Zv‡ì jvk f¶Y K‡i| g°v g`xbvqI Zv‡ì mv‡_ G ai‡bi AvPiY Kiv nq|
DgvBqv‡ì aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ †mbvcwZ I PvPv Avãyj−vn‡K Kv‡R jvMvq| emiv, g`xbv, g°v I c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi
wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi DgvBqv es‡ki cyi“l‡ì †kl K‡i †`qv nq| ¯¿x †jvK‡ì‡K µxZ`vmx iƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq|
†Kej RxweZ DgvBqv‡ì cÖwZB cÖwZ‡kva †bqv nqwb; g„Z DgvBqv‡ì †_‡KI cÖwZ‡kva †bevi Rb¨ Kei
†_‡K Zv‡ì Zz‡j cywo‡q †djv nq| ïay gyqvweqv I Dgi Be‡b Avãyj Avhx‡hi Kei hv‡ì nvZ †_‡K †Kvb
iK‡g i¶v †c‡qwQj| AveŸvmxq‡ì G wbab h‡Ái nvZ †_‡K †Kvb iK‡g cvwj‡q †M‡jb Lwjdv wnkv‡gi
†cŠÎ cÖ_g Avãyi ingvb (Av`-`vwLj)| wZwb †¯ú‡b wM‡q gymwjg kw³‡K cybM©wVZ K‡i †mLv‡b DgvBqv
AvwgivZ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e GKw`‡K cÖwZ‡kva ¯ú„nv, Aciw`‡K Zv‡ì wmsnvm‡bi m¤¢ve¨ kÎ“‡ì‡K
DrLvZ K‡i Aveyj AveŸvm Zuvi ¶gZv‡K mymsnZ K‡ib|
we‡`ªvn `gb
Aveyj AveŸv‡mi wbôziZv I wbg©gZvq ¶zä n‡q RbMY Zuvi c¶ Z¨vM K‡i we‡`ªvn Ki‡Z _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i
wmwiqv I †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, `v‡g¯‹, wngm I c¨v‡j÷vBb gyNj, BmivBj Ges wKwbœwmwi‡bi RbMY AveŸvmxq‡ì
wbôziZvi wei“‡× cÖwZev` I we‡`ªvn K‡i| wZwb †KŠk‡j mKj we‡`ªvn `gb K‡ib| Z‡e †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi
we‡`ªvn `g‡b Aveyj AveŸvm‡K †eM †c‡Z nq| wZwb Zv‡ì `g‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Ri fvB Avey Rvdi‡K †mLv‡b
cvVvb| `xN©w`b a‡i Ae‡iva K‡i ivLvi ci nvievb-Gi cZb N‡U Ges †mLv‡b Avey Rvdi kvwš— I k„´Ljv
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb| DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi cZ‡bi ci Biv‡Ki DgvBqv Mfb©i BqvwR` web-ûevBiv hy‡×
civwRZ n‡q Iqvwm‡Z Avkªq †bb| Zv‡K kv‡q¯—v Kivi Rb¨ Aveyj AveŸvm Zuvi fvB Avey Rdi I nvmvb-web-
KvnvZve‡K cvVvb|
ivRavbx ¯’vbvš—i
Kzdv wQj nhiZ Avjx (iv)-Gi mg_©K‡ì e¨vcK Ae¯’vb ¯’j| Aveyj AveŸvm Kzdv‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ wbivc`
g‡b Ki‡jb bv| wZwb nxivi AbwZ`~‡i Avbevi bvgK ¯’v‡b ivRavbx ¯’vbvš—i K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb Aveyj
AveŸvm Avj nv‡kgxi bv‡g ivR cÖvmv` ˆZwi K‡ib| Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvn m¤¢ve¨ we‡`ªvn `gb Ges
ivRavbx cwieZ©b K‡i AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ‡K kÎ“gy³ I wbivc` Ki‡jb| wLjvd‡Zi wbivcËv‡K AviI ejxô
I `„p Kivi Rb¨ wZwb cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v c‡` e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib|
cÖkvm‡b AvÍxq I mg_©K‡ì wb‡qvM
Aveyj AveŸvm cÖkvmb‡K wb‡Ri AbyK‚j ivLvi Rb¨ cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ ¯—‡i wbR eskxq AvÍ
xq-¯^Rb I mg_©K‡ì
wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e wLjvdZ‡K cybivq †MvÎxqKiY K‡ib| wZwb wbR fvB Avey Rvdi‡K
†g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, Av‡g©wbqv I AvRvi evBRv‡bi kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib| PvPv `vD`‡K wnRvR, Bqv‡gb I
Bqvgvgvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| ZvQvov Avãyj−vn‡K wmwiqvi, myjvBgvb‡K emivi kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e AwawôZ
K‡ib| †Lvivmv‡b wbhy³ K‡ib wek¦¯— Avey gymwjg‡K Ges wgm‡i wbhy³ K‡ib Avey AvBqyb‡K| DRx‡ii c‡`
wbhy³ K‡ib Avey mvjgv‡K, A_©gš¿x evbvb Lvwj`-web-evg©vK‡K|
g„Zz¨ t Pvi eQi wZb gvm ivRZ¡ Kivi ci 754 wLª. Ryb gv‡m Aveyj AveŸvm Zuvi bZzb ivRavbx‡Z emš— †iv‡M
Avµvš— n‡q Bwš—Kvj K‡ib| g„Zz¨Kv‡j Zuvi eqm n‡qwQj 30 eQi| g„Zzï c~‡e© wZwb Zuvi fvB Avey Rvdi‡K
wbR DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i hvb|
Aveyj AveŸv‡mi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

AveŸvmxq es‡ki cÖ_g Lwjdv Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&-mvddvn| wZwb AZ¨š— wbôzi cÖK…wZi †jvK wQ‡jb|
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avm&-mvddvn DgvBqv‡ì‡K mg~‡j aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ b„ksm nZ¨vhÁ
Pvjvb| G cÖm‡½ HwZnvwmK I‡qj e‡jb, A_©vr Aveyj AveŸvm ïay ee©i cvlÊB wQ‡jb bv, f‚qv A½xKviKvix
Ges K…ZNœ wek¦vmNvZKI wQ‡jb|
0 wbôziZv t Aveyj AveŸvm GKRb wbôzi I ü`qnxb e¨w³ wQ‡jb| wZwb †h †Kvb ai‡bi K‡VviZv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| wbôziZv I b„ksmZvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K Ôi³ wccvmy' (Avm-mvd&dvn) Dcvwa †`qv nq|
0 cÖwZ‡kva ¯ú„nv t gvbweK w`K w`‡q Zuvi K…Z b„ksm Kvh©vejx wb›`bxq n‡jI Zuvi c~e© cyi“l‡ì cÖwZ
DgvBqv‡ì K…Z Aciva Ges eskxq kvmb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cÖwZK‚j wech©‡qi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
m¤ú~Y© A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|
KZ©e¨civqY I PwiÎevb t G mKj wbôziZv m‡Ë¡I wZwb m`vkq, KZ©e¨civqY Ges PwiÎevb wn‡m‡eB L¨vwZ
AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi gvÎ GKRb ¯¿x wQ‡jb| wZwb †Kvb cÖKvi Dc-cZœx MÖnY K‡ibwb| wbR cyÎ _vKv m‡Ë¡I
wZwb wbR åvZv Avey Rvdi‡K wmsnvm‡bi Rb¨ DËivwaKvix g‡bvbqb `vb K‡i GK gnr `„óvš— ¯’vcb K‡ib|
mykvmK t wbôzi n‡jI Avm&-mvddvn cÖRviÄK kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb Kzdv n‡Z g°v ch©š— `xN© ivRc_ ˆZwi
K‡ib Ges nRhvÎx‡ì myweavi Rb¨ iv¯—vi av‡i `~i djK ¯’vcb I mivBLvbv wbg©vY K‡ib|
Ávbx-¸Yx‡ì c„ô‡cvlK t Aveyj AveŸvm Ávbx, ¸Yx I Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡ì mgvì Ki‡Zb Ges Zuv‡ì GKvš—
c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi wLjvd‡Z Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (i) me©cÖ_g wdK&n kv‡¯¿i PP©v Avi¤¢ K‡ib| AveŸvmxq
wmsnvmb‡K KÈKgy³ Kivi Rb¨ hwÌ wZwb wbôziZvi c_ †e‡Q wb‡qwQ‡jb Z_vwcI wZwb GKRb m`vkq,
KZ©e¨civqY Ges cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK wQ‡jb|
mvi-ms‡¶c
DgvBqv es‡ki cZb Ges AveŸvmxq es‡ki DÌvb Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© NUbv| DgvBqv es‡ki
kvmbKZ©v‡ì ˆbwZK AatcZb AveŸvmxq mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôvi c_‡K myMg K‡i| AveŸvmxqMY wQ‡jb nhiZ
gynv¤§v` (m)-Gi PvPv AveŸv‡mi eskai| nhiZ AveŸv‡mi †R¨ô cyÎ Avãyj−vn Be‡b AveŸvm (iv) BwZnv‡m
Be‡b AveŸvm bv‡g cwiwPZ| wZwb nhiZ Avjx (iv)-Gi GKRb eo mg_©K wQ‡jb|
Be‡b AveŸv‡mi (iv) g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ Avjx cwiev‡ii KZ©„Z¡ jvf K‡ib| nhiZ Avjx I nhiZ gyqvweqvi
Ø›`¡, gyqvweqvi K‚UbxwZ, cÖ_g Bqvwh‡ì wbôziZv, Kvievjvi wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ DgvBqv‡ì ¯^RbcÖxwZ, Avjxi
eskai‡ì cÖwZ AwePvi cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y AveŸvmxqMY gynv¤§v‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ DgvBqv kvm‡bi wei“‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o
†Zv‡j Ges †kl ch©š— DgvBqv kvm‡bi cZb NwU‡q AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôv K‡i| gynv¤§v` web Avjx
DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb †h, GKgvÎ Avjxi eskaiivB wLjvd‡Zi cÖK…Z DËivwaKvix| d‡j
Av‡›`vjb e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i|
gynv¤§‡ì g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ Beivnxg AZ¨š— `¶Zvi mv‡_ Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv Kivi d‡j eû †jvK G
Av‡›`vj‡bi cZvKv Z‡j mg‡eZ nq| Gfv‡e DgvBqv we‡ivax Av‡›`vb P~ovš— iƒc jvf K‡i| me©‡kl DgvBqv
Lwjdv wØZxq gviIqvb hLb LvwiRx we‡`ªvn `g‡b e¨¯—, wVK ZLwb Avey gymwjg bm‡ii wei“‡× hy× †NvlYv
K‡ib| bmi hy‡× civwRZ I wbnZ n‡j †Lvivmvb Avey gymwj‡gi n¯—MZ nq| DgvBqv Lwjdv gviIqvb KZ©„K
Bgvg Beivnx‡gi b„ksm nZ¨vq ¶zä n‡q AveŸvmxqMY cÖej AvµgY cwiPvjbv K‡i DgvBqv kvwmZ wewfbœ
AÂj `Lj K‡i †bb| Bgvg Beivnx‡gi g„Zzï ci Avey gymwjg Aveyj AveŸvm‡K Lwjdv e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib|
AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡i wZwb DgvBqv‡ì b„ksmZvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi kc_ wb‡q Avm&-mvddvn Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
HwZnvwmK hv‡ei hy‡× gviIqv‡bi civR‡q DgvBqv es‡ki fvM¨ iwe wPiZ‡i A¯—wgZ n‡q hvq Ges DgvBqv
wLjvd‡Zi aŸsm¯—~‡ci Ici AveŸvmxqMY wLjvdZ cÖwZôv K‡i be w`M‡š—i m~Pbv K‡ib|

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1. AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖ_g Lwjdvi bvg-
K. Avj-AveŸvm L. gyqvweqv M. Aveyj AveŸvm N. gynv¤§` web
Avjx
2. Avm-mvddvn A_© n‡”Q-
K. i³-wccvmy L. i³-cÖevn M. ivRZš¿ N. ˆ¯îvPvix
3. AveŸvmx‡ì wbab hÁ †_‡K cvwj‡q †Kvb iK‡g †eu‡P wM‡q †¯ú‡b DgvBqv wLjvdZ cÖwZôv K‡ib-
K. gyqvweqv L. Bqvwh`
M. g~mv web bymvBi N. Ave`yi ingvb Av`-`vwLj|
4. Aveyj AveŸvm Zuvi ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib-
K. Avbevi bvgK ¯’v‡b L. Kzdvq M. Kvievjvi M. evM`v`
5. Aveyj AveŸvm wQ‡jb-
K. KzkvmK L. ˆ¯îvPvix M. mykvmb N. AbvPvix
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. Aveyj AveŸvm-Avm mvdvni cwiPq w`b|
2. DgvBqv‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi bxwZ eY©bv Ki“b|
3. Aveyj AveŸv‡mi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki“b|
cvV 3 Avj-gbmyi (754-775 wLª.)-Gi wLjvdZ Ges AveŸvmxq kvmb `„pxKiY

D‡Ïk¨


Avj-gbmy‡ii wLjvdZ jvf m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
AveŸvmxq kvmb `„pxKi‡Y Zuvi f‚wgKvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
 Zuvi kvmb eë¯’v †Kgb wQj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AveŸvmxq cÖ_g Lwjdv Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&-mvddvni eo fvB wQ‡jb Avey Rvdi Avj-gbmyi| Zuvi bvg wQj
Avey Rvdi| wZwb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb Kivi ci wb‡R‡K Avj-gbmyi (weRqx) e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| ZLb †_‡K
wZwb Avj-gbmyi bv‡g †ewk cwiwPZ|
Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&-mvddvn 754 wLª÷v‡ã gviv hvb| G mgq Avey Rvdi n¾ Dcj‡¶ g°vq wQ‡jb| G
Kvi‡Y Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvni g„Zzï ci Zuvi fvwZRv Cmv Zuvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Avey Rvd‡ii bv‡g kc_
evK¨ cvV K‡ib| fvB‡qi g„Zzï Lei ï‡b Avey Rvdi n¾ †k‡l `ª“Z Kzdvq wd‡i Av‡mb| G mgq wZwb
gmwR` cÖvš—‡i cÖ_g D‡Øvabx fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvn AveŸvmxq es‡ki cÖ_g kvmK| wZwb AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡b Ges ¶gZv jvf K‡iI
GKK K…wZZ¡ jv‡f m¶g nbwb| mgq ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y Avm&mvddvni c‡¶ AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ‡K my`„p wfwËi
Dci cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| G Ae¯’vq Lwjdv Avj gbmyi `~i`kx©Zv I K‚UbxwZi Øviv Af¨š—ixY I ewntkÎ“i
†gvKv‡ejv K‡i AveŸvmxq wdjvdZ‡K my`„pwfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| Avgxi Avjx h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÒG ivR
cwiev‡ii LwjdvM‡Yi AcÖwZnZ ¶gZv Ges ivR‰bwZK cÖvavb¨ †jv‡ci ciI Bnv‡ì cÖf‚Z cÖwZcwË ZuviB
`~i`kx©Zvi ¸‡Y m¤¢e n‡qwQj|Ó GKvi‡YB Avj gbmyi‡K AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|
AveŸvmxq kvmb `„pxKi‡Y Avj-gbmy‡ii bxwZ wQjÑ
1. Af¨š—ixY we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i kvwš— ¯’vcb Ges ivR¨‡K mymsnZKiY
2. ivR¨ we¯—vibxwZ
3. cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi
Af¨š—ixY we‡`ªvn `gb

Ave`yj−vn web Avjxi we‡`ªvn `gb
wmwiqvi kvmbKZ©v Ave`yj−vn web Avjx Rv‡ei hy‡× DgvBqv evwnbx‡K P~ovš—fv‡e civwRZ K‡ib| Avm&-
mvddvi cÖwZkª“wZ Abymv‡i wZwb DgvBqv es‡ki cZ‡b wLjvdZ `vwe K‡ib| Avey Rvdi Avj-gbmyi‡K Lwjdv
wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z ivRx nbwb| Lwjdv Avj-gbmyi Avey gymwjg‡K Ave`yj−vni wei“‡× cvVvb| Avey gymwjg
754 wLª. bvwmex‡bi hy‡× Ave`yj−vn‡K civwRZ K‡ib| hy‡× civwRZ n‡q Ave`yj−vn Zvi fvB emivi Mfb©i
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cvV 4 Lwjdv Avj-gbmy‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

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Abyf‚wZ I ü`q‡K e¨w_Z K‡i‡Q|
Avj-gbmyi K…wZZ¡
AveŸvmxq es‡ki cÖK…Z ¯’cwZ t AveŸvmxq es‡ki cÖ_g Lwjdv Aveyj AveŸvm Avm&-mvddvn n‡jI wZwb mg‡qi
Afv‡e Zuvi esk‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| Lwjdv gbmyi my`„p nv‡Z we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i
mvgªv‡R¨ kvwš—-k„´Ljv I msnwZ wdwi‡q Av‡bb| mvgªvR¨ we¯—vi, mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i m¤úªmviY, myôz kvmb eë¯’v Øviv
mvgªv‡Rï ¯’vwqZ¡ Ges wbivcËv weavb K‡ib| Ávb-weÁvb PP©v I wk¶v-`x¶vi c„ô‡cvlKZv Øviv mf¨Zvi
D‡b¥l mvab K‡i AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ‡K my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| G me w`K we‡ePbv K‡i Lwjdv
Avj-gbmyi‡K AveŸvmxq es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|
`~i`„wóm¤úbœ ivRbxwZwe` t `~i`„wóm¤úbœ ivRbxwZwe` I kvmK wn‡m‡e Lwjdv gbmyi wQ‡jb †m hy‡Mi
AcÖwZØ›`¡x I me©‡kªô| Lwjdv Rvb‡Zb GKw`b bv GKw`b AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZb n‡e| Kv‡RB wZwb Zuvi
es‡ki ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ Lwjdvi cvw_©e ¶gZvi mv‡_ RbZvi Ava¨vwÍ K †bZ…‡Z¡i ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡ib|
Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq mybœx gZev` ivóªxq a‡g© cwiYZ nq| Zuvi Drmv‡n nvbvdx I gvwjKx gvhnve M‡o D‡V|
b¨vq wePvi t Avj-gbmyi wQ‡jb b¨vqevb kvmK| Zuvi b¨vqwePvi I b¨vq`~wk©Zv wQj cÖksmbxq| GKevi
K‡qKRb D‡Ui gvwj‡Ki Awf‡hv‡M g`xbvi KvRx Lwjdv gbmyi‡K Zuvi wePvivj‡q nvwRi n‡Z e‡jb| gbmyi
webv wØavq Kvhxi wePvivj‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡q mvaviY Avmvgx‡ì b¨vq KvRxi mvg‡b ùvovb| wePv‡i gbmyi †`vlx
mve¨¯— nq| gbmyi KvRxi mrmvn‡mi Rb¨ abëv` Rvbvb I Zuv‡K cÖPyi A_© Øviv cyi¯‹…Z K‡ib|
kvwš— I wbivcËvi cÖwZôvZv t Aveyj AveŸv‡mi g„Zzï mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ AÂ‡j we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡‡j
D‡V| Aveyj AveŸv‡mi wbôziZvi Rb¨ †jvKRb AveŸvmxq‡ì cÖwZ exZkª× n‡q c‡owQj| gbmyi G‡m mKj
Am‡š—vl `~i K‡i AveŸvmxq es‡ki wbivcËv Ges mvgªv‡R¨ kvwš—-k„´Ljv wdwi‡q Av‡bb|
ˆ`bw›`b Kg©m~wP t Lwjdv gbmyi my`xN© 22 eQi wLjvd‡Zi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvj‡b wZwb †Kvb
iKg Ae‡njv Ki‡Zb bv, wbqwgZfv‡e wZwb ivRKvh© Z`viK Ki‡Zb| mKv‡ji w`‡K wZwb mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ
AÂ‡ji Leivw` Rvb‡Zb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡`k-wb‡la Rvwi Ki‡Zb| ivRKv‡h©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq wZwb ¯^qs
†`Lvïbv Ki‡Zb| we‡kl K‡i ZË¡veavqK‡ì wnmve-wbKvk wZwb KovKwofv‡e Z`viK Ki‡Zb| GgbwK
wìnv‡gi KvbvKwo cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Zb, GRb¨ Zuv‡K ÔAvÏvIqvwbKx' Dcvwa †`qv n‡qwQj|
we‡RZv wn‡m‡e t Af¨š—ixY msnwZ I k„´Ljv G‡b Lwjdv gbmyi ivR¨ we¯—v‡i g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wZwb †ivgvb
mgªvU PZz_© Kb÷vbUvBb‡K 773 wLª÷v‡ã civwRZ K‡i gvjvwmq `yM© cybi“×vi K‡ib| wZwb wMÖK mxgv‡š— bZzb
`yM© wbg©vY K‡ib| wZwb Zvevwi¯—vb, Av‡g©wbqv, Kzw`©¯—vb I DËi Avwd«Kv Rq K‡i Zuvi kvmbvax‡b wb‡q Av‡mb|
Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab t Lwjdv gbmyi Rbmvavi‡Yi wn‰Zlx eÜz wQ‡jb| Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ eû
bMi, mivBLvbv, wPwKrmvjq, iv¯—vNvU wbg©vY K‡ib|
mybœx gZev‡ì c„ô‡cvlK t Lwjdv gbmyi wQ‡jb `~i`kx© weØvb Ges ag©civqY| wZwb ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_
agx©q †bZ…‡Z¡i ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡ib| G‡Z wek¦ gymwjg D¤§vni `„wó‡Z wLjvd‡Zi gh©v`v e„w× cvq| wZwb mybœx
gZv`‡k©i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Ávb-weÁvb I wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK t Lwjdv gbmy‡ii mgq n‡Z gymjgvb‡ì Ávb-weÁv‡bi BwZnv‡m
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wPwKrmv, `k©b I †R¨vwZl kv‡¯¿i Mfxi PP©v ïi“ nq| Zuvi Av‡`‡k wMÖK I fviZxq cwÊZ‡ì `y ªvc¨ MÖš’vejx
Abyw`Z nq| gbmy‡ii D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvq gymjgvb cwÊZMY Ávb-weÁvb I wk¶v-mf¨Zvi c~Y© weKvk NUvb|
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mvi-ms‡¶c
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b¨vq-wbôv, wgZe¨wqZv, Kg©ZrciZv Ges cÖRvevrmj¨ ¸‡Y wZwb ¸Yvwb¦Z wQ‡jb| wZwb Ávb-weÁv‡bi
c„ô‡cvlKZ wQ‡jb| GKRb mykvmK, weRqx, wbg©vZv,wn‡m‡e gbmy‡ii K…wZZ¡ wQj AmvaviY| b¨vqciZv,
KZ©e¨civqbZv we`¨vbyivMx wn‡m‡e Zuvi Rywo †bB|

1. Lwjdv gbmy‡ii e¨w³MZ Rxeb †Kgb wQj?
2. Zuvi Pwi‡Î wQj †`vl¸‡Yi Ac~e© mswgkªY- e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
3. g„Zzï mg‡q wZwb Zvui cyÎ Avj-gvn`x‡K †h Dc‡`k w`‡qwP‡jb- Zv wK wQj?
4. ÔZuvi Pwi‡Î †KvgjZvi cvkv-cvwk wbôziZv I wQjÓ gš—e¨ Ki“b|
5. Bgvg Rvdi mv‡`K, Bgvg Avey nvwbdv I Bgvg gvwj‡Ki mv‡_ Zuvi eënvi †Kgb wQj?
6. Avj-gvbmyi wQ‡jb b¨vq wePviK- G e¨vcv‡i Zuvi Rxe‡bi GKwU NUbv D‡j−L Ki“b|
7. Lwjdv gbmy‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Kg©m~wP wK wQj?
8. Rbmvavi‡Yi Kj¨vY mva‡b gbmy‡ii K‡qKwU Kv‡Ri D‡j−L Ki“b|
9. Ávb-weÁv‡b I wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e gbmy‡ii g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. Lwjdv Avj-gbmy‡ii PwiÎ eY©bv Ki“b|
2. Lwjdv Avj-gbmy‡ii K…wZ‡Z¡i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv we‡k−lY Ki“b|
cvV 5 Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk` (786-809 wLª.)-Gi wLjvdZ jvf Ges Zuvi Af¨š—
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Lwjdv nvi“b Ai iwk‡ì Af¨š—ixY bxwZ we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 Lwjdv nvi“b Ai iwk‡ì ê‡`wkK bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cwiPq
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Ab¨Zg| wKse`wš— mnmª iRbxi evM`v‡ì mªóv GB nvi“b-Ai-iwk`| Zuvi wLjvdZ Kv‡j mKj w`K w`‡qB
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me©v‡c¶v †kÖô, mgiKzkjx, cÖRviÄK, mykvmK Ges we‡`¨vrmvnx| me©w`K w`‡q Zuvi wLjvdZKvj wQj
AveŸvmxq ivR‡Z¡i ¯^Y©hyM|
wLjvdZ jvf I cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx

nvi“b-Ai-iwk` åvZv nv`xi g„Zyï ci gvÎ 25 eQi eq‡m 786 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v‡ì wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuvi
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wQ‡jb Bqvwnqv web-Lvwj` ev‡g©Kxi c„ô‡cvlK| GRb¨ nv`x Zuvi gv‡K my‡hvM-myweav †_‡K ewÂZ K‡iwQ‡jb
Ges Bqvwnqv ev‡g©Kx‡K Kvivi“× †i‡LwQ‡jb| nvi“b Zuvi evj¨ wk¶K Bqvwnqv web Lvwj` ev‡g©Kx‡K gv‡qi
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iv‡L|
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mvgªv‡Rï Af¨š—ixY kvwš—-k„´Ljv I msnwZ cÖwZôvi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`b| GRb¨ wZwb `gb bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib|
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Zviv †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi ivRavbx `Lj K‡i †bq| †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi AveŸvmxq kvmbKZ©v Avey ûivBiv G we‡`ªvn
`gb Ki‡Z bv cvivq Lwjdv Zvu‡K nZ¨vi Av‡`k †`b|
LvwiwR †bZv Iqvwj`-web Zvwi‡Ki †bZ„‡Z¡ LvwiwRMY Av‡g©wbqv I AvRvievBhv‡b e¨vcK †Mvj‡hvM m„wó
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wbnZ nIqvi ci Zuvi †evb jvqjv LvwiwR‡ì †bZ„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| jvqjvi †bZ„‡Z¡ LvwiwRiv Biv‡K we‡`ªv‡ni
Av¸b Qwo‡q †`q| evievi Lwjdvi evwnbx Zuvi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq| Ae‡k‡l exi‡kÖô jvqjv Lwjdvi R‰bK
†mbvcwZi cÖ‡Póvq cvwievwiK Rxe‡b wd‡i †M‡j LvwiwR we‡`ªv‡ni mgvwß N‡U| exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ jvqjv BwZnv‡m
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Awfhv‡bi †kvKMuv_v iPbv K‡i Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib|
cvi‡mï LvwiwR‡ì `gb t 796-97 wLª÷v‡ã Aci GKwU LvwiwR we‡`ªvn cvim¨ AÂ‡j wek„´Ljv m„wó K‡i|
†mLvbKvi kvmbKZ©v Avjx Be‡b Cmv Zv K‡Vvifv‡e wbwðý K‡i †`b| Gfv‡e Lwjdv nvi“b LvwiwR we‡`ªvn
`gb K‡i mvgªv‡R¨ kvwš— wdwi‡q Av‡bb|
ga¨ Gwkqvq kvwš— ¯’vcb t 787 wLª÷v‡ã †MvUv Kveyj I mvbev` AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b Av‡m| G mgq
gymwjg mvgªvR¨ wn›`yKzk ce©Z ch©š— we¯—vi jvf K‡i| Zvici Lwjdv Gwkqv gvBb‡ii mxgvš— AÂj¸‡jv‡K
mvaviY cÖ‡`kmg~n n‡Z Avjv`v K‡i ÔAvIqvwmg' ev Ômyiw¶Z GjvKv' bvg w`‡q G‡K GKRb mvgwiK
kvmbKZ©vi nv‡Z b¨¯— K‡ib| wZwb wmwiqvi mv‡m cybivq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i G‡K GKwU myiw¶Z `y‡M© cwiYZ
K‡ib|
Avjxcš’x‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi bxwZ t AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z Avjxcš’x‡ì we‡ivwaZv b¨vqm½Z wQj| KviY Zviv Avj-
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†NvlYv K‡ib| Lwjdv cvi‡mï kvmbKZ©v dRj evg©vKx‡K w`‡q Zv‡K `gb Kivi †Póv K‡ib|
BqvnBqv‡K e›`xKiY t evg©vKx cwievi Avjxcš’x‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| ZvB BqvnBqv‡K Lwjdvi ek¨Zv
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wkqv‡ì we‡`ªv‡ni f‡q nvi“b †m hy‡Mi me©‡kÖô mvaK I gnvcwÊZ Bgvg g~mv Avj-Kvwhg‡K ch©š— e›`x K‡i
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BbwZKvj K‡ib| Bgvg g~mv Avj-Kvwh‡gi BbwZKv‡ji ci Zuvi my‡hvM¨ cyÎ Avjx AvjZvq wkqv‡ì cieZx©
Bgvg wbhy³ nb|
gy`vixq I wngvixq‡ì cÖwZ `gbbxwZ t 792 wLª÷v‡ã gy`vixq I wngvixq‡ì g‡a¨ wmwiqv I wmÜy AÂ‡j M„nhy×
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gmy‡ji we‡`ªvn `gb t 793 wLª÷v‡ã AvZv‡di †bZ„‡Z¡ gmy‡j we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j Lwjdv wb‡RB †mbvevwnbx
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LvRvi we‡`ªvn `gb t 799 wLª÷v‡ã MÖxK‡ì cÖ‡ivPbvq LvRvi DcRvwZiv Av‡g©wbqv AvµgY K‡i| Lwjdv
nvi“b `yRb `¶ †mbvcwZ cvwV‡q Zv‡ì‡K K‡Vvi nv‡Z `gb K‡ib|
Avwd«Kvq AvMjvexq kvmb cÖwZôv t Lwjdv nv`xi mg‡q 785-786 wLª÷v‡ã DËi Avwd«Kvi ZvbwRqv‡i Avjx
eskxq Bìxm bv‡g GK e¨w³ †¯ú‡b B`wimxq esk cÖwZôv K‡ib| †m mgq †_‡K AveŸvmxq kvmb †_‡K
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cybi“×vi Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| Lwjdv nvi“b 787 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi †mbvcwZ nvimvgv‡K DËi Avwd«Kvi kvmbKZ©v
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cÖwZôv K‡ib|
G mg‡q `w¶Y Avj‡Rwiqvi Rve AÂ‡ji kvmbKZ©v Beivwng-Be‡b- AvMjve cvk¦©eZx© AÂ‡j kvwš— cÖwZôv
K‡i Lwjdvi wcÖqfvRb nb| wZwb Lwjdv nvi“‡bi wbKU cÖ¯—ve †`b D³ cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbfvi hw` Zuvi
eskai‡ì‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e †`qv nq, Z‡e wZwb kvwš—-k„´Ljv ¯’vcb Ki‡eb Ges evwl©K 40 nvRvi `xbvi
ek¨Zvg~jK ÔKi' wn‡m‡e evM`v`‡K †`‡eb| `~i`kx© nvi“b DËi Avwd«Kvi e¨q-eûj kvm‡bi K_v we‡ePbv
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ZLb †_‡K DËi Avwd«Kv GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq|
nvi“‡bi ê‡`wkK bxwZ

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Lwjdvi wbKU GK AcgvbRbK c‡Î Zuvi c~e©eZx© mgªvÁxi cÖ`Ë mgy`q K‡ii wØ¸Y A_© `vwe K‡ib| Lwjdv
nvi“b G‡Z ¶zä n‡q wekvj evwnbx wb‡q bvBwm‡dvivm‡K civwRZ I Ki cÖ`v‡b eva¨ K‡ib| wKš—z wek¦vmNvZK
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bvBwm‡dvivm‡K evi evi ¶gv cÖ`k©b GKw`‡K Lwjdvi gnvbyfeZvi cwiPq enb K‡i Aciw`‡K GUv Zuvi Pig
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K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© t nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì mybvg myL¨vwZ ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i me©Î Qwo‡q c‡owQj| cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï
eû ivRbë‡M©i mv‡_ wZwb K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib| Pxb mgªvU ÔdvMdzi' `~Z †cÖiY K‡i Zuvi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡
¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb fvi‡Zi mv‡_I `~Z I Dc‡XŠKb Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡ib| d«v‡Ýi ivRv kvwj©‡g‡bi mv‡_ wZwb
K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib| nvi“b kvwj©‡gb‡K GKwU AZ¨vðh© Kvi“Kvh© LwPZ cvwbNwo Dcnvi
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
mvi-ms‡¶c
wKse`wš—i mnmª iRbxi evM`v‡bi mªóv nvi“b-Ai-iwk` we‡k¦i †kªô ivRbë‡M©i Ab¨Zg| Zuvi Avg‡j mKj
w`K w`‡qB Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm Ges †mvbvjx Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv K‡i| wZwb Lwjdv Avj-nv`xi g„Zzïci 786
wLª÷v‡ã 25 eQi eq‡m evM`v‡ì wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb Zuvi gv‡qi B”Qvbymv‡i evg©vKx cwiev‡ii cÖwZ m`q
nb| wZb K‡Vvi nv‡Z wewfbœ we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i iv‡óªi AfŸGi kvwš— w¯’wZkxjZv wdwi‡q Av‡bb| wKš—z
evBRvbUvBb mgªvU bvBwm‡dviv‡mi wek¦vmNvZKZv I a„óZv cÖ`k©‡bi Kvi‡Y wZwb hy×bxwZ MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi
hy× bxwZI wQj kvwš— wgkb| Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq- bvBwm‡dvivm evievi mwÜ I wek¦vm NvKZvi ciI Zvi
mv‡_ mwÜ ¯’vcb| wZwb GKRb mdj KzU‰bwZKI wQ‡jb|

mZ¨wg_¨v wbY©q Ki“b
1. nvi“b-Ai-iwk` gvÎ 25 eQi eq‡m 786 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v‡ì wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
2. 787-788 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v‡` LvwiwR we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q|
3. Iqvwj`-web-ZvwiK wQ‡jb GKRb LvwiwR †bZv|
4. exi‡Z¡i Rb¨ BwZnv‡m jvqjv ÔAviexq †Rvqvb Ae AvK©' bv‡g L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib|
5. Avjx eskxq †jv‡Kiv AveŸvmxq‡ì Øviv cÖZvwiZ I wbh©vwZZ n‡qwQj|
6. bvBwm‡dvivm‡K evievi ¶gv cÖ`k©b nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì A`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq enb K‡ib|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì cwiPq I wLjvdZ jv‡fi wel‡q eY©bv Ki“b|
2. nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì Af¨š—ixY bxwZ wK wQj?
3. nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì ê‡`wkK bxwZ eY©bv Ki“b|
cvV 6 nvi“b-Ai-iwk`-Gi K…wZZ¡ I PwiÎ

D‡Ïk¨
 G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


Lwjdv nvi“b Ai iwk‡ì K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Lwjdv nvi“b Ai iwk‡ì PwiÎ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
K…wZZ¡
nvi“b Ai iwk` AveŸvmxq Lwjdv‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kÖô Ges ZrKvjxb c„w_exi †kÖô bicwZM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg
wQ‡jb| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq|
†kÖô bicwZ t Lwjdv nvi“b GKRb D`vi, m`vkq, b¨vqwePviK I cÖRviÄK kvmK wQ‡jb| Ab¨vqKvix I
we‡`ªvnx‡ì cÖwZ wZwb †hgb wQ‡jb K‡Vvi, †Zgwb Mwie-`yt¯’‡ì cÖwZ wQ‡jb mnvbyf‚wZkxj|
mgi Kzkjx t †hv×v wn‡m‡eI nvi“b A‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ‡K wec`gy³ Kivi Rb¨
wZwb GKwU wekvj I my`¶ †mbvevwnbx MVb K‡ib| AivRKZv, wek„´Ljv I we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ wZwb
`¶Zv I iY KzkjZvi cwiPq †`b| wZwb wb‡RI ˆmb¨ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
kvmb eë¯’v t `xN© †ZBk eQiKvj nvi“b-Ai-iwk` AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi kvmb `Ê `„pn‡¯— cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
nvi“b wLjvd‡Zi myôy kvmb eë¯’v cwiPvjbvi ¸i“ `vwqZ¡ cvi‡mï weL¨vZ evg©vKx cwiev‡ii Dci b¨¯— K‡ib|
wZwb Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi †kªô kvmK wQ‡jb|
RbwnZKi Kvh©vejx t AivRKZv `gb Ges cÖRv‡ì Ae¯’v ¯^qs AeMZ nevi Rb¨ wZwb Q›`‡e‡k iv‡Rï
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cwiågY Ki‡Zb| Rbmvavi‡Yi myweav‡_© Lwjdv mvgªv‡Rï me©Î AmsL¨ ¯‹zj, gvìvmv, gmwR`,
nvmcvZvj, iv¯—vNvU cÖf„wZ wbg©vY K‡ib|
Rbì`x I cÖRvwn‰Zlx Lwjdv nvi“b mvaviY gvby‡li Ae¯’v ¯^P‡¶ Ae‡jvKb Kivi Rb¨ iv‡Z QÙ‡e‡k kn‡i
cwiågY Ki‡Zb| wZwb RbmvaviY, Zx_©hvÎx I eëmvqx‡ì Rxeb I m¤úwËi wbivcËv weavb K‡ib| wZwb `k
j¶ `xbvi e¨‡q g°v bMix‡Z cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ Òbvn‡i hyevB`vÓ bv‡g GKwU cÖwm× Lvj Lbb K‡ib| wnwÆ
e‡jb, Òdvw`©bv›` w`‡j‡m‡ci GK nvRvi eQi Av‡M nvi“b bv‡g GKRb Avei¨ Lwjdv my‡q‡Ri Af¨š—i w`‡q
GKwU Lvj Lb‡bi cwiKíbv K‡ib|Ó wZwbB me©cÖ_g evM`v‡` nvmcvZvj wbg©vY K‡ib|
wkí I evwY‡Rï c„ô‡cvlKZv t Lwjdv nvi“‡bi mgq ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Pig weKvk N‡U| evM`v‡ì cY¨
wek¦weL¨vZ wQj| eëmvq evwY‡Rï c„ô‡cvl‡Yi d‡j evM`v` bMix wQj we‡k¦i abx I ewYK †kÖYxi †jvfbxq
¯’vb| wZwb 794-95 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v‡` KvM‡Ri Kj ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Ávb-weÁvb I wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlKZv t Lwjdv nvi“b Ávb-weÁvb I wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|
Zuvi mg‡q Ávb-weÁv‡bi Pig DrKl© mvwaZ nq| Zuvi Avg‡j wek¦e‡iY¨ cwÊZ gbxlxM‡Yi wgjbf~wg wQj
evM`v`| wnwÆ e‡jb, ÒGB hyM c„w_exi BwZnvm‡K †h Kvi‡Y †MŠi‡ev¾¡j K‡i‡Q Zv n‡”Q, G AvgjB
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi Ávb-weÁv‡bi me©v‡c¶v DrK‡l©i hyM| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq gbmy‡ii cÖwZwôZ Abyev`
wefvM m¤úÖmvwiZ nq| nvi“‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖavb wePvicwZ Bgvg Avey BDmy‡di †bZ„‡Z¡ nvbvdx gvhnve
AvÍcÖKvk K‡i| Bgvg eyLvix nv`xm kv¯¿ cÖYqb K‡ib| Avey byqvm I AvZvBqv mvwn‡Z¨ Ges Avmgvqx e¨vKi‡Y
†kÖôZ¡ AR©b K‡ib|Ó Lwjdvi wb‡`©‡k Avi cwÊZMY MÖxKmn cÖf…wZ fvlvi weÁvb I `k©‡bi MÖš’ivRx Aviex
fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib|
wZwb ÔgvbKv' bvgK fviZxq wPwKrmv weÁvbx I †R¨vwZwe©`‡K evM`v‡` Avgš¿Y K‡ib| m½xZÁ I b„Z¨
wkíxMYI nvi“‡bi ìevi‡K AjsK…Z KiZ| G mg‡q iwPZ nq weL¨vZ Avie¨ Dcb¨vm| HwZnvwmK Mxeb
e‡jb- Avi‡e¨vcb¨vm e¨ZxZ- Ôiwebmb µz‡mv' Ges m¤¢eZ M¨vwjfv‡ii ågY Kvwnbx iwPZ nZ bv|'
nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei c„ô‡cvlKZv t Lwjdv nvi“‡bi wLjvd‡Z nvbvdx gvhnve ivóªxq c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡i
`„pfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| Lwjdvi cÖavb KvRx Bgvg Avey BDmyd Zuvi wk¶K Bgvg Avey nvbxdvi wdKvn kv¯¿xq
weavb I AvBb-Kvbybmg~n wjwce× K‡i gymjgvb‡ì kÖ×vi cvÎ nb|
evM`v‡ì cÖvPyh© t Lwjdv nvi“‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evM`v` Z`vbxš—b we‡k¦i me©‡kÖô RuvKv‡jv I mg„w×kvjx bMix‡Z
cwiYZ nq| myig¨ ivRcÖvmv`, AÆvwjKv, g‡bvig †mŠaivwR, mymw¾Z †n‡ig, bqbvwfivg evwMPv I
åg‡Yv`¨vbmg~n evM`v`‡K iƒcK_vi ¯^cœcyix‡Z cwiYZ K‡iwQj| †m Avg‡ji mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z evM`v‡ì mgK¶
bMi Avi GKwU Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv| evM`v‡ì cY¨ wQj wek¦weL¨vZ| mgy`ª e›ì wn‡m‡e evM`v‡ì my`xN©
†cvZvkªq Ry‡o kZ kZ RvnvR †kvfv †cZ| evM`v‡ì evRvimg~n mg„× _vKZ PxbvgvwUi evmb-†Kvmb, ˆZRm
cÎ, wm‡éi Kvco I gy‡Lvk, fviZ I gvj‡qi gmjv, LwbR c`v_© I iO, ga¨ Gwkqvi i“ex, bxje‡Y©i g~jëvb
cv_i, DbœZ e¯¿, ivwkqvi gay, †fovi †jvg, Avwd«Kvi nvwZi ùv‡Z| ZvQvov †`k-we‡`‡ki bvbv cY¨ mvgMÖx‡Z
evM`v‡ì evRvi wQj cwic~Y©|
K‚U‰bwZK w`K t Lwjdv nvi“‡bi mybvg I myL¨vwZ ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i me©Î Qwo‡q c‡owQj| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖvP¨
I cvðv‡Zï eû ivR ìev‡ii mv‡_ K~U‰bwZK Ges eÜzZ¡g~jK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq|
Bmjv‡gi Z_v Z`vbxš—b †MvUv we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx` wQ‡jb GK `xwßgvb b¶Î| Zuvi
ivRZ¡Kv‡j gymwjg mvgªvR¨ Hk¦h© I †MŠi‡ei ¯^Y©wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡i|
PwiÎ
Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx` Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfv, AmvaviY `¶Zv I AZyjbxq PvwiwÎK gvnv‡Í̈i AwaKvix wQ‡jb|
HwZnvwmK DBwjqvg g~i e‡jb, "Harun was perhaps the ablest ruler of the Abaside race. He is liked to
Abu Jafar but without his parsimony.
ag©fxi“Zv t e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b Lwjdv wQ‡jb ag©fxi“, m`vkq I `vbkxj| wZwb cÖZ¨n wba©vwiZ cuvP Iqv³ bvgvh
QvovI cÖwZ iv‡Z GKkZ ivKvqvZ bdj bvgvh co‡Zb| †ZBk eQ‡ii kvmbKv‡j wZwb bq evi nReªZ cvjb
K‡ib|
K‡VviZv I †KvgjZvi mswgkÖY t Lwjdv nvi“‡bi Pwi‡Î K‡VviZv I †KvgjZvi Ac~e© mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|
iv‡Rï HK¨ I msnwZ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ hZUyKz K‡VviZvi cÖ‡qvRb wQj wZwb ZZUyKz MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
Ab¨vqKvix I we‡`ªvnx‡ì cÖwZ †hgb K‡Vvi I wb`©q wQ‡jb †Zgwb Mwie, `yt¯’, Amnv‡qi cÖwZ m`q wQ‡jb|
m‡›`ncivqYZv t Zuvi Pwi‡Î wewfbœ iv‡RvwPZ ¸Yvejxi mgv‡ek _vKv m‡Ë¡I wZwb eskvbyµwgK âh©nxbZv Ges
m‡›`ncivqYZv n‡Z m¤ú~Y© gy³ wQ‡jb bv| wkqv Bgvg g~mv Avj-Kvwhg‡K m‡›`‡ni ekeZx© n‡q Kvivi“× Kiv
Ges cig wek¦¯— evg©vKx cwiev‡ii cÖwZ K…ZNè wbôyiZv Zuvi gnvbyfe Pwi‡Îi Dci Kj¼ Kvwjgv †jcb K‡i‡Q|
ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, Ònvi“b Ai ikx‡ì Pwi‡Îi cÖavb †`vl wQj Zuvi AvKw¯§K m‡›`ncivqYZv, Ah_v
âh©nxbZv|Ó
HwZnvwmK DBwjqvg g~i e‡jb, AveŸvmxq †Mvôxi g‡a¨ m¤¢eZ nvi“bB me©‡kÖô kvmK wQ‡jb| Avey Rvd‡ii
Pwi‡Îi wbôyiZvi w`KwU ev` w`‡j ïay Zv‡KB nvi“‡bi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv hvq|
BwZnv‡m nvi“‡bi ¯’vb

HwZnvwmK mgv‡jvPbvi gvb`‡Ê cwigvc Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, PwiÎ-gvnvÍI kvmb-KzkjZvq nvi“b-
Ai-ikx` wQ‡jb c„w_exi †kÖô kvmK‡ì Ab¨Zg| HwZnvwmK Mxeb Zuv‡K AveŸvmxq es‡ki me©v‡c¶v
cÖwZfvevb Lwjdv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Lwjdv nvi“‡bi †MŠie`xß KxwZ©Kjvc Arabian Nights ev
Avi‡e¨vcb¨vm-Gi †ivgvÂKi Kvwnbx¸‡jvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q|
Lwjdv nvi“‡bi kvmbKvj‡K HwZnvwmK DBwjqvg g~‡ii fvlvq gš—e¨ Kiv hvq †h, nvi“‡bi c~‡e© A_ev c‡i
†Kvb LwjdvB wewfbœ Dbœqb Kv‡h©Ñ Zv ag© cvj‡bB †nvK ev kvmb cwiPvjbvqB †nvK A_ev mgi †¶‡ÎB †nvK
Zuvi b¨vq GZ Kg©ZrciZv I D`¨gkxjZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wnwÆ e‡jb, Òbeg kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wek¦cwiµgvi `y'Rb b„cwZ fv¯î n‡q Av‡QbÑ cvðv‡Zï kvwj©‡gb Ges
cÖv‡P¨ nvi“b| Df‡qi g‡a¨ wbtm‡›`‡n nvi“b AwaKZi ¶gZvkvjx I ms¯‹…wZevb wQ‡jb|Ó myZivs mwZ¨B
nvi“b-Ai-ikx` wQ‡jb we‡k¦i me©‡kÖô b„cwZ‡ì Ab¨Zg gnvb b„cwZ|
mvi-ms‡¶c
AveŸvmxq Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk` wQ‡jb me©‡kªô Ges ZrKvjxb c„w_exi †kªô bicwZ‡ì Ab¨Zg| Zuvi
ivRZ¡Kvj‡K Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi ¯^Y©hyM ejv nq| Zuvi Avg‡j gymwjg mvgªvR¨ Hk¦h© I wkí †MŠi‡ei
¯^Y©wkL‡i Av‡ivnb K‡i| Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk` Amvgvb¨ cÖwZfv, AmvaviY `¶Zv I AZzjbxq PvwiwÎK
êwk‡óï AwaKvix wQ‡jb| kvmb cwiPvjbvq Zuvi K…wZZ¡ bvbv w`K w`‡q GRb¨B wZwb BwZnv‡m GZ weL¨vZ|

Aí K_vq DËi w`b|
1. nvi“b-Ai-iwk` KZ eQi AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib?
2. Zuvi kvmb cwiPvjbvq †Kvb cwiev‡ii mn‡hvwMZv wQj?
3. g°v bMix‡Z cvwb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ KZ w`‡bi LiP K‡i †Kvb Lvj Lbb K‡ib?
4. KZ eQi Av‡Rv †jvb Lwjdv my‡q‡Ri Af¨š—‡i Lvj Lb‡bi cwiKíbv K‡ib?
5. KZ mv‡j evM`v‡` †K KvMR Kj ¯’vcb K‡ib|
6. Ônvi“b-iwk‡ì PwiÎ wQj K‡VviZv I †KvgjZvi mswgkªY e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì K…wZ‡Z¡i D‡j−L‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j ai“b|
2. Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì PwiÎ we‡k−lY Ki“b|
cvV 7 evg©vKx‡ì DÌvb-cZb

D‡Ïk¨


evg©vKx‡ì cwiPq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
evg©vKx es‡ki DÌvb m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb
 evg©vKx‡ì cZ‡bi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z evg©vKx‡ì Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi AveŸvmxq LwjdvM‡Yi we‡kl K‡i Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx` (786-809 wLª.)-Gi kvmb †MŠi‡ei
g~‡j i‡q‡Q evg©vKx cwiev‡ii AK¬vš— cwikªg Ges Ac~e© Kg©KzkjZv| `xN©w`b a‡i AwePwjZ AvbyM‡Zï m‡½
K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i ikx‡ì ivRZ¡‡K †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Ges kªx-m¤ú‡` ficyi K‡i †Zv‡j evg©vKxMY| Zviv
g½jRbK Kvh©vejxi Øviv RbM‡Yi Av¯’vfvRb n‡qwQj|
evg©vKx‡ì cwiPq
evg©vKx bvgK R‰bK †jvK ej‡Li †eŠ× g‡Vi cy‡ivwnZ wQ‡jb| Lwjdv Iqvwj‡ì ivRZ¡Kv‡j †mbvcwZ
KzZvBev ga¨ Gwkqv Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi mgq evg©v‡Ki cZœx‡K e›`x K‡i `v‡g‡¯‹ wb‡q Av‡mb| †mLv‡b Lvwj`
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges e‡qvcÖvß n‡j Bmjvg MÖnY K‡ib| DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× AveŸvmxq wec−‡ei mgq Lvwj`
GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci Lvwj` web evg©vKx Lwjdv
Avm&mvddvni Dc‡`óv, gbmy‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j gš¿x, c‡i Zvevwi¯—v‡bi ivR¨cvj Ges evBRv›UvB‡bi wei“‡× hy‡×
†mbvcwZi c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb| Lvwj‡ì cyÎ Bqvwnqv‡K gbmyi cÖ_g Av‡g©wbqv I AvRvievBRv‡bi kvmbKZ©v
Ges c‡i gvn`x Zuv‡K nvi“‡bi M„nwk¶K wbhy³ K‡ib| Bqvwnqvi Pvi cyÎ dRj, Rvdi, g~mv I gynv¤§` D”P
ch©v‡qi kvmb †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ cyi“l wQ‡jb|
evg©vKx es‡ki DÌvb

evg©vKx es‡ki DÌv‡bi ch©vqµ‡g weeiY wbæiƒc t
K. evg©vKx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv t Lvwj` web evg©vKx AveŸvmxq ivR¨ cÖwZôvq mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| wZwb
evg©vKx AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖvi‡¤¢B ¯^xq Kg©`¶Zv I iY KzkjZvi Rb¨ h‡_ó cÖfve I cÖwZcwË AR©b
K‡ib| Lvwj` AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi mgq †h mKj ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡` Avmxb wQ‡jb Zv nj-
ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi cÖavb †Kvlva¨¶ t AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvq Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc Aveyj AveŸvm (750-
854 wLª.) Zv‡K ivR¯^ wefv‡Mi cÖavb †Kvlva¨¶ wb‡qvM K‡ib| Lwjdv gbmy‡ii mgqI wZwb D³ c‡` envj
wQ‡jb|
Zvevwi¯—v‡bi kvmbKZ©v t Zuvi Amvgvb¨ mvsMVwbK `¶Zvq gy» n‡q Avj gbmyi (754-775 wLª.) Zv‡K 765
wLª÷v‡ã wkqv‡ì we‡`ªvn `g‡bi Rb¨ Zvevwi¯—v‡bi kvmbKZ©v wb‡qvM K‡ib| wZwb mg~‡j GKwU DcRvZxq
we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡ib| g„Zzï c~e© ch©š— wZwb kvmbKZ©vi c‡` envj wQ‡jb|
Dc‡`óv t wZwb DRxi bv‡g cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI Lwjdv Avj gbmyi Avj gvn`xi Avg‡j Dc‡`óvi gh©v`v jvf
K‡ib|
L. Bqvwnqv t Lwjdv gvn`x Bqvwnqv‡K Kvivi“× K‡ib, nvi“b-Ai-ikx` wLjvdZ jvf K‡i Bqvwnqv‡K gyw³
†`b Ges cÖavb DRxi c‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib|
M. dRj web Bqvwnqv t Bqvwnqvi †R¨ô cyÎ dRj nvi“‡bi evj¨ mv_x wQ‡jb Ges nvi“b Zuv‡K cig †ø‡n fvB
e‡j m‡¤^vab Ki‡Zb| dRj 791 wLª÷v‡ã †Lvivmv‡bi kvmbKZ©v Bqvwnqv web Avãyj−vn‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
AZtci wZwb wgk‡ii kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e cÖf‚Z L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| wcZv Bqvwnqv eva©‡Kï Kvi‡Y Aemi MÖnY
Ki‡j wZwb cÖavbgš¿x ev DRx‡ii c` Aj¼…Z K‡ib|
N. Rvdi web Bqvwnqv t åvZv dR‡ji ci RvdiI cÖavbgš¿x wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb|

O. g~mv I gynv¤§` t evg©vKx es‡ki Aci `yRb g~mv I gynv¤§` nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡ì ivR‡Z¡ wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡k
`vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` wbhy³ †_‡K AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï msnwZ I mg„w×‡K my`~i cÖmvix K‡ib|
evg©vKx‡ì cZb
†h evg©vKxMY `xN© m‡Zi eQi a‡i AwePwjZ AvbyM‡Zï mv‡_ K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i nvi“‡bi ivRZ¡‡K
†MŠi‡ev¾¡j Ges kªx-m¤ú‡` ficyi K‡i †Zv‡j| †h evg©vKxMY g½jRbK Kvh©vejxi Øviv mvgªv‡Rï RbM‡Yi
g‡b AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb| 803 wLª÷v‡ã Zv‡ì AvKw¯§K cZb BwZnv‡mi GKwU we¯§qKi NUbv| evg©vKx
es‡ki cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv wb‡æ †`qv nj t
myL¨vwZ I abiZœ t HwZnvwmK Be‡b Lvj`y‡bi g‡Z, Zv‡ì myL¨vwZ I AMwYZ ab-iZœ Zv‡ì cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg
KviY| cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq ¯^qs Lwjdv‡KI evg©vKx‡ì gyLv‡c¶x n‡Z nZ|
cÖfve I RbwcÖqZv t nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡ì b¨vq †¯^”QvPvix I `„p‡PZv Lwjdvi wbKU Zuv‡ì AZ¨waK cÖfve-
cÖwZcwË Ges Acwimxg RbwcÖqZv Amn¨ n‡q I‡V| wZwb Zv‡ì cZb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ Aaxi n‡q I‡Vb|
Lwjdvi fwMœi mv‡_ weevn t †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwm‡K g‡Z, nvi“b Ai-ikx‡ì fwMœ AveŸvmvi m‡½ Rvdi Beb
Bqvwnqvi †Mvcb weevnB evg©vKx‡ì cZ‡bi GKgvÎ KviY|
D”Pc`¯’ mfvm`‡ì g‡b wnsmv t Zv‡ì cÖfve-cÖwZcwË, m¤§vb I gh©v`v‡Z ïay LwjdvB bb mfvm`MY I
D”Pc`¯’ e¨w³‡ì g‡b wnsmvi D‡`ªK nq|
Aviwe I cviwmK Avgxi‡ì Ø›`¡ t mvgªv‡Rï kvmb msµvš— cÖvavb¨ wb‡q Avie Avgxi Ges cviwmK
AvgxiM‡Yi g‡a¨ eûKvj a‡i Ø›`¡ PjwQj| cviwmK evg©vKx‡ì cÖwZ Lwjdvi Mfxi wek¦vm I AbyivM‡K
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e webó Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Avie Avgxi‡ì ¯^v_© wmw× n‡e bv| ZvB Zviv cviwmK Avgxi‡ì wei“‡×
Mfxi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| Zv‡ì GB RNb¨ Kg©m~wP evg©vKx es‡ki cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY|
wkqv I mybœx Ø›`¡ t evg©vKxMY wQj wkqv m¤úª`vqfz³| AveŸvmxq LwjdvMY Ges Avie AvgxiMY wQ‡jb mybœx
m¤úª`vqfz³| Kv‡RB wkqv‡ì cÖvavb¨ mybœx gymjgvbMY †Kvbfv‡eB MÖnY Ki‡Z cviwQj bv|
dRj web iwei e¨w³MZ kÎ“Zv t nvi“‡bi M„nva¨¶ dRj web ivwe e¨w³MZfv‡e evg©vKx‡ì †NviZi kÎ“
wQ‡jb| AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖavb DRxi nIqvi Avkvq wZwb evg©vKx‡ì me©bv‡ki Rb¨ AvcÖvY †Póv K‡ib|
Avjx eskxq‡ì mv‡_ Nwbô †gjv‡gkv t HwZnvwmK RyiwR Rvq`v‡bi g‡Z, evg©vKxMY Avjx eskxq †jvK‡ì
mv‡_ †Mvc‡b wgwjZ n‡q êVK Ki‡Zb| GB msev` dRj web ivwei wbKU n‡Z Lwjdv AeMZ n‡q wb‡Ri
c`Py¨wZi Avk¼v K‡ib| G‡Z Lwjdv nvi“b G‡Kev‡i A‰ah© n‡q I‡Vb Ges evg©vKx‡ì aŸsm mvab K‡ib|
AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z evg©vKx‡ì wL`gZ

AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z evg©vKx‡ì Ae`vb wQj Awe¯§iYxq| †hgb-
1. ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb t DgvBqv‡ì cZb NwU‡q AveŸvmxq‡ì DÌv‡b Lvwj‡ì `vb Abb¨| Lvwj` wewfbœ mgq
†mbvevwnbx‡Z †mbvcwZ Ges wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb| wZwb AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖ_g
DRxi wQ‡jb| Bqvwnqv Amxg ¶gZvm¤úbœ DRxi wn‡m‡e Lwjdv nvi“‡bi gš¿Yvj‡q †hvM`vb K‡ib| Bqvwnqv
e„× n‡q †M‡j Zvi cyÎ Rvdi evg©vKx GB c` AjsK…Z K‡ib| Zvi c‡i Aci wZb cyÎ| dRj wmwiqvi
kvmbKZ©v, g~mv I gynv¤§v` iv‡Rï Ab¨vb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡` mgvmxb wQ‡jb|
kvmbZvwš¿K Ae`vb t AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z ZvivB me©cÖ_g GKbvqKZ¡‡K †Rvi`vi K‡ib| DRx‡ii c` m„wó
K‡i ZvivB GB c‡` cÖ_g AwawôZ nb| ZLb n‡Z Amxg ¶gZvm¤úbœ DRxi c‡ì m„wó nq| Zv‡ì
c„ô‡cvlKZvq gmwR`, Lvj Ges Ab¨vb¨ RbwnZKi Kvh© mvgªvRë¨vcx we¯—vi jvf K‡i|
Avè-Kvq`v t GB cviwmK DRxi cwiev‡ii cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡ cviwmK Avè-Kvq`v, nvj-Pvj mvgªv‡Rï me©Î
cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| Zviv ivRbxwZi c_ cÖ`k©K wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì cÖfve Rxe‡bi A‡bK †¶‡ÎB cÖwZdwjZ nq|
K…wó I mf¨Zvq Ae`vb t K…wó I mf¨Zvi †¶‡Î Zv‡ì `vb Abb¨| wnwÆ e‡jb, I‡ì cÖfv‡e, wn›`y¯—vb,
cvim¨, wgki cÖf…wZ †`k n‡Z AvMZ weÁvbx Ges `vk©wbKMY we‡klfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡Zb| cÖL¨vZ gš¿x Lvwj‡ì
ZË¡veav‡b cviwmK †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx bIeLZ Ges gvj−vn bvgK GK Bû`x cwÊZ evM`v` cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡ib|
mvi-ms‡¶c
evg©vKx esk AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi kªx e„w×‡Z A‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zuv‡ì †Qvuqvq AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ mf¨Zvi
¯^Y© wkL‡i Av‡ivnY Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wKš—z BwZnv‡mi wbg©g cwinvm Zuv‡ì GB cÖfve Ab¨‡ì P¶zk~‡j cwiYZ
nq| Zuv‡ì †hvM¨Zv AwP‡iB Zv‡ì cZb †W‡K Av‡b| evg©vKx‡ì cZ‡bi NUbv ïay nvi“‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji
D¾¡jZv‡KB ¤−vb K‡iwb, eis Zvi fwel¨Z Rxeb‡KI Aby‡kvPbv I K…ZNœZvRwbZ we‡eKvbyf‚wZ Øviv mgv”Qbœ
K‡i †i‡L‡Q|

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki“b t
1. evg©vKx bvgK R‰bK †jvK ej‡Li ........ ........... cy‡ivwnZ wQ‡jb|
2. Lwjdv Iqvwj‡ì ivRZ¡Kv‡j †mbvcwZ KzZvBev ga¨ Gwkqvq Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi mgq evg©v‡Ki .......
e›`x K‡i `v‡g‡¯‹ wb‡q Av‡mb|
3. †mLv‡b ............ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges ev‡hcÖvß n‡j ......... MÖnY K‡ib|
4. DgvBqv‡ì wei“‡× ................ wec−‡ei mgq Lvwj` GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
5. AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci Lvwj` web evg©vKx‡K Lwjdv Avm&mvddvi Dc‡`óv I gbmy‡ii
ivRZ¡Kv‡j ......................, c‡i Zvevwi¯—v‡bi ........... Ges evBRv›UvB‡bi wei“‡× hy‡× .............
c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb|
6. Lvwj‡ì cyÎ Bqvwnqv‡K gbmyi cÖ_g Av‡g©wbqv I AvRvievBRv‡bi .................. Ges c‡i gvn`x Zuv‡K
............... M„nwk¶K wbhy³ K‡ib|
7. Bqvwnqvi PvicyÎ dRj, ............, g~mv I ....... D”P ch©v‡qi kvmb †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ cyi“l wQ‡jb|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. evg©vKx‡ì cwiPq w`b|
2. evg©vKx es‡ki DÌvb m¤^‡Ü weeiY w`b|
3. AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z evg©vKx‡ì Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
4. evg©vKx‡ì cZ‡bi KviY we‡k−lY Ki“b|
cvV 8 Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy×

D‡Ïk¨

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Lwjdv Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ msNwUZ M„nhy‡×i KviY¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
M„nhy‡×i NUbv I djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 gvgy‡bi mvd‡jï KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖviw¤¢K K_v
nvi“b-Ai-iwk‡ì 12 Rb cyÎ wQ‡jb| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ gyn¤§` Avj-Avgxb wQ‡jb Zuvi weevwnZv ¯¿x †eMg
hyevB`vi mš—vb| DËivwaKv‡ii cÖ‡kœ fwel¨‡Z hv‡Z †KvbiKg †Mvj‡hvM m„wó bv nq GRb¨ nvi“b cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨
PviRb‡K cici DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| Zuvi wØZxq cyÎ Avj-Avgxb m¤¢ªvš— gv‡qi mš—vb e‡j Zuv‡K cÖ_g
g‡bvbqb `vb K‡ib| cviwmK gv‡qi Mf©RvZ cyÎ Ave`yj−vn Avj gvgyb‡K wZwb wØZxq DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ
K‡ib| Kvwmg Avj-gyZvwgb‡K Z…Zxq Ges Avey BmnvK gynv¤§`-gyZvwmg‡K PZz_© DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e g‡bvbqb
`vb Kiv nq| ZvQvov AviI ¯úó K‡i fvM K‡i †Ìqvq nq †h Avj-Avgxb evM`v‡` Lwjdv n‡eb, gvgyb
†Lvivmv‡bi kvmbKZ©v _vK‡eb Ges †QvUfvB‡qi AvbyMZ¨ †g‡b Pj‡eb| †Zgwbfv‡e Kvwmg Avj-gyZvwgb‡K
AvIqvmxb cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©vi `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv nq| nvi“b-Ai-iwk` Zuvi eë¯’v hv‡Z myôzfv‡e AbymiY Kiv
nq †mRb¨ Avwgb I gvgyb‡K g°v kixd wb‡q GKwU Pyw³cÎ K‡i †`b|
Lwjdv nvi“‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi AwmqZ †gvZv‡eK 809 wLª÷v‡ã Avj-Avwgb evM`v‡ì wmsnvm‡b e‡mb Ges
gvgyb †Lvivmv‡bi kvmbKZ©v wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| KvwmgI AvIqvmxg GjvKvi kvmbKvh© Pvjv‡Z
_v‡Kb| cÖ_g ch©v‡q fvB‡ì g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©c~Y© m¤úK© wQj| wKš—z bvbv Kvi‡Y cieZx©‡Z m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ N‡U
Ges M„nhy‡×i iƒc †bq|
Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy×

Avj-Avgx‡bi kvmb Kvj 809-813 wLª÷vã ch©š— A‡bKUv M„nhy‡×i g‡a¨ AwZevwnZ nq| Avgxb I gvgy‡bi
GB Ø›`¡ AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi Kj¼RbK Aa¨vq Ges Gi d‡j AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi Pig ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| G
åvZ…Ø‡›`¡i A‡bK¸‡jv KviY i‡q‡Q, hvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU KviY nj wbæiƒct
M„nhy‡×i KviY
Avgxb KZ©„K gvgy‡bi †mbvevwnbx I abvMvi AvÍmvr t g„Zy¨Kv‡j Lwjdv nvi“b hvi hv AwaKv‡i Av‡Q Zv‡ZB mš—
yó _vK‡Z AwQqZ K‡i hvb| †mB AwQqZ Abymv‡i Avgxb evM`v‡ì, gvgyb †Lvivmv‡bi Ges Kvwmg wKwbœmxi
cÖ‡`‡ki A_©fvÊvi I †mbvevwnbxi AwaKvix nb| 809 wLª. Lwjdv nvi“b †Lvivmv‡b we‡`ªvn `g‡b hvb, cw_g‡a¨
Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Zuvi m‡½i abvMvi I †mbvevwnbx gvgy‡bi bv‡g DBj K‡ib| wcZvi m‡½ ¯^v¶wiZ Pyw³
gvbvi B”Qv Avgx‡bi wQj bv wZwb ¸ßPi Ges dRj web iex‡K cvwV‡q D³ evwnbx‡K evM`v‡` wdwi‡q Av‡bb|
Avgx‡bi GB Ab¨vq AvPi‡Y gvgyb Zvi cÖwZ Amš—yó n‡q I‡Vb|
Aviexq I cviwmK Avgxi‡ì Ø›`¡ t AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZwôZ nevi ci n‡ZB Aviexq I cviwmK Avgxi‡ì
g‡a¨ Ø›`¡ I cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïi“ nq| Avgx‡bi gvZv, Zuvi mg_©KMY I AgvZëM© mK‡jB LuvwU Avie wQ‡jb|
c¶vš—‡i gvgy‡bi gvZv cviwmK gwnjv wQ‡jb| Zuvi mg_©K I civgk© `vZv mK‡jB wQ‡jb cviwmK| ¯^v_©ci
Avie Avgxi I cviwmK Avgxi‡ì we`¨gvb Ø›`¡ cÖKU n‡q D‡VwQj|
Avgx‡bi Cl©v t gvgy‡bi D`vi eënv‡i wZwb †bZ„¯’vbxq †jvK‡ì mg_©b jv‡f mg_© nb| ivRKi gIKzd K‡i
Ges AviI Abyiƒc cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i gvgyb cÖv‡Pï †`kmg~‡n RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡ib| Zviv Zv‡ì fwMœi cyÎ
wn‡m‡e gvgy‡bi Pviw`‡K msNe× nq| gvgy‡bi myL¨vwZ I RbwcÖqZvq Avgx‡bi g‡b Cl©vi D‡`ªK nq|
Avgx‡bi Av‡gv` wcÖqZv I ivRK‡g© Ae‡njv t †h mgq gvgyb Zuvi Aaxb¯’ cÖ‡`‡k kvmb k„sLjv m¤úv`‡b e¨¯—
wQ‡jb, ZLb A`~i`kx© Lwjdv Avgxb iv‡Rï kvmbfvi dRj web iexi nv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡q Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv`
wejvm-e¨m‡b gË _v‡Kb| kxNªB Zuvi ìevi bZ©Kx I MvwqKv‡ì Avevm ¯’‡j cwiYZ nq|
Avgx‡bi Kzkvmb t wZwb ivRKvh© D‡c¶v K‡i Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡` m¤ú` Ace¨q K‡i ivR‡Kvl cÖvq k~b¨ K‡i
†d‡jb| Avgxb I Zuvi DRxi dRj web ivexi Giƒc Kzkvm‡bi d‡j mvgªvR¨ aŸs‡mi gy‡L avweZ nw”Qj|
RbmvaviY Zuv‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q I‡V Ges kxNªB Zuv‡ì nvZ n‡Z gyw³ Kvgbv KiwQj|
dRj web iexi ¯^v_©ciZv I †Ljvd‡Zi `yivkv t dRj web iex A‡hvM¨ n‡jI D”Pvwfjvlx wQ‡jb| wZwb
Avgx‡bi PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv AeMZ n‡q wbR ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ Avgx‡bi c¶ mg_©b K‡ib| gvgy‡bi gZ kw³kvjx
kvmK †Ljvd‡Zi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb Ki‡j Zvi ¯^v_©wmw×i c_ wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡e †f‡e gvgyb‡K aŸsm KivB
Zvi j¶¨ n‡q ùvovq|
gvgyb‡K cÖv‡Pï Ges Kvwmg‡K †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi kvmbKZ©v c` n‡Z eiLv¯— t Avgxb Zvi R‰bK mfvm‡ì
Kzgš¿Yvq c‡o gvgyb‡K cÖv‡Pï Ges Aci åvZv Kvwmg‡K †g‡mvc‡Uwgqvi kvmbKZ©vi c` n‡Z eiLv¯— K‡ib|
†LvZevq Zuv‡ì bvg cvV bv Kivi wb‡`©k †`b|
Avgxb KZ©„K Pyw³ c‡Îi kZ©f½ t 811 wLª. Avgxb gvgy‡bi ¯’‡j Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ g~mv‡K bvwZK wej nK Dcvwa
w`‡q DËivwaKvi g‡bvwbZ K‡ib| wKQyw`b ci Zuvi wØZxq cyÎ‡KI ZrcieZx© DËivwaKvi g‡bvbqb K‡ib|
Kv'evM„‡n Zuvi wcZvi iw¶Z †h g‡bvbqb cÎ wQj †m¸‡jv G‡b UyKiv UyKiv K‡i wQu‡o †d‡jb|
gvgy‡bi cyÎØq‡K nZ¨vi civgk© t `yóz dRj web ivex gvgy‡bi `yB cyÎ‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ Lwjdv Avgxb‡K
civgk© †`q|
gvgy‡bi m¤úwË ev‡RqvßKiY t Lwjdv Avgxb dRj web iexi civg‡k© gvgyb‡K †`qv 1,00,000 wìnvg Ges
Zuvi e¨w³MZ m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß K‡ib|
M„nhy‡×i NUbvejx I djvdj

mxgvš— eÜ t Ae¯’vi ¸i“Z¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i gvgyb Zuvi iv‡Rï cwðg mxgv‡š— cÖnix †gvZv‡qb K‡ib| webv
AbymÜv‡b †hb Zvi GjvKvq KvD‡KI cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`qv bv nq †mRb¨ Kov wb‡`©k †`b| Lwjdv Avgx‡bi
†Kvb ¸ßPi wKsev cÎ †Lvivmv‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvij bv| d‡j åvZ„Ø‡qi g‡a¨ msNl© Avi¤¢ nj|
Avgx‡bi †mbvevwnbxi cici civRq t Avgxb Avjx Be‡b Cmvi †bZ„‡Z¡ 50,000 ˆm‡bï GKwU `j cvVvb|
Avgx‡bi ˆmbëvwnbx 811 wLª÷v‡ã ivex bvgK ¯’v‡b msNwUZ hy‡× gvgy‡bi †mbvcwZ Zvwni Be‡b ûmvB‡bi
wbKU civwRZ nq| hy‡× Avjx Be‡b Cmv wbnZ nb| GB `ytmsev` ï‡b Avgxb †mbvcwZ Avt ingv‡bi †bZ„‡Z¡
Zvwn‡ii wei“‡× Avi GKwU ˆmbëvwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| GB `jwUI †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq|
gvgy‡bi Lwjdv Dcvwa MÖnY t Gi ci gvgyb Lwjdv Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| AviI K‡qK evi gvgy‡bi wei“‡×
Avgx‡bi †cÖwiZ †mbvevwnbx Zvwn‡ii wbKU civwRZ nq| Zvwni I nvimvgv mgMÖ Avie I BivK gvgy‡bi
Aax‡b Avbqb K‡ib|
evM`v` Ae‡iva t Gici gvgy‡bi †mbvcwZÎq Zvwni, nvimvgv I RynvBi GK‡Î evM`v` Ae‡iva K‡ib|
GgZve¯’vq evM`v‡` Ae¯’vb wbivc` bq| †f‡e Avgxb Zuvi gvZv I cwievieM©mn `Rjvi cwðg Zx‡i Aew¯’Z
g`xbvZyj gbmyi `y‡M© AvkÖq MÖnY K‡ib|
Avgx‡bi AvÍmgc©Y t Ae‡k‡l eva¨ n‡q Lwjdv Avgxb wek¦¯— †mbvcwZ nvimvgvi wbKU AvÍ
mgc©Y K‡ib| wKš—y
iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i K‡qKRb DMÖcš’x cviwmK KZ©„K nZfvM¨ Avgxb wbnZ nb| GB gg©vwš—K msev` †c‡q gvgyb
†kv‡K Awff~Z n‡q c‡ob| wZwb nZ¨vKvix‡ì Zvr¶wYK kvw¯—i weavb K‡ib| Gfv‡e Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨
msNwUZ åvZ„Ø‡›`¡i Aemvb N‡U| Avgxb Pvi eQi AvU gvm ivR¨ kvmb K‡ib|
Avgx‡bi wei“‡× gvgy‡bi mdjZvi KviY

gvIqvjx kw³i cªvavb¨ t Avgxb-gvgy‡bi ga¨Kvi åvZ„ msMÖvg g~jZ Aviexq I cviwmK gvIqvjx‡ì ga¨Kvi
msMÖvg| AveŸvmxq hy‡Mi m~Pbv n‡Z Aviexq cÖvavb¨ †jvc †c‡Z _v‡K Ges gvIqvjx AvwacZ¨ we¯—„Z n‡Z
_v‡K| cviwmKiv gvgyb‡K Zv‡ì fwMœi cyÎ wn‡m‡e g‡b cÖv‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj|
cviwmKM‡Yi †kÖôZ¡ t cviwmKMY Avie‡ì †P‡q A‡c¶vK…Z †hvM¨Zi Ges †KŠkjx wQ‡jb| Kv‡RB åvZ„Ø‡›`¡
gvgyb mn‡RB Rqjv‡f m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb|
Rbmg_©‡bi Afve t PvwiwÎK `ye©jZvi Rb¨ Avgx‡bi †cQ‡b Rbmg_©b Kg wQj| Ab¨w`‡K gvgy‡bi PvwiwÎK
gvayh© RbMY‡K Zuvi w`‡K AvK…ó K‡iwQj|
Avgx‡bi civgk©`vZv‡ì A‡hvM¨Zv t Avgx‡bi DRxi dRj Be‡b ivexi AcwiYvg`wk©Zv Ges `y®‹g© Avgx‡bi
civR‡qi g~j KviY wQj| Avjx Be‡b Cmvi `ye©j †mbvcwZZ¡ Avgx‡bi cZb NUvq|
Aw¯—‡Z¡i cÖkœ t Avgx‡bi wei“‡× gvgy‡bi msMÖvg gvgy‡bi Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi msMÖvg| hLb gvgy‡bi †mbvcwZ gvgy‡bi
Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨ Av`vRj †L‡q KvR KiwQj ZLb Avgxb I dRj gvgy‡bi m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß BZ¨vw` wb‡q gv_v
Nvgvw”Qj|
Ab¨v‡qi Dci b¨v‡qi Rq t Avgxb ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨ hy‡× wjß n‡qwQj, Avi gvgyb ¯^xq Aw¯—Z¡ i¶vi Rb¨
jovB K‡iwQj| Kv‡RB cwi‡k‡l gvgybB weRq jvf Kij| gvgy‡bi Rq I Avgx‡bi civRq wQj Ab¨v‡qi
Dci b¨v‡qi Rq|
Lwjdv Avgxb iv‡Rï me©¯^ AgvZë‡M©i nv‡Z †Q‡o bZ©Kx I g`¨cv‡bi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K Wywe‡q Pig Ae‡njv I
A`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Avi gvgyb Zuvi D`viZv I RbwcÖqZvi mØënvi K‡i h_vh_ KvRB K‡i‡Qb|
Avgxb Zuvi åvZv n‡jI Zuvi cÖwZ A¯¿ aviY K‡i wZwb b¨vq‡K cÖwZôv K‡ib| Ab¨v‡qi Dci b¨v‡qi cÖwZôv
GgbB KwVb ev¯—eZv|
mvi-ms‡¶c
Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡ì eviRb cyÎ wQ‡jb| DËivwaKvi wb‡q MÊ‡Mv‡ji AvksKvq wZwb RxweZ _vKvKv‡j
Pvicy‡Îi g‡a¨ DËivwaKvix g‡bvbqb K‡ib| Zuvi wb‡`©k gZ cÖ_‡g evM`v‡ì Lwjdv nb wØZxq cyÎ Avj-
Avwgb Avi †Lvivmv‡bi kvmbKZ©v nb cÖ_g cyÎ gvgyb| cÖ_‡g gvgyb †QvU fvB‡qi AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© I wQj| wKš—z A‡c¶vK…Z A‡hvM¨ Avj-Avgxb Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡` gË nq
AvgZë‡M©i Kv‡Q ¶gZv †Q‡o †`b| AvgZ¨‡ì Kvi‡Y mr fvB gvgy‡bi wei“‡× lohš¿ Kiv nq| wejvm-
e¨vm‡b gË Avj Avgxb Zv‡ì Pµv‡š— c‡o gvgy‡bi wei“‡× Ggb A‡bK¸‡jv eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i †h gvgyb‡K
eva¨ n‡q Avgx‡bi wei“‡× A¯¿ aviY Ki‡Z nq| Avi gvgy‡bi †hvM¨Zvi Kv‡Q Avj-Avgx‡bi civRq N‡U|

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUKv w`b-
1. Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡ì cyÎ wQj-
K. PviRb L. eviRb M. wZbRb N. `yBRb|
2. †eMg hyevB`vi mš—vb wQ‡jb-
K. Avj-gvgyb L. Avj-gyZvwgb M. Avj-gyZvwmg N. Avj-Avwgb|
3. Lwjdv nvi“‡bi †h DËivwaKvix 809 wLª÷v‡ã evM`v‡ì wmsnvm‡b e‡mb wZwb n‡”Qb-
K. Avj-gyZvwmg L. Avj-Avwgb M. Avj-gvgyb N. Avj-gyZvwmb
4. dRj web ivexi D‡Ïk¨ wQj-
K. Avj-gvgyb‡K aŸsm Kiv L. wb‡Ri ¶gZv `Lj
M. Avj-Avwgb‡K ¶gZvq ivLv N. gvgyb‡K ¶gZvq Avbv|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. nvi“b-Ai-ikx` †Kb wKfv‡e DËivwaKvix g‡bvbqb K‡i hvb|
2. Avwgb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy‡×i KviY wb‡`©k Ki“b|
3. M„nhy‡×i NUbv I djvdj wjLyb|
4. gvgy‡bi md‡jï KviY we‡k−lY Ki“b|
cvV 9
Avj-gvgyb (813-833 wLª.)-Gi kvmbvg‡j Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ
D‡Ïk¨


Ávb-weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e Avj gvgyb‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
Ávb-weÁv‡bi Dbœqb mva‡b gvgyb-Gi M„nxZ Kvh©vejxi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx‡ì g‡bvbq‡bi Î“wUi Kvi‡Y Avgxb I gvgyb `yB fvB‡qi g‡a¨ evM`v‡ì AveŸvmxq
wLjvdZ wb‡q msNl© nq| GB msN‡l© cviwmK‡ì mg_©b wb‡q gvgyb Rqjvf K‡ib| wZwb 813 †_‡K 833
wLªt ch©š— evM`v‡ì wLjvd‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡i mvgªv‡Rï mKj we‡`ªvn-
wek„´Ljv `gb, wbiew”Qbœ myL-kvwš— cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb GKRb kvmK A‡c¶v Ávb-
weÁv‡bi c„ô‡cvlK wn‡m‡e AwaK mdj wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb AveŸvmxq es‡ki Ggb wK mgMÖ gymwjg we‡k¦i
GKRb †kÖô we‡`¨vrmvnx bicwZ| HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjxi g‡Z, "Mamun's reign was unquestionably the
most brilliant and glorious of all in the history of Islam." A_©vr Ògvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj m‡›`nvZxZiƒ‡c
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m me©v‡c¶v D¾¡j I †MŠiegq hyM| Zuvi mgq wk¶v I Ávb PP©vi cªf~Z DrKl© mvwaZ nq|Ó
Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©vq gvgyb

†Kvb kvm‡Ki K…wZZ¡ g~j¨vq‡bi gvb`Ê hw` Ávb-weÁv‡bi Abykxjb Ges wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk mvab nq,
Zvn‡j Avj-gvgyb ïay Avie BwZnv‡m bq, eis Zuv‡K mgMÖ we‡k¦i bicwZ‡ì ch©vqfy³ Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e|
AveŸvmxq hyM wQj ÁvbPP©v, weKvk Ges we‡k¦ Bmjvg‡K Avš—R©vwZKxKi‡Yi hyM| GB cÖwµqvi AMÖbvqK wQ‡jb
gvgyb| wZwb wb‡RI ag©, `k©b, ZK©, AvBbkv‡¯¿ Mfxi Áv‡bi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi D`vi g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y
RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l weL¨vZ cwÊZMY Zuvi ìevi AjsK…Z K‡ib| GB weL¨vZ cwÊZMY BwZnvm, `k©b,
ag©, AvBb I weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvi Ici M‡elYv, ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wèvivZ KvUv‡Zb|
wk¶v cÖmv‡i f~wgKv t wZwb wk¶v we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ mvgªv‡R¨ AmsL¨ gv`ªvmv, ¯‹zj I K‡jR cÖwZôv K‡ib| wk¶v
cÖwZôv‡b cÖPyi A_© eivÏ K‡ib Ges jv‡LivR m¤úwËI `vb K‡ib gvgyb eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb h_v_© wk¶v I
ms¯‹…wZi PP©vi g‡a¨B †`k I RvwZi Kj¨vY wbwnZ| GRb¨ wZwb mKj-Kv‡RB gv`ªvmv-gmwR`‡K e¨vcKfv‡e
¯’vqx Av‡qi AvIZv wb‡q Av‡mb| wZwb Pxb †`‡ki AbyKi‡Y KvM‡Ri Kj ¯’vcb K‡ib| HwZnvwmK I‡qj
nvD‡m‡bi g‡Z, "We see for first time, perhaps in the history of the world, a religious and in its
triumphs."
Abyev‡ì †¶‡Î gvgy‡bi Ae`vb t Lwjdv gbmy‡ii mgq wewfbœ MÖ‡š’i Abyev` ïi“ nq Ges gvgy‡bi mgq Zuvi
weKvk N‡U| wZwb G‡_Ý, wmwiqv, Gwkqv, wgki cÖf„wZ †`k n‡Z cÖvPxb MÖš’ msMÖn Kwi‡q G¸‡jv weL¨vZ
cwÊZ‡ì Øviv Abyev` Kivb| wZwb †c−‡Uv, Gwi÷Uj, ÷¨v‡jb, wn‡cv‡µUmy cÖf„wZ `vk©wbK‡ì MÖš’mg~n
Aviwe‡Z Abyev‡ì eë¯’v K‡ib| †Kvóv, MÖxK, wmixq I K¨vjWxq fvlvi MÖš’vejx, gvbKv I `yevb ms¯‹…Z fvlvq
wjwLZ fviZxq MÖš’vejx Ges gymv cÖgyL dvimx MÖš’vejx‡K Aviex‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| wZwb Abyev`K‡ì cÖwZ
gv‡m 500 w`bvi cvwikÖwgK w`‡Zb| we‡kl K‡i ûmvBb web BmnvK‡K cy¯—‡Ki mgcwgvY ¯^Y©gy`ªv w`‡Zb|
weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK gyi e‡jb, ÒGB mKj gbxlx‡ì cwikª‡gi d‡j ga¨hy‡Mi AÜKviv”Qbœ BD‡ivcxq RvwZmg~n
Zv‡ì wbR¯^ A_P nviv‡bv `b cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi weÁvb I `k©‡bi ms‡M cybivq cwiwPZ nq|Ó
evBZyj wnKgv cÖwZôv t Lwjdv gvgyb Ávb-weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î †h mg¯— eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib Zvi g‡a¨ 830 wLª÷v‡ã
wbwg©Z evBZyj wnKgv ¯’vcb h‡_ó cÖksmvi `vwe`vi| wZwb Abyev`Kvh© myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ evBZyj wnKgv
MÖš’vMvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB evBZyj wnKgv †gvU wZbwU kvLv wb‡q MwVZ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ wQj MÖš’vMvi,
wk¶vqZb I Abyev` `ßi| ZrKvjxb bvg Kiv cwÊZ ûmvBb web Bmnv‡Ki Ici GB cÖwZôvbwUi `wqZ¡fvi
Ac©Y Kiv nq| Agymjgvb cwÊZivI GB cÖwZôv‡b ¯^vaxbfv‡e M‡elYvi my‡hvM cvb| hvi Rb¨ wk¶v I Ávb
we¯—v‡i evM`v`‡K BD‡ivcxqMY AbyKi‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| GB MÖš’vMv‡i cviwmK, wn›`y, wMÖK, wLª÷vb,
Aviemn Ab¨vb¨ mKj †kÖYxi †jvK wk¶vg~jK M‡elYv, weÁvb PP©v I Abyev‡ì Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb|
gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evBZyj wnKgv wQj wk¶vi cÖvY‡K›`ª| GUv wPiw`b wek¦ wk¶v I ÁvbPP©vi †¶‡Î A¤−vb n‡q
_vK‡e|
†gŠwjK M‡elYvi DrKl© mvab t wZwb ïay wewfbœ MÖ‡š’i Abyev`B K‡ibwb| Zuvi mg‡q wewfbœ wel‡q †gŠwjK
M‡elYvi Ici ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †R¨vwZwe©`¨v M‡elYvi Rb¨ wZwb me©cÖ_g kvgwmqv‡Z GKwU gvbgw›ì
(Observatory) cÖwZôv K‡ib| ZvQvoI IqvwmZ, Avcvwgqv bvgK ¯’v‡bI gvbgw›ì ¯’vcb Kiv nq| wZwbB
Bqvwnqv web Avj-gbmyi, wm›` web Avjx bvgK MwYZÁ I †R¨vwZwe©`‡K gvbgw›`‡ii cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM`vb
K‡ib| Zviv †m mgq c„w_exi AvK…wZ m¤ú‡K© BD‡ivcxq‡ì aviYv fyj cÖgvY K‡ib| Zuviv c„w_exi AvK…wZ,
MÖn, b¶Î, a~g‡KZz, welye †iLv, A¶vsk m¤ú‡K© mwVK Z_¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| gymjgvb‡ì G Ae`vb cÖm‡½
Wªvcvi e‡jb, ÒAvieMY b‡fvgÊ‡j †h n¯—Qvc †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv †h †Kvb e¨w³ f‚gÊ‡ji b¶Î m¤^Üxq Ávb
AvniY Kv‡j Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|Ó Avey nvmvb bvgK GKRb êÁvwbK `~iex¶Y hš¿ I †bŠ-K¤úvm
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †m mg‡qiB weL¨vZ MwYZÁ I f~‡Mvjwe` wQ‡jb gynv¤§` web g~mv Avj-LvIqvwiRgx| †m
mg‡q imvqb kv‡¯¿i Rvwei f®§xKiY (Calcination) I jNyKiY (Reduction) m~Î `ywU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
ag©, mvwnZ¨ I `k©‡bi weKvk t wZwb mvwnZ¨ I a‡g©i GKRb c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq mvwnZ¨,
BwZnvm I ag©Z‡Ë¡i A‡bK MÖš’ iwPZ nq| ag©ZË¡, nv`xm I AvBb kv‡¯¿i Av‡jvPbv‡K wZwb DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb
Ges Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq G wel‡q e¨vcK PP©v Aeva MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z _v‡K| wZwb cÖwZ g½jevi Zuvi ìev‡i
mvwnZ¨, `k©b I weÁvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv mfvq wgwjZ n‡Zb| †mLv‡b AZ¨š— wk¶Yxq e³„Zv I Av‡jvPbv mfv
nZ| Zuvi mg‡q dviwm mvwnZ¨ beRxeb jvf K‡i| dviwm KweZvi RbK wQ‡jb gv‡e©i Kwe AveŸvm| Zuvi
mg‡q h‡_ó ag©PP©v nq| nv`xm kv¯¿we` Bgvg eyLvix, Bgvg Avng` web nv¤^j I `vk©wbK Avj-wK›`x Zvi
ivRìevi‡K AjsK…Z K‡ib| wZwb nv`xm PP©vi h‡_ó my‡hvM `vb K‡ib| ZvQvov Lwjdv gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j
n¯—wk‡íi weKvk N‡U| Zvi mg‡q GKRb weL¨vZ n¯—wjwcKvi wQ‡jb, Avey ivqnvb| Avi Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i
ivqnvbx wjLb c×wZ ZLb AveŸvmxq hy‡M h‡_ó mybvg AR©b K‡i|
gy'Zvwhjv gZev‡ì cÖPjb t Lwjdv gvgyb gy'Zvwhjv gZev‡ì GKRb mg_©K wQ‡jb| wZwb Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ
wbqg-bxwZ Rvbvi Rb¨ Pvi gvhnve m¤ú‡K© Mfxi aviYv jvf K‡ib| wZwb Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK-bxwZmg~n †g‡b
Pj‡Zb| wZwb ag© I `k©‡bi †¶‡Î D`vniY I hyw³i g‡bvfve MÖnY Ki‡Zb| wZwb agx©q †Muvovgx Ges
cªwZwµqvkxj P‡µi nvZ †_‡K gymwjg mgvR‡K i¶vi Rb¨ gy'Zvwhjv gZev` MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb gy'Zvwhjv
gZev`‡K ivóªxqfv‡eI ¯^xK…wZ †`b|
MwYZ, wPwKrmv I f~‡Mvjwe`¨v t gynv¤§` web g~mv wQ‡jb gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji L¨vZbvgv MwYZÁ I f~‡Mvjwe`|
Zuvi mgqKvi bvgKiv wPwKrmvwe` wn‡m‡e Zuvi ivRwmsnvmb‡K AjsK…Z K‡ib BDnvbœv web †gvmIqvn| wZwb
Aek¨ me©cÖ_g †Pv‡Li †ivM msµvš— cy¯—K iPbv K‡i mybvg AR©b K‡ib| Avj-LvIqvwiRgx exRMwYZ msµvš—
MÖš’ iPbv K‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi MÖš’ BD‡iv‡ci bvgKiv wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvV¨cy¯—K wn‡m‡e
wm‡jev‡mi Aš—f©y³ nq|
me©‡¶‡Î eyw×-e„wËi weKvk

AveŸvmxq Lwjdv Avj-gbmyi I nvi“b- Ávb-weÁvb I mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ Ges eyw×-e„wË PP©vi †h cwi‡ek m„wó
K‡iwQ‡jb gvgy‡bi †Póvq Zv cwic~Y©fv‡e weKwkZ nq| HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, gvgy‡bi wLjvdZ
mvivwmbxq BwZnv‡mi me©v‡c¶v †MŠi‡ev¾¡j Aa¨vq Ges G‡K h_v_©fv‡e Bmjv‡gi AMv÷vb hyM ejv n‡q‡Q|
Zuvi wek eQ‡ii kvmbKvj wPš—vavivi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †¶‡Î gyjmvb‡ì eyw× e„wË weKv‡ki ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ wPý †i‡L
†M‡Q|Ó wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡ì G mvdj¨ weÁvb ev mvwn‡Zï †Kvb we‡kl kvLvi g‡a¨ mxgve×
wQj bv| Zv eyw× e„wËi me©‡¶‡Î cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Av_©-mvgvwRK DrKl© I
mg„w× RbÏ gvgy‡bi Ae`vb Abe`¨|
mvi-ms‡¶c
wk¶v I Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©vi †h ¯^Y©hyM wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf K‡i AveŸvmxq hyM Zvi g~j Ae`vb wQj Lwjdv
Avj-gvgy‡bi| wk¶v I ÁvbweÁv‡bi †h weKvk wZwb NUvb Zv ïay Avie mf¨Zvi ÁvbfvÊvi‡KB mg„× K‡iwb
eis wek¦ mf¨Zv I mg„w× AR©b K‡i| Zuvi mgq ïaygvÎ gymjgvb‡ì Ávb-weÁv‡bi DbœwZB N‡Uwb eis
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡ì DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Avj-gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Ávb-
weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î hv Af‚Zc~e© DrKl© mvwaZ n‡qwQj Zv we‡ePbv K‡i A‡bK HwZnvwmK G‡K gymwjg mf¨Zvi
¯^Y©hyM "The golden age of Muslim civilization." e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avevi A‡b‡K Zuvi ivRZ¡Kvj‡K
†ivg mgªvU AMv÷v‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| Avm‡j gvgy‡bi ivRZ¡Kvj AMv÷v‡bi hyM A‡c¶vI D¾¡j I
†MŠiegq wQj|

AíK_vq DËi w`b-
1. ÔAveŸvmxq Z_v mgMÖ gymwjg we‡k¦i †kªô we‡`¨vrmvnx Lwjdv wQ‡jb Avj-gvgyb' gš—e¨ Ki“b|
2. wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vqx Av‡qi e¨vcv‡i Avj-gvgyb wK K‡iwQ‡jb?
3. Abyev‡ì †¶‡Î gvgy‡bi Ae`vb wK?
4. evBZzj wnKgvq KqwU kvLv wQj I wK wK?
5. Ôgvb gw›ì' wK? gvgy‡bi gvbgw›`‡ii `vwq‡Z¡ †K wQ‡jb?
6. `~iex¶Y hš¿ Kvi mg‡q Avwe®‹…Z nq|
7. me©cÖ_g †Pv‡Li †ivM m¤ú‡K© †Kvb weÁvbx cy¯—K iPbv K‡ib|
8. exRMwY‡Zi Dci †K MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib?
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©vq Lwjdv gvgy‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki“b|
2. evBZzj wnKgv wK? Gi Dci GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
3. M‡elYvi DrKl© mva‡b gvgy‡bi cÖqv‡mi eY©bv w`b|
4. gvgy‡bi me©‡¶‡Î eyw×-e„wËi weKvk mvwaZ nq| gš—e¨ Ki“b|
cvV 10 eyqvBqv es‡ki DÌvb I cZb (945-1055 wLª.)

D‡Ïk¨


eyqvBqv es‡ki cwiPq I Zv‡ì DÌvb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
K‡qKRb eyqvBqv kvm‡Ki kvmbKvj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 eyqvBqv es‡ki cZb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Lwjdv Kv‡n‡ii kvmbvg‡j eyqvBqv kw³i D™¢e nq| eyqvBqv wQj cvim¨ kvn evnivg †Mvi A_ev
Bqvh`Ri‡ì eskai `vBjv‡gi Awaevmx| G es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb Avey myRv eyqvBqv| Avey myRv †evLivi
mvgvbxq‡ì Aax‡b PvKwi Ki‡Zb| Zuvi wZb cyÎ wQjÑ Avng`, Avjx I nvmvb| Zviv 936 mv‡ji g‡a¨
Bivb, B¯úvnvb, wmivR, AvnIqvR LywR¯—vb Ges wKigvb cÖf…wZ ¯’vb mvgvbx‡ì wbKU n‡Z D×vi K‡i GK
¯^vaxb ivóª cÖwZôv K‡ib|
eyqvBqv‡ì DÌvb
eyqvBqv‡ì cÖwZôv jvf t eyqvBqv hLb cÖf‚Z kw³i AwaKvix, ZLb AveŸvmxq Lwjdv gym&ZvKdx evM`v‡ì
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb ZzK©x evwnbxi J×Z¨g~jK eënv‡i AwZô n‡q eyqvBqv `jcwZ Avngv‡ì
mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| Avngv` Lwjdvi Avgš¿‡Y mvov w`‡q m‰m‡b¨ evM`v` Awfgy‡L iIqvbv nb| Avngv`
evM`v‡` cÖ‡ek K‡i ZzKx©‡ì civf‚Z I weZvwoZ K‡ib| G‡Z gymZvK&dx mš—zó n‡q Zv‡K Avgxi“j Dgviv
wbhy³ K‡ib Ges Zuv‡K ÒgyBR-D`-†`ŠjvnÓ Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib| GQvovI Zuvi Ab¨ `yfvB‡K h_vµ‡g
Bgv`y‡ÏŠjvn Ges i“KbD‡ÏŠjvn Dcvwa‡Z Awfwl³ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Avng` ev`Mv‡ì cÖK…Z ¶gZvi wbqvgK
n‡jb| wZwb Zvi wcZvi bvgvbymv‡i es‡ki bvg eyqvBqv iv‡Lb| eyqvBqv AvgxiMY evM`v‡ì Lwjdv‡ì‡K
wb‡R‡ì nv‡Zi cyZzj wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ K‡ib| Kvh©Z: GivB 945 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1055 ch©š— evM`v‡ì
wLjvdZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
gyBRy‡ÏŠjvn (945-967 wLª÷vã)

gyBRy‡ÏŠjvn& eyqvBqv es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv| wZwb ¯^xq `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z Avgxi“j Dgiv c‡`
AwawôZ nb| Aíw`‡bB wZwb Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡Vb| GgbwK Lwjdvi Ici my¯úó cÖvavb¨ we¯—vi Ki‡ZI
wZwb mdj nb| LyZev‡Z Lwjdvi cvkvcvwk Zuvi bvgI D”PvwiZ nZ| G cÖm‡½ HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb-
Òd«v‡Ýi †givwfwÄqvb ivRv‡ì kvmbKv‡j Pvj©m gvwU©‡ji †hiƒc gh©v`v wQj, Zuvi gh©v`vI †miƒc wQj| KviY
wZwbB cÖK…Z mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Lwjdv Zuvi AvwkªZ gvÎ wQ‡jb Ges wZwb ivR‡Kvl n‡Z ˆ`wbK
5,000 w`bvi fvZv wn‡m‡e †c‡Zb|Ó
eyqvBqv‡ì cÖej ¶gZvi cÖwZ Lwjdv gy¯—vKdxi Amš—zó n‡q Zv‡ì `vcU bm¨vZ Ki‡Z lohš¿ ïi“ K‡ib|
Ae‡k‡l gyBRy‡ÏŠjvn loh‡š¿i Reve †`b| 946 mv‡j Lwjdv‡K AÜ K‡i wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡ib| AZtci wZwb
gy¯—vKdxi cyÎ Avj gyZx‡K wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ K‡ib|
gyBRy‡ÏŠjvn& A‡bKUv wbôzi cÖK…wZi wQ‡jb| wZwb we`¨vbyivMx wQ‡jb Z‡e Zuvi Avg‡j wkí-mvwn‡Zï DbœwZ
nq| RbwnZKi Kv‡h©I Zuvi Ae`vb wQj| wk'qv‡ì cÖfve-cÖwZcwË Zuvi Avg‡j †Rvi`vi nq| Kvievjvi
gg©vwš—K nZ¨vKv‡Êi ¯§i‡Y 10B gniig †kvK wèm cvj‡bi ixwZ cÖPjb K‡ib| wZwb evM`v` bMixi †MŠie
cybtcÖwZôv K‡ib| 967 mv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
B¾y‡ÏŠjvn (967 wLª÷vã)

gyBR-D`-†`Šjvni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ eLwZqvi B¾y‡ÏŠjvn Dcvwa aviY K‡i Avgxi“j Dgvivi c‡` AwawôZ
nb| wKš—z wZwb wQ‡jb `ye©j g‡bi AwaKvix| kvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi †hvM¨ZvI Zuvi g‡a¨ wQj bv| ZvB G
my‡hv‡M i“Kby‡ÏŠjvni cyÎ AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn& Zvu‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡i wb‡RB wmsnvmb jvf K‡ib|
AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn (967-983 wLª.)

AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn& Avgxi‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kªô Ges L¨vwZgvb kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb eyqvBqv kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Pig
kx‡l© Av‡ivnY K‡iwQ‡jb| eyqvBqv Avgxi‡ì Øviv cÖwZwôZ BivK I cvi‡mï †QvU †QvU ivR¨¸‡jv‡K GKÎ
K‡i wZwb GKwU mvgªvR¨ m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ¶gZvi cÖwZ Lwjdv mš—zó n‡q Zuv‡K myjZvb Dcvwa cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb| kvmK wn‡m‡e ZrKvjxb †kªô kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ wZwb Avcb gwngvq fv¯î wQ‡jb| Rygvi LyZevqI
Zuvi bvg cov nZ| gy`ªvq Zuvi bvg Aw¼Z Kivi Ges Zuvi cÖvmv‡ì ìRvq ˆ`wbK wZbevi †Xvj †cUvevi Rb¨
Lwjdv AbygwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb|
AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn&i kvmbvg‡j eyqvBqv mvgªvR¨ Kvw¯úqvb mvMi n‡Z cvim¨ DcmvMi ch©š— Ges B¯úvnvb n‡Z
Avi¤¢ K‡i wmwiqvi mxgvš— ch©š— we¯—vi jvf K‡i| wZwb cÖRvwn‰Zlx wQ‡jb Ges A‡bK RbwnZKi Kvh©vejxi
mn‡hvwMZv I wkí-mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZv Ki‡Zb| Zuvi c‡iB µgk eyqvBqv esk AebwZi w`‡K avweZ nq|
cieZx© eyqvBqvMY
AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn&i gyZzï ci Zuvi cyÎ kvgmy‡ÏŠjvn& Ôkvgmyj wgj−vn' Dcvwa aviY K‡i Avgxi“j Dgvivi c` jvf
K‡ib| wKš—z Aíw`b c‡iB kvmmy‡ÏŠjvn&i fvB kivdD‡ÏŠjvn& KZ©„K c`Py¨Z nb| kivdD‡ÏŠjvn& 983-989
wLª÷v‡ã ch©š— D³ c‡` wQ‡jb| 989 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi cyÎ bmi evnvD‡ÏŠjvn& Dcvwa aviY K‡i
wcZvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| AveŸvmxq Lwjdv AvZZvB‡K wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡i 991 wLª÷v‡ã evnvD‡ÏŠjvn Avj-Kvwì
wej−vn‡K AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z Awfwl³ K‡ib| Lwjdv Kvw`‡ii mgq n‡Z eyqvBqv‡ì ¶gZv n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K|
G mgq myjZvby‡ÏŠjvn 1012-1024 wLª. Bgv`yÏxb 1024-1048 wLª÷vã Avgxi-Dj-Dgvivn c‡` AwawôZ
wQ‡jb| G‡ì †kl myjZvb wQ‡jb Avgxi-Dj-Dgvivn gvwjK Avi iwng (1048-1055 wLª÷vã)| †mjRyK
es‡ki cÖwZôvZv ZzwMÖj †eM KZ©„K eyqvBqv‡ì weZvwoZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ G es‡ki Aemvb N‡U|
eyqvBqv es‡ki cZb

1. wkqv-mybœx we‡Øl t eyqvBqv‡ì kvmbvg‡j wkqv-mybœx we‡Øl PigvKvi aviY K‡i| eyqvBqviv wQj wkqv|
AveŸvmxq Lwjdviv Zv‡ì nv‡Z µxob‡K cwiYZ nq| eyqvBqvMYB wLjvd‡Zi cÖK…Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi
AwaKvix n‡j mybœx AveŸvmxq Lwjdviv loh‡š¿ wjß nb|
2. Avie I cvim¨ Ø›`¡ t eyqvBqv es‡ki DÌv‡bi d‡j Avi‡ei Ici cviwmK cÖfzZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖkvm‡bi
me©¯—‡i cviwmK‡ì cÖfve e„w× cvq| Avi‡ei AwfRvZ †kªYx wKQy‡ZB G‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb|
3. eyqvBqv‡ì `ye©jZv t kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ AvR`y‡ÏŠjvni cieZx© kvmKeM© wQ‡jb `ye©j I A‡hvM¨| d‡j Zviv
mvgªvR¨‡K a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡iwb|
4. eyqvBqv‡ì mxgvnxb AZ¨vPvi t eyqvBqv AvgxiMY wb‡R‡ì †Lqvj-Lywk gZ Lwjdv wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb Ges
wmsnvm‡b emv‡Zb| A‡bK kvmKB RbM‡Yi Ici mxgvnxb AZ¨vPvi KiZ| d‡j Zviv AwZô n‡q gyw³i
Avkvq mykvmK LyuRwQ‡jb|
5. †mjRyK‡ì AvµgY t eyqvBqv‡ì AvÍ Kjn, we‡`ªvn I M„nhy‡×i my‡hv‡M mybœx gZvej¤^x †mjRyK es‡ki
cÖwZôvZv ZzwMÖj me©‡kl eyqvBqv kvmK gvwjK inxg‡K civwRZ I ewn®‹vi K‡i eyqvBqv kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb|
eyqvBqv‡ì Ae`vb
eyqvBqv es‡ki mKj kvmKB wQ‡jb Ávb-weÁvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK| G es‡ki cÖwZôvZv
gyBh-D-†`Šjvn we`¨vbyivMx Ges wkí-mvwn‡Zï GKwbô c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| G es‡ki †kªôkvmK AvR`y †`Šjvn
Ávb-weÁvb, wkí-mvwnZ¨ I ¯’vcZ¨ Kjvq we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb| wZwb wb‡R Ávbx Ges MwYZ kv‡¯¿i cwÊZ
wQ‡jb| wek¦weL¨vZ Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, weÁvbx, HwZnvwmK, `vk©wbK Zuvi ivRìevi †kvfv ea©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
HwZnvwmK gvmy`x, `vk©wbK Avj-dvivex, Avey-bmi, Kwe-gyZvbeŸx, fvlvweÁvbx Avjx Avj-dvimx Ges
wKZveyj AvMvbxi msKjbK Aveyj dvivR cÖgyL gbxlxMY BwZnvm, `k©b, mvwnZ¨ Ges Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ
kvLvq D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| wek¦weL¨vZ wPš—vwe` BLIqvbym mvdv m¤úª`vq `k©‡bi †¶‡Î we‡kl
L¨vwZ jvf Ki‡Qb| †R¨vwZwe©` Bebym Avjg, MwYZwe` Avey Iqvdv weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î D‡j−L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb
iv‡Lb| eyqvBqv es‡ki kidz‡ÏŠjvn I evnD‡ÏŠjv-Gi kvmbvg‡j Ávb-weÁv‡bi h‡_ó DrKl© mvwaZ nq| GB
Dfq kvmKB wQ‡jb we‡`¨vrmvnx| kidz‡ÏŠjvn GKwU gvbgw›ì Ges evM`v‡M GKwU weivU cvVvMvimn
GKv‡Wgx ¯’Acb K‡iwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e eyqvBqv kvmbgv‡j Ávb-weÁv‡bi wecyj DrKl© mvwaZ nq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
eyqvBqv kvmKeM© wb‡R‡ì ¶gZv I †hvM¨Zvq GKwU kw³kvjx mvgªv‡Rï Rb¥ w`‡q BwZnv‡m ¯’vb K‡i
wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKš—z mxgvnxb AZ¨vPvi, A‡hvM¨Zv, `ye©jZv I AvÍ
Kj‡ni Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì cZb Z¡ivwb¦Z nq|

GK K_vq DËi w`b-
1. †Kvb Lwjdvi Avg‡j eyqvBqv‡ì D™¢e nq?
2. eyqvBqv †K wQ‡jb?
3. eyqvBqv es‡ki cÖwZôv †K wQ‡jb?
4. Zuviv KZ mv‡j †Kv_vq †Kv_vq ¯^vaxb ivóª cÖwZôv K‡ib?
5. eyqvBqv es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv Kv‡K g‡b Kiv nq?
6. †K Lwjdv‡K AÜKv‡i wmsnvmbPy¨Z K‡ib?
7. gyBR-DR-†`Šjvi g„Zzï ci †K Avgxi“j Dgvivi c‡` AwawôZ nb?
8. Avgxi‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kªô I L¨vwZgvb kvmb †K wQ‡jb?
9. eyqvBqv‡ì cZ‡bi GKwU KviY wb‡`©k Ki“b|
10. eyqvBqv es‡ki Ae`v‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl Ae`v‡bi K_v ejyb|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. eyqvBqv‡ì cwiPq w`b|
2. eyqvBqv es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv wn‡m‡e gyBRy‡ÏŠjvni g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
3. ÔAvR`y‡ÏŠjvn eyqvBqv Avgxi‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kªô Ges L¨vwZgvb kvmK wQ‡jb|Ó -we‡k−lY Ki“b|
4. eyqvBqv es‡ki cZ‡bi KviY wb‡`©k Ki“b|
5. eyqvBqv‡ì Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
cvV 11 †mjRyK es‡ki DÌvb-cZb (1055-1194 wLª.)

D‡Ïk¨


‡mjRyK es‡ki DÌvb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
†mjRyK es‡ki cZ‡bi KviY we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†mjRyKiv ga¨ Gwkqvi weL¨vZ ZyKx© †MvÎxq NyR es‡ki †jvK wQj| †mjRyK web ZzKvK-Gi bvgvbymv‡i G
es‡ki bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKv`k kZvãx‡Z Zv‡ì BwZnvm ïi“ nq| Zviv ZyK©x¯—vb n‡Z UªvÝ Aw·qvbvq
cÖ‡ek K‡i Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i| GK ch©v‡q Zviv AZ¨š— kw³kvjx n‡q I‡V|
†mjRyK es‡ki DÌv‡bi BwZnvm

1. ZzwMÖj †eM (1037-1063 wLª.)
†mjRy‡Ki cyÎ ZzwMÖj †e‡Mi gva¨‡gB †mjRyK esk cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| wZwb ej&L, RyiRvb,
LvIqvwiRg, Zvevwi¯—vb, nvgv`vb, ivB, B¯úvnvb cÖf…wZ AÂj Rq K‡i K„wZZ¡ AR©b K‡ib| G mgq AveŸvmxq
Lwjdv Avj KvBqyg wej−vn eyqvBqv Avgxi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q ZzwMÖj †e‡Mi mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| ZzwMÖj
†eM AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q 1055 mv‡j evM`v‡ì †kl eyqvBqv gvwjK iwng‡K civwRZ I weZvwoZ K‡i evM`v`
`Lj K‡ib| Lwjdv Zvi K‡g© mš—zó n‡q Zv‡K myjZvb Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib| Aek¨ ZzwMÖj †eM 1058 mv‡j
Avimvjvb KZ©„K Lwjdv KvBqy‡gi wmsnvmb Py¨wZ‡ZI M‡R© D‡Vb| c‡i evM`v` cybivq `Lj K‡i KvBqyg‡K
wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ K‡ib| ZzwMÖj †eM me mgq evM`v‡` Dcw¯’Z bv †_‡KI GKRb cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g Lwjdvi
Ici AvwacZ¨ eRvq ivL‡Zb|
ZzwMÖj †eM AZ¨š— D`vi, mij I KZ©e¨ civqY mykvmK wQ‡jb| mvnmx †hv×v wn‡m‡eI Zvi mybvg Pviw`‡K
Qwo‡q c‡owQj| wZwb wkqv cÖfve Le© K‡i mybœx KZ…©Z¡‡K cÖwZôv K‡ib| HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjxi g‡Z-
ZzwMÖ‡ji Avg‡j †mjRyKMY Gwkqvq GKwU cÖZvckvjx RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| gv‡f© Zuvi Kvh©vjq cÖwZwôZ wQj|
MRbxi myjZvb gvngy‡ì cyÎ gvmy`‡K civwRZ K‡i ¶gZvq AwawôZ nevi ci `xN© 25 eQi ivRZ¡ cwiPvjbv
K‡i 1063 mv‡j g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb my`¶ I cÖwZfvkvjx kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †mjRyKMY
GK cÖZvckvjx RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ nq| wZwb Ávbx-¸Yx `vbkxj Ges avwg©K wQ‡jb|
2. Avj&c Avimvjvb (1063-1072 wLª÷vã)
ZzwMÖj †e‡Mi g„Zzï ci Zuvi åvZz¯úyÎ Avj&c Avimvjvb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| 462 wnRwi‡Z g°vi
kvmbKZ©v gynv¤§v` web Avey nvwkg LyZev †_‡K dv‡Zwg bvg ev` w`‡q Avjc Avimvjv‡bi bvg wb‡Z ïi“
K‡ib| wZwbI GKRb my`¶ myjZvb wQ‡jb|
myjZvb ZzwMÖ‡ji mgq evBRvbUvBb mgªv‡Ui mv‡_ †h msN‡l©i m~Pbv n‡qwQj- Avjc-Avimvjv‡bi mgq Zv Pig
AvKvi aviY K‡i| 463 wnRwi‡Z †ivgvbiv j¶vwaK ˆmb¨ wb‡q AZwK©‡Z gymwjg GjvKvq nvgjv Ki‡j Aví
Avimvjvb gvÎ 15,000 ˆmb¨ wb‡q Zv‡ì †gvKvwejv K‡ib Ges mdjZvi mv‡_ Rqjvf K‡ib| G hy‡× mgªvU
¯^qs Ges AmsL¨ ˆmb¨ e›`x nq| mgªvU Zvi Kb¨vi mv‡_ Aví Avimvjv‡bi cy‡Îi weevn, evwl©K Ki, gymwjg
e›`x gyw³i cÖwZkª“wZ Ges 50 eQi †gqv`x mwÜ Pyw³ K‡i mevB‡K Qvwo‡q †bb| Avj&c Avimvjvb 1073 mv‡j
Bwš—Kvj K‡ib| `ye©j AveŸvmx Lwjdv‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi my m¤úK© wQj| wZwb gvf© †_‡K B¯úvnv‡b Zuvi ivRavbx
¯’vbvš—i K‡ib|
3. gvwjK kvn (1072-1092 wLª÷vã) t Aví Avimvjv‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ gvwjK kvn& Rvjvjy‡ÏŠjv Dcvwa
wb‡q 1073 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †mjRyK mvgªvR¨ DbœwZ I †MŠi‡ei wkL‡i
Av‡ivnY K‡i| gvwjK kvn& ivR‡Z¡i cÖ_g w`‡K K‡qKwU we‡`ªvn `gb K‡ib| wKš—z ivR¨ Rq A‡c¶v kvmb
ms¯‹v‡ii w`K w`‡q gvwjK kvn& L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| Zuvi kvmbvg‡j Px‡bi mxgvš— n‡Z f‚-ga¨mvMi ch©š— Ges
DË‡i RwR©qv n‡Z `w¶‡Y B‡q‡gb ch©š— we¯—„Z-wekvj mvgªv‡R¨ kvwš— weivR KiZ| AveŸvmxq Lwjdv nvi“b I
gvgy‡bi gZ ewYK, n¾¡hvÎx Ges cw_K‡ì wbivcËv weav‡bi Rb¨ wZwb cvnviv`vi wb‡qvM I wekªvgvMvi wbg©vY
K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvovI wZwb eû gmwR`, nvmcvZvj, wk¶v cÖwZôvb I iv¯—vNvU wbg©vY, Lvj Lbb BZ¨vw`
Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb|
DwRi wbhvgyj g~jK
gvwjK kvn& LvRv nvmvb wbhvgyj g~jK‡K DwRi c‡` wbhy³ K‡ib Ges ÔAvZv‡eM' Dcvwa `vb K‡i m¤ú~Y©
cÖkvmwbK ¶gZvi AwaKvix K‡iwQ‡jb| g~jZ wbhvgyj g~j‡Ki Kg©KzkjZv I weP¶YZvi d‡jB gvwjK kvni
ivRZ¡Kvj gwngvwb¦Z I wPi¯§iYxq n‡q i‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ HwZnvwmK wnwÆ e‡jb- Òm¤¢eZ BqvnBqv evg©vKxi
ci wbhvgyj g~jKB Gwkqvi GKgvÎ †hvM¨Zg gš¿x I kvmbKZ©v|Ó wZwb AviI e‡jb- ÒBmjv‡gi ivR‰bwZK
BwZnv‡m wbhvg~jK g~jK AjsKvi ¯îƒc|Ó Zuvi iwPZ ÔwmqvmZbvgv' AvRI mgv`„Z| wbRvg kvni civg‡k©
gvwjK kvn& GKwU gvbgw›ì ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges cviwmK cwÄKv ms¯‹vi K‡i Rvjvjx w`b cwÄKv cÖ¯—zZ
K‡iwQ‡jb| 1047 wLª÷v‡ã gvwjK wbhvgyj g~j‡Ki civg‡k© GKwU †R¨vwZwe©` m‡¤§jb K‡ib| wKš—z G gnvb
e¨w³Z¡‡K Ô¸ßNvZK' m¤úª`vq nZ¨v K‡i †d‡j|
†mjRyK es‡ki cZb

†hvM¨ DËivwaKvixi Afve t †mjRyK es‡ki me©‡kªô myjZvb gvwjK kvn&i g„Zzï ci Zuvi b¨vq †Kvb †hvM¨
DËivwaKvix wQj bv| Zuvi g„Zzï ci cyÎ‡ì g‡a¨ M„nhy× ïi“ nq I ivR¨ LÊ-weLÊ n‡q hvq| d‡j
kvmbZvwš¿K AeKvVv‡gv †f‡O hvq|
wbhvgyj g~j‡Ki AKvj g„Zz¨ t †mjRyK es‡ki gš¿x wbhvgyj g~jK wQ‡jb †mjRyK ivR‡Z¡i AjsKvi¯îƒc| Zuvi
Kg©KzkjZvq mvgªv‡Rï fxZ gReyZ n‡qwQj| wKš—z ¸ßNvZK KZ©„K Zuvi AKvj g„Zz¨‡Z †mjRyK es‡ki cZb
Z¡ivwb¦Z nq|
Av`k©Py¨wZ t †mjRyK es‡ki ivR‡Z¡i wfwË †h Av`‡k©i Ici cÖwZwôZ wQj, gvwjK kvn&i cieZx© kvmKeM© †m
Av`k© †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i m‡i c‡owQ‡jb| d‡j cZb Z¡ivwb¦Z nq|
†mjyRyK es‡ki Ae`vb t †mRjyK esk 1055 †_‡K 1194 wLª÷vã ch©š— evM`v‡ì kvmb cwiPvjbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuviv ¶gZvq G‡m gymwjg we‡k¦ HK¨, msnwZ I k„´Ljv cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zviv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
we‡kl K‡i mybœx gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ Av¯’v wdwi‡q Av‡bb| gymwjg wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ I mf¨Zvq Zv‡ì Ae`vb
Amvgvb¨, Zuv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq wk¶v, mvwnZ¨, weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLv DrKl© jvf K‡i| weL¨vZ `vk©wbK Bgvg
Mvhvjx, gbxlx Igi ˆLqvg, mvwnwZ¨K wbRvgx, Kwe dwi` DÏxb AvËvi Kwe I ch©UK bvwmi-B-Lmi“ cÖgyL
e¨w³MY Zv‡ì mg‡q Ávb-weÁv‡bi wewfbœ kvLvq Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb| ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡í I †mjRyK
myjZvb‡ì Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| Zviv Bmjv‡gi we¯—vi Ges Gwkqv gvBb‡i gymwjg kvmb Ges †ivgvb AÂ‡j
Bmjv‡gi cÖmvi NUvb|
mvi-ms‡¶c
†mjRyK esk Gwkqvq kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i †h K…wZZ¡ AR©©b K‡iwQj, Zv BwZnv‡m ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q| ZzwMÖj †eM
KZ©„K cÖwZwôZ †mjRyK ivRZ¡ cwðg Gwkqvi mxgv‡š— Aew¯’Z Kveyj n‡Z †ivgvb f‚L‡Êi BDbvbx ûKzgvZ I
wgk‡ii dv‡Zwg ûKzgvZ ch©š— mgMÖ GjvKvq KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZwôZ K‡i|

GK K_vq DËi w`b t
1. †mjRyKMY †Kvb es‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb?
2. Kvi bvgvbymv‡i GB es‡ki bvgKiY Kiv nq?
3. †mjRyK es‡ki cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv †K?
4. ZzwMÖj †eM KZ eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib?
5. Avjc Avimvjvb †K wQ‡jb?
6. gvwjK kvn wK bvg aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b e‡mb?
7. gvwjK kv‡ni iv‡Rï mxgv wK wQj?
8. LvRv wbhvgyj g~jK †K?
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. †mjRyK es‡ki DÌvb I cZb m¤^‡Ü eY©bv w`b|
2. ZzwMÖj †e‡Mi ivRZ¡ Kvj eY©bv Ki“b|
3. gvwjK kv‡ni kvmbvgj †Kgb wQj?
4. wbhvgyj g~jK m¤^‡Ü GKwU UxKv wjLyb|
5. †mjhyK‡ì nK‡ì Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
cvV 12 µz‡m‡Wi KviY I djvdj

D‡Ïk¨


µz‡m‡Wi cvwiPq ej‡Z cvi‡eb
µz‡m‡Wi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 µz‡m‡Wi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†Ri“hv‡j‡gi Ici AvwacZ¨ we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ wLª÷vb‡ì †h hy× msNwUZ nq BwZnv‡m ZvB
µz‡mW ev ag©hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| µz‡mWviMY e‡¶ jvj e‡Y©i µzkwPý eënvi KiZ e‡jI G hy× µz‡mW bv‡g
AwfwnZ|
µz‡m‡Wi cwiPq t †Ri“hv‡jg n‡jv nhiZ Cmv (Av)-Gi Rb¥¯’vb| gymjgvb, wLª÷vb I Bû`x‡ì cyY¨ f~wg| G
¯’vbwU‡K gymjgvb‡ì wbKU n‡Z D×vi Kivi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡ci wLª÷vb Ges cÖv‡Pï gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ GKv`k
kZvãxi †klfvM n‡Z Î‡qv`k kZvãxi †kl ch©š— †h fqven hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj BwZnv‡m Zv µz‡mW ev
ag©hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| a‡g©i †`vnvB w`‡q wLª÷vbMY gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× A¯¿aviY K‡iwQj e‡j G‡K ag©hy×
ejv nq| Avi Zviv e‡¶ †jvwnZ e‡Y©i µzk wPý eënvi KiZ e‡j GwU µz‡mW bv‡gI cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|
µz‡m‡Wi KviY
†Ri“hv‡j‡gi ¸i“Z¡ t agx©q w`K †_‡K †Ri“hv‡j‡gi ¸i“Z¡ AZ¨waK| †Kbbv, GwU hxï wLª‡÷i Rb¥f~wg,
gnvbex (m)-Gi wgivR Mg‡bi ¯’vb Ges g~mv (Av)-Gi eû ¯§„wZ weRwoZ ¯’vb nIqvq wLª÷vb, gymjgvb Ges
Bû`x‡ì wbKU †Ri“hv‡jg c~Y¨ f‚wg wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
agx©q D¤§v`bv t HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx e‡jb, wLª÷vb agx©q Db¥v`bvB µz‡mW hy‡×i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY|
wLª÷vbiv GKwU ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª cÖwZôv, wb‡R‡ì cvc‡gvPb, abvm¤ú` I †e‡nkZ jv‡fi Avkvq G hy‡×
†b‡gwQj|
AvwacZ¨ we¯—v‡ii cÖwZØw›`¡Zv t gymjgvb I wLª÷vb Df‡qB cÖv‡P¨ ¶gZv we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ cvi¯úwiK Ø‡›`¡ wjß
wQj| Df‡qiB G `xN© msMÖvg GK mgq µz‡m‡Wi iƒc jvf K‡i|
†cv‡ci evmbv t †ivgxq ag©¸i“ †cvc mgMÖ wLª÷vb RM‡Z Zuvi cÖfyZ¡ cybtcÖwZwôZ Kivi j‡¶¨ gymjgvb‡ì
wei“‡× µz‡mW †NvlYv K‡ib|
mvgš— cÖ_v t HwZnvwmK Av‡b©÷ evK©v‡ii fvlvq, BD‡iv‡ci mvgš— cÖ_v µz‡m‡Wi Ab¨Zg KviY| GKv`k
kZvãx‡Z RbmvaviY mvgš— cÖ_vi cÖwZ Pig Am‡š—vl cÖKvk Ki‡j †cvc I ag©hvRKMY †KŠk‡j Zuv‡ì
mvgwiK `¶Zv‡K ag©hy‡×i ARynvZ †`wL‡q gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib|
evwYwR¨K KviY t f~-ga¨mvM‡ii Ici gymwjg KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nIqvq BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì eëmvq evwY‡Rï
†¶‡Î h‡_ó ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| d‡j i“× evwYR¨Øvi Db¥y³ Kivi Rb¨ Zviv µz‡m‡Wi hy‡× AeZxY© nq|
gymjgvb‡ì aŸs‡mi evmbv t gymjgvb KZ©„K GKwU wekvj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv Ges Zv‡ì DbœZi K…wó I mf¨Zvi
weKv‡k wLª÷vb m¤úÖ`vq Cl©vwb¦Z nq| GRb¨B Zviv Bmjv‡gi †MŠie gy‡Q †djvi gvb‡m Ges gymwjg mvgªv‡Rï
aŸsm mva‡bi Rb¨ `„p cÖwZÁ nq|
Kg‡bbv‡mi Av‡e`b t wMÖK mgªvU Gwj¯‹vm Kg‡bbvm †cvc wØZxq Aviev‡bi wbKU gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× Zv‡K
mvnv‡hï Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡ib| cÖK…Zc‡¶ G Av‡e`bB wQj µz‡m‡Wi cÖZ¨¶ KviY| MÖxK I †ivgvb MxR©vi
Dci cÖvavb¨ we¯—vi cÖqvmx †cvc G‡K my‡hvM wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| †cvc wØZxq Avievb 1095 wLª. d«v‡Ýi
K¬vi‡g‡›U GK m‡¤§j‡b BD‡ivcxq wLª÷ mgvR I ivRbëM©‡K gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× hyy‡×i wb‡`©k †`b| †cvc
gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× hy×‡K ag©hy× AvL¨v w`‡q G‡Z Ask MÖnYKvix‡ì ¯^M© jv‡fi cÖwZkª“wZ †`b| BwZnv‡mi
me©v‡c¶v D‡ËRK G AvnŸv‡b mvov w`‡q †ò j¶ wLª÷vb gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× hy‡×i Rb¨ Kb÷vbw›U‡bv‡cv‡j
mg‡eZ nq| d‡j BwZnv‡m `xN©Zg ag©hy× µz‡m‡Wi m~ÎcvZ nq|
µz‡mW ev ag©hy× Ab¨vb¨ †h †Kvb hy× A‡c¶v e¨vcK I my`~icÖmvix wQj| cÖK„Zc‡¶ G hy× Av‡d«v-Gwkqvi
gymwjg Ges BD‡iv‡ci wLª÷vb‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb `xN©Kv‡ji N„Yv-we‡Øl I Ø›`¡-Kj‡ni ewntcÖKvk gvÎ|
1095-1291 wLª. ch©š— 3wU ¯—‡i 9wU µz‡m‡W wLª÷vb I gymwjg wek¦ ci¯ú‡ii gy‡LvgywL nq|
µz‡m‡Wi djvdj
µz‡mW ev ag©hy× Ab¨vb¨ †h‡Kvb hy× A‡c¶v e¨vcK I my`~icÖmvix wQj| i³¶q I fqvenZv hZB exfrm
†nvK bv †Kb, BD‡iv‡ci beRvMiY Ges wek¦ mf¨Zvi DbœwZ‡Z µz‡m‡Wi h‡_ó Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| HwZnvwmK
U‡qbwe h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, "Modern Europe was born out of the spirit of the crusade."
aŸsmvÍK cwiYwZ t cÖK…Zc‡¶ µz‡mW ev ag©hy× wQj aŸsmjxjvi cÖZxK ¯îƒc| G hy‡×i d‡j A‡bK gymjgvb
cÖvY nvivq Ges eû bMi k¥kv‡b cwiYZ nq| aŸsm Avi i³¶qB wQj µz‡m‡Wi we¯§qKi dj|
wLª÷vb‡ì Avkv wbõj t wLª÷vbMY wecyj A_© Ges j¶ j¶ cÖvY wemR©b w`‡qI gymjgvb‡ì nvZ †_‡K cweÎ
f~wg †Ri“hv‡jg D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmvi t eëmv evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î µz‡mW ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| µz‡m‡Wi d‡j cvðv‡Zï
ewYK m¤úÖ`vq cÖv‡Pï mv‡_ evwYR¨ we¯—v‡ii my‡hvM jvf K‡i| d‡j †bŠ-c‡_ evwY‡Rï ¯ú„nv ew× cvq Ges
bZyb bZyb mvgyw`ªK c_ Avwe®‹…Z n‡Z _v‡K|
mvgš— cÖ_vi we‡jvc t µz‡m‡Wi d‡j mvgš— cÖ_v wejyß n‡q BD‡iv‡c ga¨weË †kÖYxi D™¢e nq Ges ivRKxq
KZ©„Z¡ I cÖfyZ¡ e„w× cvq|
cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï m¤úK© t µz‡m‡Wi d‡j gymjgvb I wLª÷vb‡ì g‡a¨ fve wewbg‡qi my‡hvM N‡U| Gi d‡j
cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk t wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î µz‡m‡Wi ¸i“Z¡ Ab¯^xKvh©| ûBU I‡qe÷vi e‡jb,
wLª÷vbMY gymjgvb‡ì ÒgvwR©Z i“wPÁvb, DbœZZi fveaviv I D`vi mnvbyf‚wZ wb‡q ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib|Ó
gymjgvb‡ì DbœZ fveavivi ms¯ú‡k© Avmvi d‡jB BD‡iv‡c cÖ_‡g †iu‡bmv I c‡i be¨ BD‡iv‡ci Rb¥ nq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
GKRb HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z µz‡mW BwZnv‡mi me‡P‡q weåvwš—Ki Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv K‡i| wLª÷xq 11k n‡Z 13k
kZvãx ch©š— 200k eQi a‡i Cl©v civqb Ges we¶zä wLª÷vb RMZ gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× ag©hy× cwiPvwjZ
K‡iwQj| a‡g©i bv‡g e‡g© µzm wPý aviY K‡i AmsL¨ nZfvM¨ wLª÷vb hyeK‡ì G N„Y¨ hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨
cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv nq| G ag©hy× Av‡d«v-Gwkqvb gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡× wLª÷xq BD‡iv‡ci AvRb¥ N„bv-we‡Øl I Ø›`¡
Kj‡ni ewntcÖKvk| cvðvZ¨ I cÖv‡Pï g‡a¨ msNwUZ G ag©hy‡×i KviY †hgb wQj bvbv ai‡bi, Gi djvdj I
†Zgwb e¨vcK I my`~icÖmvix wQj|

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki
1. †Ri“hv‡j‡gi Ici AvwacZ¨ we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ wLª÷v‡ãi †h hy× msNwUZ nq BwZnv‡m
Zv-B ................... ev .................. bv‡g cwiwPZ| µz‡mWviMY e‡¶j jvj e‡Y©i .............. eënvi
KiZ e‡j G hy× µz‡mW bv‡g AwfwnZ|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. µz‡m‡Wi cwiPq w`b|
2. µz‡m‡Wi KviY wK wK?
3. µz‡m‡Wi djvdj wjLyb|
cvV 13 MvRx mvjvnDwÏb AvBqyex (1174-93 wLª.)

D‡Ïk¨


mvjvnDwÏb AvBq~exi cwiPq, I ¶gZv jvf m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb
mvjvnDwÏb AvBqyexi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 AvBqyex es‡ki cZb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvjvDwÏ‡bi cwiPq I ¶gZv jvf

MvRx mvjvn& DwÏb AvBqyex 1138 wLª÷v‡ã UvBwMÖm b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z UvKwiU bvgK ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
Zuvi wcZv bvRgywÏb AvBqy‡ei bvgvbymv‡i Zuvi cÖwZwôZ esk ÔAvBqyex esk' bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡q _v‡K| mvjvn
DwÏ‡bi wcZv bvRgywÏb AvBqye 1139 wLª÷v‡ã BgvgywÏb R½xi Aax‡b †jevb‡bi evj‡eM `y‡M©i †mbva¨¶
wbhy³ nb| G mgq wgm‡i gvivÍ K M„nhy× ïi“ n‡j †kl dv‡Zgxq Lwjdv AvwR` G m¼U n‡Z cwiÎvY jv‡fi
Rb¨ byi“Ïxb R½xi mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib| 1167 wLª÷v‡ã byi“Ïxb Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ mvjvnDwÏ‡bi PvPv
wkiKz‡bi †bZ„‡Z¡ GK`j ˆmb¨ wgm‡i †cÖiY K‡ib| wkiKzb AwZ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ wgm‡ii we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i
†mLv‡b kvwš— cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mg_© nb| K…wZZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri cÖwZ`vb¯îƒc Lwjdv AvwR` 1169 wLª÷v‡ã wkiKzb‡K
wgm‡ii cÖavbgš¿x I †mbva¨¶ wbhy³ K‡ib| wKš—y wkiKzb G gh©v`v †ewk w`b †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| KviY
wZwb `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨ g„Zy¨gy‡L cwZZ nb| Zvici wkiKz‡bi åvZy yÎ mvjvn DwÏb Lwjdv AvwR‡ì DRxi
wbhy³ n‡jb| 1171 wLª÷v‡ã Lwjdv AvwR‡ì g„Zyï ci wgm‡i dv‡Zgxq wLjvd‡Zi Aemvb N‡U| AvwR‡ì
g„Zï ci mvjvnDwÏb mgMÖ wgmi Zuvi cÖfy byi“Ïxb R½xi KZ©„Z¡vax‡b Avbqb K‡ib Ges Zuvi cÖwZwbwaiƒ‡c
GwU kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb Rygvi bvgv‡Ri Lyrevq dv‡Zgxq Lwjdv‡ì cwie‡Z© AveŸvmxq Lwjdv Avj-
gymZvw`‡ii bvg cv‡Vi ixwZ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 1174 wLª÷v‡ã byi“Ïxb R½xi g„Zyï ci R½x es‡ki kvm‡bi
Aemvb N‡U Ges mvjvnDwÏb Kvq‡iv‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^vaxb myjZvbiƒ‡c wgm‡ii kvmb`Ê cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| ¯^vaxb AvBqyex esk cÖwZwôZ K‡i mvjvn DwÏb ¯^xq Kg©`¶Zv I iY‰bcyY¨ cÖ`k©bc~e©K AwZ
Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ wmwiqv, BivK Ges Avie AÂ‡j Zuvi AvwacZ¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib|
wnwUª‡bi hy×, Z…Zxq µz‡mW I †Ri“hv‡jg cybi“×vi

AvBqyex mvgªv‡R¨ kvwš— I k„´Ljv ¯’vcb K‡i mvjvnDwÏb µz‡mWvi‡ì DrcvZ I Dc`ªe eÜ Kivi Rb¨
e×cwiKi I K…ZmsKí n‡jb| 1187 wLª÷v‡ã mvjvnDwÏb Ac~e© iY‰bcyY¨ cÖ`k©bc~e©K µz‡mWviMY‡K
wnwUª‡bi hy‡× †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i Zv‡ì AwaK…Z eû ¯’vb ¯^xq kvmbvax‡b Avbqb Ki‡jb| 1187
wLª÷v‡ã A‡±vei gv‡m mvjvnDwÏb cÖavb j¨vwUb ivóª †Ri“hv‡jg µz‡mWvi‡ì wbKU †_‡K cybi“×vi K‡ib|
†Ri“hv‡jg cZ‡bi msev‡` wLª÷vb µz‡mWviMY Aaxi n‡q coj Zviv Zv D×viK‡í gymjgvb‡ì wei“‡×
ag©hy‡× Suvwc‡q civi Rb¨ cÖ¯—yZ n‡Z jvMj| Gi d‡j Z„Zxq µz‡m‡Wi m~ÎcvZ nq| Bsj¨v‡Êi wiPvW©, d«v‡Ýi
wdwjc AMv÷vm Ges Rvg©vwbi †d«WvwiK eviev‡ivmvi †bZ„‡Z¡ µz‡mWviMY AvcÖvY †Póv K‡iI †Ri“Rv‡jg
cybivwaKvi Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q 1192 wLª÷v‡ã b‡f¤î gv‡m MvRx mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi mv‡_ mwÜ ¯’vcb K‡i ¯^‡`‡k
cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| Z„Zxq µz‡m‡W MvRx mvjvnDwÏb †h exiZ¡ I gnvbyfeZv cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zvi `„óvš—
BwZnv‡m weij| G hy‡× wLª÷vbMY wmwiqv I Ab¨vb¨ AÂj n‡Z weZvwoZ nq|
PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡
1193 wLª÷v‡ã mvjvnDwÏb AvBqyex `v‡gk‡K BbwZKvj K‡ib| Zuvi †MŠiegq Kg©Rxe‡bi Aemvb Bmjv‡gi
BwZnv‡m GKwU †e`bvgq Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv K‡i| mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi g„Zy¨ cÖm‡½ HwZnvwmK Bebyj Avmxi e‡jb,
ÒZuvi g„Zy¨ wèm wQj Bmjvg I gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GKwU Pig wech©q| cÖ_g Pvi Lwjdvi g„Zyï ci Zviv Ggb
wech©‡qi m¤§yLxb nqwb| cÖvmv`, mvgªvR¨ I cÖK…wZ Mfxifv‡e †kvKvwff~Z n‡q c‡o Ges µ›`biZ bMievmx
Zuvi jv‡ki AbyMgb K‡i|Ó
exiZ¡ I gnZ¡
mvjvn&DwÏb wbtm‡›`‡n c„w_exi me©‡kÖô †hv×v I me‡P‡q ex‡ivËg bicwZ‡ì Ab¨Zg| Bmjv‡gi Pig `yw`©‡b
cwiÎvYKvix wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q wZwb AmvaviY exiZ¡ I Kg©KzkjZv Øviv wLª÷vb µz‡mWvi‡ì †kvPbxqfv‡e
civwRZ K‡i Bmjvg ag©‡K ïay wec`gy³B K‡ibwb eis Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm‡K †MŠiegwÊZ K‡ib| AmvaviY
exiZ¡, Acvw_©e D`viZv I m`vkqZvi Øviv wZwb Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm‡K †MŠiegwÊZ I KxwZ© mgy¾¡j K‡i
†i‡L‡Qb| Aa¨vcK wnwÆi g‡Z, Avie‡ì g‡a¨ Zuvi bvg nvi“b I evBev‡mi bvgmn AvaywbK hy‡Mi RbwcÖq
†bZv‡ì ZvwjKvq ¯’vb jvf Ki‡Q| †Nvi kÎy I wewRZ‡ì cÖwZ wZwb †hiƒc gnË¡ I `qv cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb, Zvi
`„óvš— BwZnv‡m weij ej‡jI AZy¨³ n‡e bv| wLª÷vbMY mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi D`vi eënvi I gnvbyfeZvq GZB
wew¯§Z I gy» n‡qwQ‡jb †h, Zviv gy³K‡É Zuvi ¸YMvb K‡i‡Qb|
Rbì`x mykvmK
mvjvn&DwÏb GKRb Rbì`x kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi kvm‡bi cªavb j¶¨ I Rxe‡bi gnvb eªZ wQj RbM‡Yi myL-
kvwš— I mg„w×i eë¯’v Kiv| wZwb GB KZ©e¨ K‡g© Af~Zc~e© mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb AvBqyex mvgªv‡Rï
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ¯‹zj, K‡jR, gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, nvmcvZvj cÖwZôv I iv¯—v-NvU wbg©vY Ges cqtcÖYvjx Lbb K‡i
cÖRvi myL-¯^v”Q‡›`ï weavb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Ávb-weÁvb I ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| Zuvi ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi
KxwZ©i g‡a¨ KvjvZ-B-Rvevj cÖwm×|
ag©vbyivMx kvmK
mvjvn&DwÏb GKRb ag©vbyivMx kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi ag©vbyivM GZ †ewk wQj †h, wZwb hy×‡¶‡Î Ak¦c„‡ô Dcweó
Ae¯’vq bvgvh Av`vq Ki‡Zb| wZwb mij I Abvo¤î Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| wZwb mybœx Bmjv‡gi c„ô‡cvlK
wQ‡jb| wZwb gy³ n‡¯— `vb Ki‡Zb| wZwb wQ‡jb `wi`ª RbM‡Yi AK…wÎg ì`x eÜz| mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi eûgyLx
cªwZfv Ávbvbykxj‡bi †¶‡Î beRvMi‡Yi m„wó K‡i| BD‡iv‡c wZwb Bs‡iR Kwe I AvaywbK Dcb¨vwmK‡ì
Kíbvkw³‡K ¯úk© K‡iwQ‡jb Ges GLbI wZwb Z_vq exiawg©Zvq DrK‡l©i Av`k© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡”Qb|
mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi g„Zyï mv‡_ mv‡_B AvBqyex es‡ki †MŠi‡ei Aemvb N‡U Ges mvgªvR¨ wQbœwfbœ n‡q c‡o|
AvBqyex es‡ki cZb

mvjvn&DwÏb g„Zyï c~‡e© Zuvi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡i bv hvIqvq Zuvi g„Zyï ci wekvj mvgªvR¨ åvZv I
cyÎM‡Yi g‡a¨ wef³ n‡q c‡o| Zuvi wZb cy‡Îi Aax‡b mvgªvR¨ wZbwU ¯^vaxb AÂ‡j wef³ n‡q c‡o| cÖ_g
cyÎ gvwjK-Dj-AvdRvj wmwiqv I c¨v‡j÷vBb jvf K‡ib| wØZxq cyÎ gvwjK-Dj-AvRxR wgki I Z„Zxq cyÎ
gvwjK-DR-Rvwni Av‡j‡àv cÖvß nb|
mvjvn&DwÏ‡bi cyÎM‡Yi g‡a¨ M„nhy‡×i my‡hvM wb‡q Zuvi Kwbô åvZv gvwjK-Dj-Avw`j (1196-1218 wLª.)
G‡K G‡K Zuv‡ì iv‡Rï wewfbœ Ask n¯—MZ K‡ib| gvwjK-Dj-Avw`j GKRb cÖRviÄK bicwZ wQ‡jb|
µz‡mWvi‡ì wei“‡× hy‡× AeZx©Y© n‡q wZwb AZ¨š— L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zyï ci Zuvi wZbRb `ye©j
DËivwaKvix †Ri“hv‡jg D×viKvix µz‡mWvi‡ì wei“‡× msMªv‡g wjß n‡qwQ‡jb, wKš—y wLª÷vb‡ì D³ cweÎ
bMix cybivwaKv‡ii †Póv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq| 1250 wLª÷v‡ã G es‡ki †kl myjZvb Zyivb kvn‡K wbnZ
K‡i gvgjyKMY AvBqyex es‡ki Aemvb NwU‡q AvBqyex mvgªvR¨ wb‡R‡ì KvivqË K‡iwQ‡jb| gvgjyK
myjZvbMY 1250-1517 wLª÷vã ch©š— gnv‡MŠi‡ei mv‡_ ivRavbx Kvq‡iv n‡Z wgk‡i Ges wmwiqvi kvmb`Ê
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb|
mvi-ms‡¶c
mvjvnDwÏb wQ‡jb c„w_exi Ab¨Zg †kÖô †hv×v Ges cÖRvwn‰Zlx kvmK| BwZnv‡mi KxwZ©gvb e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨
wZwb n‡jb Ab¨Zg| exiZ¡, gnvbyfeZv I D`viZvi Rb¨ MvRx mvjvnDwÏb c„w_ex‡Z GK weij `„óvš— ¯’vcb
K‡ib| Zuvi D`viZv I gnvbyfeZvi Rb¨ Zuvi AwZeo kÎyI mvjvnDwÏ‡bi D”Q¡wmZ cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|
Amxg mvnm I exi‡Z¡i mv‡_ wZwb gymjgvb‡ì ¯^c‡¶ `Êvqgvb nb| Pig `yw`©‡b wZwb gymjgvb‡ì i¶v
K‡ib Ges civR‡qi M−vwb †_‡K gy³ K‡ib| 1193 wLª÷v‡ãi 4 gvP© GB gnvb bicwZ MvRx mvjvnDwÏb
g„Zy¨gy‡L cwZZ nb| Zuvi g„Zy¨‡Z mgMÖ mvgªvR¨ GgbwK m¤ú~Y© c„w_ex †kv‡K Awff~Z nq|

mwVK DËiwU †e‡Q wbb-
1. MvRx mvjvnDwÏb Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb-
K. UvBwMÖm b`xi Zx‡i UvKwiU bvgK ¯’v‡b
L. †dvivZ b`xi Zx‡i Kvievjv cÖvš—‡i
M. bxj b‡ì Zx‡i Kvq‡iv kn‡i
N. f‚-ga¨ mvM‡ii Zx‡i wmwiqvq|
2. mvjvn DwÏ‡bi wcZv bvg-
K. wkidzb L. BgvgywÏb R½x
M. b~i“wÏb R½x N. bvRgywÏb
3. mvjvnDwÏb wgm‡i ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q dv‡Zgx‡ì cwie‡Z© †Lvrevq bvg cvVKiY-
K. DgvBq‡ì L. AveŸvmxq‡ì
M. AvBqyexq‡ì N. evg©vKxq‡`
4. µz‡mWviMY‡K civwRZ K‡i †Ri“hv‡jg cybi“×vi Kiv nq-
K. D‡óªi hy‡× L. Kvq‡ivi hy‡×
M. wnw÷‡bi hy‡× N. µz‡m‡Wi hy‡×|
5. wLª÷vbMY gymwjg myjZv‡bi mnvbyfvZv I D`viZvq gy× n‡q AvRI ¸Yv¸b Ki‡Qb wZwb n‡”Qb-
K. Lwjdv Avj-gvgyb L. nvi“b-Ai-iwk`
M. myjZvb b~iwÏb R½x N. MvRx mvjvDwÏb|
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. MvRx mvjvnDwÏb †K wQ‡jb? Zuvi cwiPq I ¶gZv jv‡fi BwZnvm ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|
2. Z…Zxq µz‡mW I †Ri“hv‡jg D×v‡i MvRx mvjvnDwÏ‡bi K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki“b|
3. MvRx mvjvnDwÏ‡bi K…wZZ¡ I PwiÎ eY©bv Ki“b|
4. AvBqyex es‡ki cZ‡bi BwZnvm wjLyb|
cvV 14 AveŸvmxq‡ì kvmb eë¯’v

D‡Ïk¨


AveŸvmxq‡ì kvmb bxwZ we‡k−lY cvi‡eb
AveŸvmxq‡ì kvmb c×wZ wK wQj, we¯—vwiZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 AveŸvmxq‡ì cÖv‡`wkK kvmb eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
DgvBqv wLjvd‡Zi cZ‡b Avie cÖvav‡bï cZb N‡U AveŸvmxq hy‡M Bivbx cÖfv‡ei d‡j Bmjvg mve©Rbxb iƒc
jvf K‡i| DgvBqv‡ì cZ‡b Avie kvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U Ges Gi ¯’‡j AveŸvmxq‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq cªK…Z
Bmjvwg kvmb eë¯’v Kv‡qg nq| cÖK…Z A‡_© AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z Ávb-weÁvb we¯—vi Ges bZzb mf¨Zv m~Pbv
Kiv nq|
AveŸvmxq‡ì kvmb bxwZ

DgvBqv‡ì hyM wQj ivR¨ R‡qi Avi AveŸvmxq hyM wQj ivR¨ kvm‡bi| DgvBqvMY AwfRvZ Avie‡ì‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Zb| wKš—y AveŸvmxqMY GB msKxY© Avie RvZxqZvev`x bxwZ cwinvi K‡i RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡kl
mKj †hvM¨ †jvK‡K wLjvd‡Zi †h †Kvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© c‡` envj Ki‡Zb| AveŸvmxq kvmb RvZxq mvg¨bxwZi
Dci cÖwZwôZ wQj|
AveŸvmxq kvmb eë¯’v g~jZ `yB fv‡M wef³ wQjÑ
K. †K›`ªxq I
L. cÖv‡`wkK
K. †K›`ªxq kvmb eë¯’v

1. Lwjdv t AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi kvmb KvVv‡gvi kxl©‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Ki‡Zb LwjdvMY| Lwjdv wQ‡jb m‡e©v”P
¶gZvi AwaKvix| ivóªxq kvmb e¨vcv‡i mKj ¸i“Z¡cyY© Av‡`k wb‡`©k wZwbB Rvwi Ki‡Zb| Zuvi Kvh©vejx
cÖavbZ agx©q I ivR‰bwZK G `y'fv‡M wef³ wQj| Zvi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv mvgwiK I †emvgwiK G `y'fv‡M
wef³ wQj| DgvBqv‡ì b¨vq AveŸvmxq LwjdvMYI wLjvd‡Z DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Zb| G e¨vcv‡i
Zv‡ì †Kvb bxwZ wbw`©ó wQj bv|
2. gš¿Yv cwil` t Lwjdv me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡jI Zuv‡K civgk© `v‡bi Rb¨ wQj GKwU gš¿Yv cwil`|
GB es‡ki cuvP Rb Lwjdvi Avg‡j ÔwefvMxq gš¿x' cwiev‡ii wewkó e¨w³eM© Ges evM`v‡ì AwfRvZ
m¤úÖ`v‡qi †jvK‡ì Øviv MwVZ GKwU gš¿Yv cwil` Lwjdv‡K civgk© w`‡Zb|
3. nvRxe t Lwjdvi wbZ¨mnPi wQ‡jb nvRxe A_ev ivRcwiev‡ii M„nva¨¶| nvRx‡ei KZ©e¨ wQj we‡`kx
`~ZeM©‡K Avgš¿Y I cwiPq Kwi‡q †`qv| nvRxe wQj mk¯¿ Kg©Pvix| Zvi AbygwZ Qvov †KD Lwjdvi mv‡_
mv¶vZ Ki‡Z cviZ bv|
4. DRxi t Lwjdvi c‡iB cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ wQ‡jb DRxi| cvim¨ ixwZi AbyKi‡Y AveŸvmxq LwjdvMY me©cÖ_g
DRxi ev cÖavbgš¿x wbhy³ K‡ib| wZwb iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i Lwjdv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zb| DRxi
wQ‡jb `yB †kÖYxi| h_v- Amxg ¶gZvm¤úbœ DRxi Ges mmxg ¶gZvm¤úbœ DRxi| Amxg ¶gZvm¤úbœ DRxi
Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM A_ev evwZj Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
5. Rj−v` Ges †R¨vwZlx wb‡qvM t ivRìev‡i Rj−v` I †R¨vwZlx c`vwaKvix `yRb Kg©KZ©vi cÖfve we‡klfv‡e
j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Avi‡ei BwZnv‡m me©cÖ_g ivRcÖvmv‡ì ¸ß K‡¶ we‡`ªvnx I mgvR‡`ªvnx‡ì kvw¯— †`qvi cÖ_v
cÖPwjZ nq| cvim¨ ixwZi AbyKi‡Y Rj−v` I †R¨vwZlx wbhy³ Kiv nq|
6. wÌqvbyj Avhxh t †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh© Z`viK Kivi Rb¨ cÖavbgš¿xi mfvcwZ‡Z¡
wÌqvbyj Avhxh bv‡g GKwU gš¿x cwil` wQj| wÌqvbyj Avhx‡hi Aax‡b †h mKj kvmb wefvM wQj Zv nj t
K. wÌqvbyj LvivR t DgvBqv kvmb eë¯’vi gZ AveŸvmxq hy‡M wÌqvbyj LvivR ev ivR¯^ wefvM cÖwZwôZ nq|
GB wefvM‡K A_© wefv‡Mi mv‡_ GKwÎZ Kiv nq| ivR¯^ Av`vq I wnmve ivLv GB wefv‡Mi cÖavb KvR|
ivR‡¯î cÖavb Drm wQj hvKvZ, wRwhqv, LvivR, Dki, Avg`vwb Ki, wewRZ AÂ‡ji cÖ`Ë A_©, †Mv-PviY Ki
cÖf„wZ|
L. wÌqvbyi ivmv‡qj t GB wefvM ivRKxq Av‡`k, Dcvwa cÎ cÖ`vb, ivR cÖ`Ë ¶gZv cÎ, ivR‰bwZK
†hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` Kvh©vw` m¤úv`b KiZ|
M. wÌqvbyj LvZvg t Lwjdv KZ©„K wjwLZ cÖwZwU digvb G wefv‡M msiw¶Z nZ| Zvici wmj †gvni hy³ n‡q
Avmj digvbwU h_v¯’v‡b cvVv‡bv nZ, d‡j ivRKxq †Kvb Av‡`kbvgv Rvj n‡Z cviZ bv|
N. wÌqvbyj evix` t wPwV-cÎ Av`vb cÖ`vb QvovI GUv †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡Mi KvR KiZ| WvK en‡bi Rb¨ Avie
I wmwiqvq D‡Ui Ges cvi‡m¨ Ak¦ Ges L”P‡ii wi‡j eë¯’v wQj| mvwneyj evix` (WvK Kg©KZ©v) GB wefv‡Mi
cÖavb Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb|
O. wÌqvbyk ïiZv (cywjk wefvM) t bvMwiK‡ì Rvbgvj i¶v Ges AvBb Kvbyb ejeZ ivLvi `vwqZ¡ G
wefv‡Mi Dci b¨¯— wQj| mvwneyk ïiZ wQ‡jb wefvMxq cÖavb| gynZvwm‡ei Aax‡b mvaviY wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv|
wZwb nvU evRvi †`Lvïbv, IRb cix¶v, Lv`¨`ªe¨ BZ¨vw` cwi`k©b Ki‡Zb| mgv‡R A‰ea Kvh©Kjvc wZwb
`gb Ki‡Zb|
P. wÌqvbyb bhi wdj gvhvwjg t AveŸvmxq LwjdvMY AZ¨vPvwiZ‡ì Awf‡hvM kÖe‡Yi Rb¨ G wefv‡Mi cÖwZôv
K‡ib| Ab¨vq I c¶cvZg~jK iv‡qi wei“‡× GB wef‡M AvcwË M„nxZ nZ|
Q. wePvi wefvM t Kvhx-Dj-Kzh&hvZ cÖavb wePvicwZi Aax‡b GKwU ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM wQj| †dŠR`vix
wePv‡ii fvi mvwneyj gvhvwj‡gi Dci b¨¯— wQj| Awf‡hvM I Z`š— wefvMI wQj Ab¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
Av`vjZ|
R. wÌqvbyj Ryb` t Avie I Abvie‡ì Øviv MwVZ ˆmbëvwnbx wbqwgZ I AwbqwgZ GB `yfv‡M wef³ wQj|
wbqwgZ evwnbx wbqwgZ †eZb I fvZv †cZ| AwbqwgZ evwnbx ïaygvÎ hy×iZ Ae¯’vq †eZb †cZ, Ab¨_vq
†ikb †cZ| wbqwgZ evwnbx c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, Zxi›`vR, kÖwgKevwnbx BZ¨vw`‡Z wef³ wQj| hy‡× Zviv AMÖ,
cðvr, evg, Wvb I ga¨ GB cuvPfv‡M wef³ nZ| Zxi, abyK, ek©v, ej−g, Xvj I Zievix wQj hy×v¯¿|
S. wewea t Dwj−wLZ wefvM¸‡jv QvovI AviI wKQy wefvM kvmb Kv‡h©i myweavi Rb¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| †m¸‡jv nj
t
0 wÌqvbym mvIqvwd (Lvm-fzwg msi¶Y wefvM)
0 wÌqvby` w`qvn
0 wÌqvbyj Avwhgvn (†K›`ªxq wnmve cix¶v wefvM)
0 wÌqvbyj AvZv (`vb-LqivZ wefvM)
0 wÌqvbym wmi (†Mv‡q›`v wefvM)Ges
0 wÌqvbyj AvKwiKn (cqtcÖYvjx I †mP wefvM|
L. cÖv‡`wkK kvmb eë¯’v

1. cÖ‡`k t cvim¨ evqRvbUvBb bxwZi Abymi‡Y DgvBqv ivR‡Z¡ mgMÖ †`‡k myôy kvmb eë¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
†h cÖ‡`‡ki m„wó n‡qwQj AveŸvmxq Avg‡j Zvi †Kvb cwieZ©b mvwaZ nqwb| HwZnvwmK‡ì eY©bv n‡Z Rvbv
hvq †h, AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖ_g hy‡M mgMÖ mvgªv‡R¨ 24wU gZvš—‡i 35wU cÖ‡`k wQj| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡`‡ki
kvmbfvi Avgxi bvgK Kg©KZ©vi Dci b¨¯— wQj|
2. Avgxi t cÖ‡`‡ki cÖavb kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb Avgxi| Lwjdv Zuv‡K wbhy³ Ki‡Zb| K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ Avgxi
Lwjdvi wbKU `vqx _vK‡Zb| kvmb eë¯’vi Dci wbqš¿Y i¶vi Rb¨ GK cÖ‡`k n‡Z Ab¨ cÖ‡`‡k Avgxi‡ì
e`jx Kiv nZ| agx©q Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvjbv Ges kvwš—-k„´Ljv i¶v Kiv Avgx‡ii `vwqZ¡ wQj|
3. cÖv‡`wkK wefvM t cÖ‡Z¨K cÖ‡`‡k kvmb eë¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 5wU wefvM wQjÑ
K. wÌqvb Avj LvivR L. fvK wefvM M. cywjk wefvM
N. mvgwiK wefvM O. wePvi I wewea kvmb wefvM|
mvi-ms‡¶c
AveŸvmxq es‡ki wLjvdZ Kv‡ji kvmb c×wZi êwkó¨mg~n we‡k−lY Ki‡j GUv ¯úó cÖZxqgvb nq †h,
ZrKvjxb AveŸvmxq kvmb eë¯’v wQj cwiKwíZ, myk„´Lj hv AvaywbK we‡k¦ cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKiY I
cÖkvmwbK m‡PZbZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| HwZnvwmK Avgxi Avjx AveŸvmxq‡ì g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ
Zv‡ì kvmbvg‡j Avie‡ì eyw×e„wËi weKvk Avðh©RbK `ª“ZZvi m‡½ AMÖmi nw”Qj|Ó

Aí K_vq DËi w`b-
1. AveŸvmxq kvmb †Kvb bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ wQj?
2. Lwjdvi ¶gZv †Kbg wQj?
3. ÔnvRve' wK?
4. IRvi I DRv‡ii ¶gZv †Kgb wQj?
5. ÔRj−v`' Gi KvR wK wQj?
6. ÔwÌqvbyj LvivR' wK?
7. ÔwÌqvbyj evix`' Gi D‡Ïk¨ wK?
8. Ôw`qvbyk-ïiZv' wK?
9. ÔwÌqvbyj Ryb`' A_© wK? GUv wKfv‡e MwVZ nZ|
10. ÔAvgxi Kvi Dcvwa wQj? Zuvi KvR wK wQj?
msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. AveŸvmxq‡ì †K›`ªxq kvmb eë¯’vi eY©bv w`b|
2. AveŸvmxq‡ì cÖv‡`wkK kvmb eë¯’v D‡j−L Ki“b|
cvV 15 AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZb

D‡Ïk¨


AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZb wel‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb
AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi c‡iv¶ I cÖZ¨¶ KviY¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
my¯^v‡¯’ï AwaKvix †Kvb †jvK †ivMvµvš— n‡j Av‡¯— Av‡¯— g„Zyï †Kv‡j X‡j c‡o| Li‡mªvZv b`x‡Z cvwbi
Afve †`Lv w`‡j Av‡¯— Av‡¯— ¶xYKvqv I c‡i wejxb n‡q hvq| Z`ª~c eo eo mvgªvR¨ I kvmK‡ì `ye©jZv I
A‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y ch©vqµ‡g aŸsm n‡Z _v‡K| Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g 750 wLª÷v‡ã DgvBqv
mvgªv‡Rï aŸsm¯—~‡ci Ici cÖwZwôZ wekvj AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ kvmK‡ì `ye©jZv, mvgªv‡Rï we¯—„wZ,
DËivwaKvi bxwZi Afv‡e ch©vµ‡g `ye©j n‡q hvq| cieZx© mgq †gv½j †bZv nvjvKz Lv‡bi 1258 mv‡j
evM`v` AvµgY I e¨vcK aŸsm K‡ib hvi cwiYwZ‡Z GB HwZnëvnx esk Kv‡ji AZj MnŸ‡i Zwj‡q hvq|
`„k¨Z AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cuvP kZvwaK (750-1258 wLª.) eQi ¯’vqx n‡jI Gi Ae¶‡qi N›Uv †e‡R D‡V
Lwjdv Iqvwm‡di Avg‡ji (842-847) ci †_‡KB| AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï µgvebwZ I cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv
`yfv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvwPZ nj| (GK) c‡iv¶ KviY (`yB) cÖZ¨¶ KiY|
GK. c‡iv¶ KviY

cÖvK…wZK wbqg ev HwZnvwmK KviY t DÌv‡bi ci weKvk, weKv‡ki ci webvk GUv wbqwZi †Ljv Ges cÖK…wZi
¯^vfvweK wbqg| ZrKvjxb L¨vZbvgv HwZnvwmK Be‡b Lvj`yb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÒmvaviY †Kvb ivResk GK
kZvwãi AwaK Kvj Kg©kw³ Ges †kŠh©-exh© eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi c‡iB ïi“ nq cZ‡bi cvjv|Ó hwÌ
750-1258 wLª. ch©š— AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZwôZ wQj, wKš—y cÖK…Zc‡¶ AZ¨š— †hvM¨Zv Ges `¶Zvi mv‡_
mvgªvR¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj 750-847 wLª. ch©š—| Avj-gyZvIqvw°‡ji wLjvdZ †_‡KB cZ‡bi cvjv ïi“ nq|
HwZnvwmK 'P. K. Hitti h_v_© e‡jb, ÒAvj-gyZvIqvw°j cZb hy‡Mi cÖ_g Lwjdv|Ó
DËivwaKvix‡ì e¨_©Zv I AKg©Y¨Zv t AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv `ye©j DËivwaKvix‡ì
kvmb| Avj-gbmyi, nvi“b-Ai-ikx`, Avj-gvgyb, AZ¨š— †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì kvmbeë¯’vq AveŸvmxq
wLjvd‡Zi h‡_ó m¤§vb I †MŠie e„w× cvq| wKš—y fvjfv‡e we‡k−lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GB es‡ki 37 Rb
Lwjdvi g‡a¨ mvgvb¨ K‡qKRb Qvov Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvsk kvmK wQ‡jb wejvmx, A‡hvM¨ Ges AKg©Y¨| `ye©j
kvmK‡ì mgq iv‡Rï †fZ‡i wewfbœ we‡`ªvn I wek„´Ljv †`Lv †`q, Ggb wK †mbvevwnbxi †fZ‡iI
AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| hvi Rb¨ G es‡ki cZb Avi †VKv‡bv m¤¢e nqwb| wc‡K wnwÆ HwZnvwmK Zvnwjwei gš—
e¨ D‡j−L K‡i e‡jb- ÒAveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi †MŠi‡ei m~Pbv K‡ib| Avj-gbmyi G‡K cwic~Y© K‡ib Avi Avj-
gyZvwR` Gi webvk NUvb|Ó
DËivaxKvi wbe©vP‡b e¨_©Zv t GB ivRes‡ki cZ‡bi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ KviY n‡jv DËivaxKvi wbe©vP‡bi †Kvb
†gŠwjK bxwZgvjv bv _vKv| †mRb¨ hLbB †Kvb Lwjdv gviv †h‡Zb ZLb †`Lv †hZ Lwjdv wbe©vP‡bi g‡bvbqb
wb‡q `jv`wj, wek„´Ljv, AvÍ Kjn, Mfxi lohš¿ I ¸ß nZ¨v| Avi GUvB G es‡ki cZb‡K A‡bKUv Z¡ivwb¦Z
K‡i|
mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcKZv ev wekvjZv t HwZnvwmK evb©vW jyBm ÒAveŸvmxq mvgªvR¨‡K wekvj Bmjvwg mvgªvR¨ e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡ib|Ó GB mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcKZv cZb‡K Zivwb¦Z K‡i| KviY wekvj mvgªvR¨ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ h_vh_
†K›`ªxq kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv hvqwb| GB mvgªvR¨ AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi n‡Z bxj b` ch©š— we¯—„Z wQj| GB wekvj
mvgªv‡Rï g‡a¨ DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v wQj bv| AwZ Ri“ix mgq msev` †cÖiY Ges †Kvb we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j
ˆmbëvwnbx I im` †cÖiY wQj mgq mv‡c¶ I e¨qeûj e¨vcvi| Zv Qvov kvmK‡ì e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ
ivRes‡ki DrcwË nq| we‡kl K‡i eyqvBqv esk, dv‡Zgx esk I Bw`ªmx esk cÖgyL| GB ivResk¸‡jv, iv‡óªi
wfZ‡i AivRKZv I wek„´Ljvi m„wó K‡i hv cwiYv‡g cZ‡bi w`‡K mvgªvR¨‡K †V‡j †`q|
mvgwiK wefv‡Mi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv I AeÁv t †h †Kvb mvgªv‡Rï ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vi AZš¿ cÖnix
wn‡m‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Î `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i mvgwiK evwnbx| AveŸvmxq hyM wQj Ávb, weÁvb I wkí-mvwn‡Zï
Dbœq‡bi hyM| GB hy‡Mi kvmKMY `¶ I †hvM¨ ˆmbëvwnbx MV‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh©Kix eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ibwb|
†hvM¨ mvgwiK wefvM MVb bv Kivq AveŸvmxq mvgwiK evwnbx Zv‡ì `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q †d‡j| ZvQvov
DbœZ cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve †hgb wQj †Zgwb Avevi kÎyc‡¶i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi gZ †Kvb gviYv¯¿ wQj bv| AveŸvmxq
mvgªv‡Rï mvgwiK evwnbxi Ae¯’v GZB †kvPbxq wQj †h, Zviv Af¨š—ixY we‡`ªvn `g‡b †hgb e¨_© nq,
ewntkÎyi AvµgY cÖwZnZ Ki‡ZI †Zgb m¶g wQj bv| 1258 wLª÷v‡ã nvjvKz Lv‡bi evwnbx‡K civwRZ
Kivi gZ `¶ mvgwiK evwnbx AveŸvmxq‡ì wQj bv|
¶z`ª ¶z`ª iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv t AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, †K‡›`ª AwaKvsk mgqB
kw³kvjx kvmK wQj bv| GB †K›`ªxq kvmb eë¯’vi `ye©jZv, mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcKZv, DbœZ hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM
eë¯’vi cÖfve, cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©v‡ì wejvwmZv Ges `ye©j DËivwaKvix I kvmK _vKvi Kvi‡Y GB mvgªv‡Rï
wfZ‡i wewfbœ we‡`ªvn wek„´Ljv †`Lv †`q| †hvM¨ †mbvevwnbxi Afve Avi kvmK‡ì `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ
ivóª ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i Ges GB ivóªmg~n ¯^vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| ¶z`ª ¶z`ª iv‡óªi Rb¥jvf
AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡i|
Lwjdv‡ì ˆbwZKZvi Afve t PwiÎ n‡jv gvbe Rxe‡bi Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| †Kvb gvby‡li PwiÎ hLb bó nq, ZLb
H PwiÎnxb gvbyl I cïi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv| †h †Kvb RvwZi aŸsm mvab Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB aŸsm
Ki‡Z nq H RvwZi †jv‡Ki PwiÎ| †Zgwb BwZnv‡mi cvZv †_‡K AveŸvmxq‡ì we`vq †bqvi Ab¨Zg KviY
AveŸvmxq hy‡Mi †kl fv‡Mi kvmK‡ì ˆbwZK AatcZb| kvmK‡ì ˆbZKZvi Afv‡e Zviv iv‡óªi Kj¨v‡Yi
Rb¨ †Kvb wPš—v fvebvi my‡hvM cvbwb|
cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii ¯^v_©ciZv t AveŸvmxq hy‡M A‡bK¸‡jv cÖ‡`k wQj| cÖv‡`wkK kvmKiv wQ‡jb AZ¨š—
¯^v_©ci| †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ mym¤ú‡K©i Afve wQj| cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z ivR¯^ I
mvgwiK wefv‡Mi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ wQj| cÖv‡`wkK D”Pvwfjvlx kvmKMY my‡hvM ey‡S †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K
Amn‡hvwMZv KiZ|
mvgš— cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b t AveŸvmxq hy‡M †Kvb †Kvb kvmK mvgš— cÖ_v cÖeZ©‡b mnvqZv K‡ib| mvgš— cÖ_v cÖewZ©Z
nIqvq mvgš— cÖfzMY cÖPyi ¶gZvi AwaKvix nq| Zviv iv‡óªi g‡a¨ my‡hvM ey‡S wewfbœ we‡`ªvn I wek„´Ljvi
mwó K‡i| Zviv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wei“‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| d‡j G es‡ki cZ‡bi aviv µgvb¦‡q AMÖmi n‡Z
_v‡K|
`jMZ we‡iva t AveŸvmxq kvmbvg‡j `jMZ we‡iva Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i| Avie gymwjg I Abvie gymwjg
Ges gymwjg I Agymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ `jMZ we‡iva gvivÍ
K AvKvi aviY K‡i|
wewfbœ agx©q m¤úÖ`v‡qi DrcwË t AveŸvmxq hy‡M wkAv-mybœx, gy'Zvwhjv, AvkvwiAv, KvivgZx, whw›`K, BmgvBjxqv
BZ¨vw` m¤úÖ`v‡qi D™¢e nq| wkAv-mybœx we‡iva †`Lv †`q| Avj-gbmy‡ii kvmbvg‡j Bgvg Avey nvbxdv I
Bgvg gvwjK‡K ch©š— wbh©vZb Kiv nq| Lwjdv‡ì GB msKxY© agx©q wPš—v-fvebv Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡b †¶v‡fi
m„wó K‡i| gvgyb gy'Zvwhjv gZev‡ìI c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wZwb gy'Zvwhjv gZev`‡K 833 wLª. miKvwifv‡e
gh©v`v `vb K‡ib| Gi mgv‡jvPbv Kivi Kvi‡Y Lwjdv Avng` Be‡b nv¤^j‡K Kvivi“× K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i
KvivgwZ ¸ß NvZK I whw›`K m¤úÖ`v‡qi †jv‡Kiv A‰bmjvwgK Kv‡R wjß wQj| wewfbœ m¤úÖ`v‡qi we‡iva
AveŸvmxq kvmK‡ì c‡¶ `~i Kiv m¤¢e nqwb, d‡j G es‡ki cZb Z¡ivwb¦Z nq|
ZyK©x evwnbxi cÖavb¨ t AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi †¶‡Î Lwjdv gyZvwmg KZ©„K ZyKx© †mbvevwnbx MVb KivUvI
A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| G ZyK©x evwnbx wQj AwZ kw³kvjx| wZwb GB evwnbxi nv‡Z AZ¨waK ¶gZv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
ZyKx© †mbvevwnbxi Avkxe©v` wb‡q kvmK‡ì kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z nZ| GB evwnbx MVb Kiv gyZvwm‡gi
Pig fyj n‡qwQj| KviY ZyKx© evwnbx Lwjdv‡K AcmviY I wbe©vwPZ Kivi ¶gZv ivLZ| D”Pvwfjvlx I
¶Zv‡jvfx ZyKx© evwnbxi n¯—‡¶c AveŸvmxq kw³ I kvmb‡K AZ¨š— `ye©j K‡i †`q|
dv‡Zgxq‡ì g~j¨vq‡bi Afve t DgvBqv es‡ki cZ‡bi Av‡›`vj‡b dv‡Zgxqiv mwµq fv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i
DgvBqv mvgªv‡Rï cZb‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡i| A_P AveŸvmxqiv ¶gZvq Avmvi ci Zv‡ì‡K †Kvb g~j¨vqb Kiv
nqwb| GgbwK †Kvb †Kvb RvqMvq Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœfv‡e `gb Kiv nq| hvi Rb¨ AveŸvmxq‡ì cZ‡bi
cÖv°v‡j Zviv mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ GjvKvq we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i|
A_©‰bwZK msKU t A_©‰bwZK msKUI AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi †¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï AwaKvsk Lwjdv, Avgxi-Igiv I AwfRvZ †kÖYx †fvM-wejvm Avi g`-bvix wb‡q e¨¯—
_vKvi Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi ivR‡Kvl k~‡bï †KvVvq †cŠu‡Q| GQvov K…lK‡ì Dci AZ¨waK Ki avh© Kivi d‡j Zviv
K…wlKvR Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq| K…wl I wkí Dbœqb GK`g eÜ n‡q hvq| †`‡ki eëmv-evwY‡Rï Ae¯’v Ki“Y
AvKvi aviY K‡i| mvgªv‡Rï g‡a¨ `ywf©¶ Avi Abvnv‡i A‡bK †jvK gviv hvq| Rbmvavi‡Yi RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ
nq| eb¨v Avi `ywf©‡¶i Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨v `ª“ZMwZ‡Z nªvm cvq| Avw_©K msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y ˆmbëvwnbxi †eZb
e‡Kqv nIqvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z kvmK‡ì wei“‡× ˆmbïv we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| A_©‰bwZK msKU `~i K‡i
mvgªvR¨‡K w¯’wZkxj Kivi gZ g‡bvej I B”Qv cieZx© kvmK‡ì wQj bv|
`yB. cÖZ¨¶ KviY

evBRvbUvBb‡ì AvµgY t AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖwZôvjvf evBRvbUvBbiv cQ›` K‡iwb; Zviv me©`vB
AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ aŸs‡mi †Póv KiZ| Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-ikx` ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q AveŸvmxq mvgªvR¨‡K
evBRvbUvBb‡ì nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| Lwjdv nvi“‡bi D`viZv Avi DuPyg‡bi Kvi‡Y
Zv‡ì mv‡_ K‡qKevi mwÜ nq| wKš—y evBRvbUvBbiv my‡hvM LuyR‡Z _v‡K| Zviv K‡qKevi GB mvgªvR¨‡K
AvµgY K‡i| Zv‡ì wnsmvÍ
K I aŸsmg~jK Kv‡R AveŸvmxq mvgªvR¨ µgk `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K|
nvjvKz Lvb KZ©„K evM`v` AvµgY t HwZnëvnx AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï Ae¶q I cZ‡bi me©‡kl Ges cÖZ¨¶
KviY n‡”Q `yal© †gv½j †bZv nvjvKz Lvb KZ©„K evM`v` AvµgY| nvjvKz Lvb 1253 wLª÷v‡ã ¸ßNvZK
m¤úÖ`vq‡K wPiZ‡i aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ AveŸvmxq es‡ki me©‡kl Lwjdv gybZvwm‡gi wbKU mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi
Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q cÎ †cÖiY K‡ib| wKš—y AZ¨š— `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h, fv‡Mï wbg©g cwinvm Lwjdv
Zvi Avnev‡bi h_v_© DËi †cÖiY K‡ibwb| Lwjdvi GB AvPiY‡K nvjvKz Lvb AcgvbRbK g‡b K‡ib| wZwb
wb‡RB 1253 wLª. wekvj evwnbx wb‡q ¸ßNvZK m¤úÖ`vq‡K `gb Ki‡Z m¶g nb| 1258 wLª÷v‡ã nvjvKzLvb
evM`v` AvµgY K‡i 40 w`b Ae‡iva K‡i iv‡Lb| cÖwZ‡iva Kivi ¶gZv bv _vKvq cÖvY wf¶v Pvb AveŸvmxq
†kl Lwjdv gymZvwmg| 1258 wLª. †deª“qvwi gv‡m Lwjdv I Zuvi cwiev‡ii mevB‡K AwZ wbôyifv‡e nZ¨v Kiv
nq| wbôyi nvjvKz Lv‡bi evM`v` Avµg‡Yi mg‡q †mLvbKvi Awaevmx 20 j‡¶i g‡a¨ 16 j¶B gviv hvq|
Zvi Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K wkï, bvix I e„×vMY ch©š— †invB cvqwb| nvjvKz Lv‡bi Avµg‡Yi nvZ n‡Z gmwR`,
gv`ªvmv, MÖš’vMvi, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, nvmcvZvj mgvwa‡mŠa wKQyB i¶v cvqwb| Zvi Avµg‡Y wZbw`b ch©š— evM`v`
bMix‡Z i‡³i eb¨v e‡q hvq| evM`v` bMix‡K Rbgvbenxb ea¨f~wgi gZ c‡o _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
RvZxq Pwi‡Î hLb AbvPvi, AwePvi, `ybx©wZ Avi †fvMwejvm cÖ‡ek K‡i, †m RvwZ ZLb Zvi HwZn¨ nvwi‡q
†d‡j| AveŸvmxq es‡ki BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq AwaKvsk Lwjdv †fvMwejvm, g`, bvix Avi
wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© wb‡q GZB e¨¯— n‡q c‡o †h, Zv‡ì mvaviY gvby‡li Kj¨vY Kivi gZ gvbwmKZv †jvc cvq|
cwiYv‡g ïi“ nq wewfbœ †MvÎxq msNvZ, mvgwiK wefv‡M A‰bK¨, bZyb bZyb iv‡óªi D™¢e, wLjvd‡Zi cÖwZ
RbM‡Yi Awek¦vm| Ae‡k‡l hLb AveŸvmxq mvgªv‡Rï ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvgwiK, agx©q,
ˆbwZK I Avf¨š—ixY Ae¯’v AZ¨š— †kvPbxq Ae¯’vq DcbxZ nq ZLb me‡k‡l nvjvKz Lv‡bi Avµg‡Yi ga¨
w`‡q GB mvgªvR¨ 1258 wLª. BwZnv‡mi cvZv †_‡K we`vq †bq|

msw¶ß-DËi cÖkœ
1. AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi c‡iv¶ 5wU KviY eY©bv Ki“b|
2. AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Zi cÖZ¨¶ KviY D‡j−L Ki“b|
iPbvg~jK DËi-cÖkœ
1. AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi eY©bv w`b|
2. AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ cÖwZôvq Aveyj AveŸvm Avm-mvddvni f‚wgKv we‡k−lY Ki“b|
3. Avj-gbmy‡ii wLjvdZ Ges AveŸvmxq kvmb `„pxKiY Zuvi f‚wgKv wbiƒcY Ki“b|
4. Lwjdv Avj-gbmy‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki“b|
5. Lwjdv nvi“b-Ai-iwk` Gi wLjvdZ jvf Ges Zuvi Af¨š—ixY I ê‡`wkK bxwZ we‡k−lY Ki“b|
6. nvi“b-Ai-iwk` Gi K…wZZ¡ I PwiÎ g~j¨vqb Ki“b|
7. Avj-Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy‡×i eY©bv w`b|
8. evg©vKx‡ì DÌvb I cZ‡bi Kvwnbx eY©bv Ki“b|
9. Avj-gvgyb Gi kvmbvg‡j Ávb-weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`b|
10. eyqvB‡ì DÌvb I cZ‡bi weeiY w`b|
11. †mjRyK es‡ki DÌvb I cZ‡bi KviY we‡k−lY Ki“b|
12. µz‡m‡Wi KviY I djvdj eY©bv Ki“b|
13. MvRx mvjvn DÏxb AvBqyexi ¶gZv jvf Ges Z…Zxq µz‡mW I †Ri“hv‡jg cybi“×vi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`b|
14. AveŸvmxq‡ì kvmb c×wZ I êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki“b|
15. AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZ‡bi KviY eY©bv Ki“b|

Bdwbu: Aveÿvmxq WLJVDZ

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Bdwbu: Aveÿvmxq WLJVDZ

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BDwbU

AveŸvmxq wLjvdZ [750 wLª. n‡Z 1258 wLª. ch©š— ] 9

cvV 1 AveŸvmxq‡`i cwiPq I Av‡›`vjb

gynv¤§v` AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb I cÖ_g D‡`¨v³v

nhiZ gynv¤§v‡`i (m) wbKUZi AvÍxqZvi `vwe

AveŸvmxq Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf‚wg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.1

AveŸvmxq cÖ_g Lwjdvi cwiPq

DgvBqv‡`i wbab hÁ I ¶gZv mymsnZKiY

Aveyj AveŸv‡mi PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.2

cvV 3 Avj-gbmyi (754-775 wLª.)-Gi wLjvdZ Ges AveŸvmxq kvmb `„pxKiY

Af¨š—ixY we‡`ªvn `gb

Avey gymwj‡gi cwiPq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.3

cvV 4 Lwjdv Avj-gbmy‡ii PwiÎ I K…wZZ¡

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.4

wLjvdZ jvf I cÖv_wgK Kvh©vejx

LvwiwR we‡`ªvn `gb

nvi“‡bi ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.5

cvV 6 nvi“b-Ai-iwk`-Gi K…wZZ¡ I PwiÎ

BwZnv‡m nvi“‡bi ¯’vb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.6

cvV 7 evg©vKx‡`i DÌvb-cZb

evg©vKx es‡ki DÌvb

N. Rvdi web Bqvwnqv t åvZv dR‡ji ci RvdiI cÖavbgš¿x wbhy³ n‡qwQ‡jb|

AveŸvmxq wLjvd‡Z evg©vKx‡`i wL`gZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.7

cvV 8 Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy×

Avgxb I gvgy‡bi g‡a¨ M„nhy×

M„nhy‡×i NUbvejx I djvdj

Avgx‡bi wei“‡× gvgy‡bi mdjZvi KviY

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.8

Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©vq gvgyb

me©‡¶‡Î eyw×-e„wËi weKvk

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.9

cvV 10 eyqvBqv es‡ki DÌvb I cZb (945-1055 wLª.)

gyBRy‡ÏŠjvn (945-967 wLª÷vã)

B¾y‡ÏŠjvn (967 wLª÷vã)

AvR`y‡ÏŠjvn (967-983 wLª.)

eyqvBqv es‡ki cZb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.10

cvV 11 †mjRyK es‡ki DÌvb-cZb (1055-1194 wLª.)

†mjRyK es‡ki DÌv‡bi BwZnvm

†mjRyK es‡ki cZb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.11

cvV 12 µz‡m‡Wi KviY I djvdj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.12

cvV 13 MvRx mvjvnDwÏb AvBqyex (1174-93 wLª.)

mvjvDwÏ‡bi cwiPq I ¶gZv jvf

wnwUª‡bi hy×, Z…Zxq µz‡mW I †Ri“hv‡jg cybi“×vi

AvBqyex es‡ki cZb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.13

cvV 14 AveŸvmxq‡`i kvmb e¨e¯’v

AveŸvmxq‡`i kvmb bxwZ

K. †K›`ªxq kvmb e¨e¯’v

L. cÖv‡`wkK kvmb e¨e¯’v

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.14

cvV 15 AveŸvmxq es‡ki cZb

GK. c‡iv¶ KviY

`yB. cÖZ¨¶ KviY

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 9.15