Conclusion:-

In this experiment, I learned about the low pass filter & high pass filter. The
low pass filter only allows low-frequency signals from 0Hz to its cut-off
frequency, ƒc point to pass while blocking those any higher. The high pass filter only
allows high-frequency signals from its cut-off frequency, ƒc point and higher to infinity to
pass through while blocking those any lower. These circuits are made of passive elements
like resistor, capacitor & inductor.

Conclusion:-
In this experiment, I learned about the bandpass filter & bandstop filter. A
bandpass & bandstop filter may be constructed by cascading a High Pass RL filter with a
roll-off frequency FL and a Low Pass RC filter with a roll-off frequency FH. A bandpass
filter as such lets a particular range of frequencies be passed without attenuation and
suppresses signals at all other frequencies. The bandstop filter or band rejection filter acts
in the opposite manner to a bandpass filter. It is designed to suppress a specific frequency
range so that the desired signal does not suffer interference or distortion.

Conclusion:-
In this experiment, I learned about the Analogue to Digital converter. An
ADC consists of three steps Sampling, Quantization & Encoding. The analog signal is
continuous in time and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values. It is
therefore required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the
analog signal. The rate of new values is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency of
the converter. Since the amplitude of an analog signal is also continuous It is therefore
required that the amplitude of each sample of a signal is rounded off to the nearest
permissible level. In the last step represent each of the quantized levels by a digital word
of fixed length. The more bits the output word has the better the resolution. We also
notice the variation in input voltage from 0 to 5V.
Conclusion:-
In this experiment, I learned about the Digital to Analogue Converter using
the R-2R ladder network. The analog signal is a signal whose amplitude can take up to an
infinite set of values. The digital signal is a signal that takes only two values ‘off’ and
‘on’; typically represented by ‘0’ or ‘1’. Digital signals require less power but typically
more bandwidth than an analog signals. DACs form an important link between the analog
and digital world and let computers talk to equipment that usually uses analog signals by
converting a binary count to a proportional discrete voltage level.

Conclusion:-
In this experiment, I learned about Amplitude modulation. In amplitude
modulation, the carrier frequency is constant, on the other hand, the value of the carrier
amplitude varies depending on the amplitude of the modulating signal. The envelope of
the modulated signal is the same shape as the modulating signal. The modulation index is
the ratio of the peak voltage of the modulating signal and the peak voltage of the
unmodulated carrier. It is directly proportional to the peak voltage of the modulating
signal and inversely proportional to the peak voltage of the carrier signal. From the
modulated carrier displayed on an oscilloscope, the percent modulation can be measured
through the maximum and the minimum values of the modulating signal. The voltage of
each side frequency depends on carrier voltage and the modulation index. The bandwidth
is twice the modulating frequency.

Conclusion:-
In this experiment, I learned about Double Sideband modulation which is a
type of Amplitude Modulation. Double sideband suppressed carrier transmission (DSB-
SC) is transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are
symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is
reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally being completely suppressed. It provides
100% modulation efficiency. Due to suppression of carriers, it consumes less power. It
provides a larger bandwidth.
 Graph of BandPass Filter
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Graph of BandPass Filter

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