Leaves

1. Alder, Red 2.
Ash, Green
R. Merrilees, Illustrator
Red alder is the largest native alder
species in North America. It is also
the most extensively utilized of the
native species. Red alder trees
invade clearings or burned-over
areas and forms temporary forests.
Over time, red alders build up the
soil with their copious litter, and R. Merrilees, Illustrator
enriched it with nitrogen compounds Green ash is the most widely
formed by symbiotic bacteria that distributed of all the American
live in little nodules on their roots. ashes. Naturally a moist bottom land
Red alder stands are eventually or stream bank tree, it is hardy to
succeeded by Douglas fir, western climatic extremes. The large seed
hemlock, and sitka spruce. crops provide food to many kinds of
wildlife. Green ash is seriously
threatened in some areas,
particularly Michigan, by the emerald
ash borer, a beetle introduced
accidentally from Asia to which it
has no natural resistance.
3. Ash, White 5. Beech, American
R. Merrilees, Illustrator R. Merrilees, Illustrator

The name White ash derives from The American beech is a shade-
the blueish white undersides of the tolerant species, favoring the shade
leaves. It is similar in appearance to more than other trees, and
the Green ash, making identification commonly found in forests in the
difficult. White ash is widely grown final stage of succession called a
as an ornamental tree in North climax forest. Although American
America. Cultivars selected for beech wood is heavy, hard, tough
superior fall color include 'Autumn and strong the tree is typically left
Applause' and 'Autumn Purple'. during lumbering and often left
uncut to grow. As a result, many
areas today still have extensive
groves of old beeches.
6. Basswood, American
4. Aspen, Quaking
American basswood is dominant in
The name quaking aspen references the sugar maple-basswood
the quaking or trembling of the association, most common in
leaves that occurs in even a slight western Wisconsin and central
breeze due to the flattened petioles. Minnesota, but occurs as far east as
Aspens do produce seeds, but New England and southern Quebec
seldom grow from them. Aspen where the soils are mesic with
propagates itself primarily through relatively high pH. Basswood is a
root sprouts, and extensive clonal prolific sprouter and forms clumps
colonies are common. from stumps. Basswood flowers
draw hordes of bees and other
insects and has been called the
"humming tree".
making it a favored ornamental tree
for landscape use. A number of
cultivars have very attractive bark
and selected for garden planting,
including 'Heritage' and 'Dura Heat'.
Native Americans used the wild
birch's boiled sap as a sweetener
similar to maple syrup, and the inner
bark as a survival food. It is usually
too contorted and knotty to be of
value as a timber tree.
7. Birch, Paper
Paper birch is a pioneer species. It
needs high nutrients and a lot of
sun. The bark is highly weather-
resistant. Often, the wood of a
downed paper birch will rot away
leaving the hollow bark intact. This
easily recognized birch bark is a
winter staple food for moose even-
though the nutritional quality is
poor. Still, the bark is important to
wintering moose because of its sheer
abundance.
8. Birch, River
While river birch's native habitat is
wet ground, it will grow on higher
land, and its bark is quite distinctive,
9. Birch, Yellow rapid growth.
The name "yellow birch" reflects the
color of the tree's distinctive bark.
Betula alleghaniensis is the
provincial tree of Québec, where it is
commonly called merisier, a name
which in France is used for the wild
cherry. Yellow birch thrives in moist
woodlands and often seen on root 11. Butternut
stilts that have developed from
seedlings that have grown on and
over rotting stumps.
Juglans cinerea, commonly known as
butternut or white walnut, is a
species of walnut native to the
eastern United States and southeast
Canada. The nut, once plentiful, is
rarely seen. If you find a supply, you
have found a nut with the highest oil
content and highest food value of all
10. Boxelder Maple the walnuts and hickories. Butternut
is seriously threatened by an
introduced canker disease called
Melanconis. In some areas, 90% of the
Butternut trees have been killed. Some
isolated single trees are surviving.
The names "Box Elder" and
"Boxelder Maple" are based upon the
similarity of its whitish wood to that
of boxwood and the similarity of its
pinnately compound leaves with
those of some species of elder. The
less than "respectable" maple is not
particularly desired in the landscape
because of rapid trunk rotting,
prolific sprouting and branch
shedding. Still, it been planted in
cities and on farms because of its
13. Cottonwood, Black
Black cottonwood, also known as
western balsam poplar or California
12. Cherry, Black poplar, is a deciduous broadleaf tree
species native to western North
America. It is used for timber, and is
notable as a model organism in plant
biology. Its full genome sequence
The black cherry is a pioneer
was published in 2006. It is the first
species. In the Midwest, it is seen
tree species to be sequenced. Balm-
growing mostly in old fields with
of-Gilead poplar is an ornamental
other sunlight loving species, such
clone and hybrid of this tree.
as black walnut, black locust, and
hackberry. It is a moderately long-
lived tree, with ages of up to 258
years known. Black cherry it is prone
to storm damage with branches
breaking easily but any decay
resulting progresses slowly. It is the
largest native cherry and one of the
most abundant wild fruit trees.
14. Cottonwood, Eastern excellent shade tree for parks and
gardens and gets its common name
for the color and shape of unique
fruit that resembles a cucumber.
Eastern cottonwood typically lives 70
to 100 years, but they have the
potential to live 200 to 400 years if
they have good genetics, and if they
have a good growing environment.
The leaf is unique, some saying it
looks like an "Egyptian pyramid,
with its coarse teeth as stone steps".
Eastern cottonwood has fast growth
and a spreading root system that
will control erosion but will also
damage pavement and clog sewers.
16. Dogwood, Flowering
Flowering dogwood is one of the
most popular ornamental landscape
trees in eastern North America. They
are usually displayed beneath large
15. Cucumber Magnolia oaks or pines, both in the wild and
as an ornamental. Dogwoods are
among the earliest springtime
blooming trees. With its dense
crown, flowering dogwood provides
R. Merrilees, Illustrator good shade, and due to its small
Cucumber magnolia is one of the stature, it is useful in the smallest
largest magnolias and one of the yards. This beloved tree is the state
cold-hardiest. It is a large forest tree tree of Missouri, North Carolina and
of the northeastern United States Virginia.
and southeastern Canada (Ontario).
It is a tree that tends to occur singly
as scattered specimens, rather than
in groves. Cucumbertree is an
17. Elm, American
18. Elm, Rock
American elm has long been very
popular as a street or avenue tree
but never really took to parks and
cities. It is now being replaced by R. Merrilees, Illustrator
better trees like London plane-tree Rock elm or cork elm, is a deciduous
(Platanus X acerfolia) and Japanese tree native primarily to the
zelkova (Zelkova serrata). Once Midwestern United States. The wood
extensively planted as a shade tree, is the hardest and heaviest of all
Dutch elm disease has killed many elms. It is also very strong and
of these. Isolated trees seem to be takes a high polish which offers a
less susceptible to the disease while wide range of uses, notably
mass plantings tend to exacerbate shipbuilding, furniture, agricultural
the problems. American elm is of tools, and musical instruments.
little value as a forest product.
19. Elm, Slippery 21. Hickory, Bitternut
Bitternut hickory is probably the
most abundant and most uniformly
Slippery elm is reputedly less distributed of all the hickories.
susceptible to Dutch elm disease Bitternut hickory grows in moist
than other North American elms but mountain valleys along streambanks
is severely damaged by the Elm Leaf and in swamps. Although it is
Beetle. Slippery elm is one of the usually found on wet bottom lands,
smallest native North American elms it grows on dry sites and also grows
but with one of the largest leaves. well on poor soils low in nutrients.
The tree never grows in pure stands. Because bitternut hickory wood is
The tree has a slimy (slippery) inner hard and durable, it is used for
bark, tastes like licorice and is has furniture, paneling, dowels, tool
some food and medicinal value. handles, and ladders. It is a choice
fuel for smoking meats.
20. Hackberry
Hackberry is easily distinguished by
its cork-like bark with wart-like
protuberances. The leaves are
distinctly asymmetrical and coarse-
textured. It produces small (edible)
berries that turn orange-red to dark
purple. Hackberry is not an 22. Hickory, Mockernut
important timber tree. The wood
resembles elm but is difficult to
work.
Mockernut hickory is very common
and abundant southward through
Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida
but grows from Massachusetts south
to northern Florida, west to Kansas
and Texas and up to Iowa. The tree
grows largest in the lower Ohio River The shagbark hickory (Carya ovata)
Basin. Nearly 80 percent of is a common hickory in the eastern
harvested mockernut hickory is used United States and southeast Canada.
to manufacture tool handles, for Shagbark hickory has the most
which its hardness, toughness, distinctive of all the hickory bark
stiffness, and strength make it because of its loose-plated bark. Its
especially suitable. hickory nut is edible and has a very
sweet taste. Shagbark hickory wood
is used for smoking meat and was
used for making the bows of Native
Americans of the northern area.
23. Hickory, Pignut 25. Hickory, Shellbark
Pignut hickory (Carya glabra) is a
common but not abundant species in R. Merrilees, Illustrator
the oak-hickory forest association in Shellbark hickory nuts are the
the Eastern United States. The range largest of all hickory nuts and are
of pignut hickory covers nearly all of sweet and edible. Wildlife and people
eastern United States. Pignut harvest most of the nuts and those
hickory frequently grows on dry remaining produce seedling trees
ridgetops and sideslopes throughout readily. This hickory is distinguished
its range but it is also common on from other hickories by large leaves,
moist sites, particularly in the large nuts and orange twigs.
mountains and Piedmont.
24. Hickory, Shagbark
26. Holly, American colonizer of disturbed areas. The
wood is extremely hard, resistant to
rot and long lasting, making it prized
for fence posts and small watercraft.
As a young man, it is reported that
Abraham Lincoln spent a lot of time
USFS
splitting rails and fence posts from
American holly typically grows as an black locust logs. Black locust is a
understory tree in forests. It is rare major honey plant in eastern USA,
in the north of its range in New and, having been taken and planted
England and New York, and always in France, is the source of the
small there. It is abundant further renowned French acacia monofloral
south on the southern coast and in honey.
the Gulf states, reaching its greatest 28. Magnolia, Southern
size on the bottomlands of southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas. Holly is
a popular Christmas decoration and
is inseparably connected with
Christmas time. The custom in North
America is to use holly and mistletoe
for decoration of homes and
churches. The American holly is the The Southern magnolia or bull bay,
state tree of Delaware. is a magnolia native to the
southeastern United States, from
coastal Virginia south to central
Florida, and west to East Texas. The
tree is a very popular ornamental
tree throughout the southeastern
United States, grown for its
attractive foliage and flowers. The
Southern magnolia is the state tree
of Mississippi, and the state flower of
Mississippi and Louisiana.
27. Locust, Black
Black locust has nitrogen-fixing
bacteria on its root system. For this
reason it can grow on poor soils,
increases soil fertility and is an early
29. Maple, Bigleaf
Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple or
Oregon maple) is a large deciduous
tree in the genus Acer. It is native to
western North America, mostly near
the Pacific coast, from southernmost
Alaska south to southern California.
Bigleaf maple is the only
commercially important maple of the
Pacific Coast region.
31. Maple, Silver
30. Maple, Red
Silver maple is a weak tree but often
R. Merrilees, Illustrator introduced in the landscape to the
Acer rubrum or red maple is one of dismay of many who plant it. It can
the most common and widespread be saved for planting in wet areas or
deciduous trees of eastern North where nothing else will thrive. The
America. Red maple is adaptable to maple is also aggressive, growing
a very wide range of site conditions, into septic tank drain fields and into
perhaps more so than any other tree broken water and sewer pipes. Silver
in eastern North America. Its ability maple is closely related to the red
to thrive in a large number of maple, and can hybridise with it, the
habitats is largely due to its ability hybrid being known as the Freeman
to produce roots to suit its site from maple (Acer x freemanii). The
a young age. Red Maple is widely Freeman maple is a popular
grown as an ornamental tree in ornamental tree in parks and large
parks and in the landscape. Dozens gardens, combining the fast growth
of red maple varities have been of silver maple with the less brittle
developed and the tree is prized for wood. The tree has very little value
its fall color as a forest product.
32. Maple, Sugar 33. Oak, Black
Sugar maple is a maple native to the Black oak has readily hybridized with
hardwood forests of northeastern other members of the red oak group
North America, from Nova Scotia of oaks being one parent in at least
west to southern Ontario, and south a dozen different named hybrids.
to Georgia and Texas. Sugar maple This single species' compatibility is
is an immensely important species fairly uncommon in the
to the ecology of many forests in [i]Quercus[/i] genus group. Black
North America. Sugar maples oak is seldom used for landscaping.
engage in hydraulic lift, drawing The inner bark of the black oak
water from lower soil layers and contains a yellow pigment called
exuding that water into upper, drier quercitron, which was sold
soil layers. This not only benefits the commercially in Europe until the
tree itself but also many other plants 1940s.
growing around it. Sugar Maple is
34. Oak, Bur
the major source of sap for making
maple syrup and prized for furniture
and flooring.
The bur oak, (Quercus macrocarpa),
sometimes spelled burr oak, is a
species of oak in the white oak
group. Bur Oak typically grows in
the open, away from forest canopy.
For this reason, it is an important
tree on the eastern prairies, where it
is often found near waterways in
more forested areas, where there is
a break in the canopy. It is an a squat and leaning form with a
excellent landscaping tree. large diameter tapering trunk. The
35. Oak, Cherrybark Angel Oak near Charleston, South
Carolina, is a live oak that has been
determined to be the oldest tree in
the eastern United States at 1400
years. Live oak is the state tree of
Georgia.
R. Merrilees, Illustrator 38. Oak, Oregon White
Cherrybark oak (Q. pagodifolia) is
fairly common large tree of
bottomland forests, similar to the
upland Southern red oak (Q.
falcata), of which it was formerly
considered a variety. The cherrybark
tree has heavy strong wood that R. Merrilees, Illustrator
makes it an excellent timber tree for Oregon white oak is the only native
furniture and interior finish. It is a oak in British Columbia and
commercially desirable tree and Washington and the principal one in
managed for various forest products. Oregon. Though commonly known
36. Oak, Laurel as Garry oak in British Columbia,
elsewhere it is usually called white
oak, post oak, Oregon oak, Brewer
oak, or shin oak. Its scientific name
was chosen by David Douglas to
honor Nicholas Garry, secretary and
later deputy governor of the Hudson
R. Merrilees, Illustrator Bay Company, 1822-35.
Laurel oak or (Quercus laurifolia) is 39. Oak, Overcup
commonly used as an ornamental
tree in landscaping because of its
fast growth and pleasing
appearance; it is planted with little
regard to soil type. The Latin
laurifolia means laurel-leaved or
having leaves like a laurel. Swamp R. Merrilees, Illustrator
laurel oak grows rapidly and usually Overcup oak is a medium-sized
matures in about 50 years which has deciduous oak that is valued as a
led to its wide use as an ornamental. "white oak" wood. Commercial
37. Oak, Live overcup oak varies extremely with
site, fire damage, and degree of
insect and decay defect. It is a quite
ordinary oak with a unique acorn.
The large acorns with hardened cups
that enclose all or most of the nut
are diagnostic.
Live oak is a symbolic tree of the
Deep South. Quercus virginiana has
40. Oak, Pin of the largest and longest lived.
Northern red oak and is an easily
transplanted, popular shade tree
with good form and dense foliage.
Northern red oak is well adapted to
periodic fires.
43. Oak, Nuttall
Pin oak is one of the most overused
landscape oak in the midwest and
eastern United States. The oak is
popular due to an attractive
pyramidal shape and straight,
dominant trunk, even on older Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), not
specimens and availability. A lot of distinguished as a species until
that popularity has been challenged 1927, is also called red oak, Red
because of iron-deficiency chlorosis, River oak, and pin oak. It is one of
persistent brown leaves on the tree the few commercially important
into the winter, and a ragged look species found on poorly drained clay
with the stubby twig "pins" that flats and low bottoms of the Gulf
stand out and is a negative to some. Coastal Plain and north in the
41. Oak, Post Mississippi and Red River Valleys.
The acorn or winter buds identify
Nuttall oak, easily confused with pin
oak (Q. palustris). The lumber is
often cut and sold as red oak. In
addition to producing timber, Nuttall
The name post oak refers to the use
oak is an important species for
of the wood of this tree for fence
wildlife management because of
posts. Its wood, like that of the
heavy annual mast production.
other white oaks, is hard, tough and
rot-resistant. The "Maltese cross" 44. Oak, Scarlet
form of the distinctive post oak leaf
is a key identifier. Both the post oak
and the blackjack oak form the
"Cross Timbers" in Texas and R. Merrilees, Illustrator
Oklahoma. This area comprises the Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) is
border where trees transition to best known for its brilliant autumn
prairie grassland. color. It is a large rapid-growing tree
42. Oak, Northern Red of the Eastern United States found
on a variety of soils in mixed forests,
especially light sandy and gravelly
upland ridges and slopes. Best
USFS development is in the Ohio River
Any oak with pointed, bristle-tipped Basin. In commerce, the lumber is
leaf lobes belong to the red oak mixed with that of other red oaks.
group, including Northern red oak. Scarlet oak is a popular shade tree
Red oak is the fastest growing of all and has been widely planted in the
oaks and when on the right site, one United States and Europe.
45. Oak, Shumard 47. Oak, Water
R. Merrilees, Illustrator R. Merrilees, Illustrator

Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) is The water oak is also called possum
one of the largest Southern red oak or spotted oak. The oak's
oaks. Other common names are habitat is commonly found along
spotted oak, Schneck oak, Shumard southeastern watercourses and
red oak, southern red oak, and lowlands on silty clay and loamy
swamp red oak. It is a lowland tree soils. Water oak is a medium-sized
and grows scattered with other but rapid-growing tree is often
hardwoods on moist, well-drained abundant as second growth on
soils associated with large and small cutover lands. Water oak is planted
streams. It grows moderately fast widely as a street and shade tree in
and produces acorns every 2 to 4 southern communities.
years that are used by wildlife for 48. Oak, White
food. The wood is superior to most
red oaks, but it is mixed
indiscriminately with other red oak
lumber and used for the same
products. This tree makes a R. Merrilees, Illustrator
handsome shade tree. The white oak family members also
46. Oak, Southern Red include the bur oak, chestnut oak
and Oregon white oak. This oak is
immediately recognized by rounded
lobes plus the lobe tips never have
bristles like red oak. White oak is
less favored than red oak because it
R. Merrilees, Illustrator is difficult to transplant and has a
All the red oaks, including Southern slow growth rate.
red oak, is most prized hardwood 49. Oak, Willow
species in the United States. The
uses of oak include almost
everything that mankind has ever
derived from trees-timber, food for
man and animals, fuel, watershed
protection, shade and beauty,
tannin, and extractives. R. Merrilees, Illustrator
The medium to large willow oak has
unique willow-like foliage and is
known for its rapid growth and long
life. A favored shade tree, willow oak
is widely planted as an ornamental.
It is also a good species to plant
along margins of fluctuating-level Paulownia has a tropical look with
reservoirs. very large catalpa-like leaves
although the two species are not
related. The paulownia has been
touted as growing very valuable
wood under correct management
strategies.
50. Osage Orange
52. Pecan
The osage orange creates a dense
canopy, making it useful as a
windbreak. Young osage oranges
can develop an upright, pyramidal R. Merrilees, Illustrator
habit and the fruit is unique, Pecan is, economically, the most
roughtextured, heavy green balls important member of the hickory
which ripen to yellowgreen and fall family, of the genus Carya. Pecan
in October and November. The large, production is a multimillion dollar
three to six-inch long by two to business and one of North America's
three-inch-wide, shiny, dark green favorite nuts. C. illinoensis is an
leaves turn bright yellow in fall and excellent multipurpose tree for the
are quite noticeable in the home landscape because it provides
northeastern United States. nuts and grand esthetic value.
51. Paulownia, Royal 53. Persimmon
Royal paulownia is an introduced R. Merrilees, Illustrator
ornamental that has become well Common persimmon is an
established in North America. It is interesting, somewhat irregularly
also known as princess-tree, shaped native small to medium tree.
empress-tree, or paulownia. Persimmon bark is grey or black and
distinctly blocky with orange in the
valleys between the blocks. Except
for cleaning up the messy fruit if it
falls on a patio or sidewalk,
persimmon maintenance is quite
easy and it could be planted more.
Locate it where the slimy fruit will
not fall on sidewalks and cause
people to slip and fall.
54. Redbud
Redbud is a small tree that shines 55. Sassafras
early in Spring (one of the first
flowering plants) with leafless
branches of magenta buds and pink
flowers. Quickly following the flowers
come new green leaves which turn a
dark, blue-green and are uniquely Young sassafras seedlings are
heart-shaped. C. canadensis often usually unlobed but older trees add
has a large crop of 2-4 inch unique mitten-shaped leaves with
seedpods that some find two or three lobes. In addition to
unappealing in the urban landscape. sassafras' value to wildlife, the tree
provides wood and bark for a variety
of commercial and domestic uses.
Tea is brewed from the bark of
roots. The leaves are used in
thickening soups.
56. Sourwood
R. Anderson/Bugwood.org
Sourwood is one of the first trees to
turn colors in the Eastern forest. By
late August it is common to see
foliage of young sourwood trees
along roadsides beginning to turn
red. The fall color of sourwood is a
striking red and orange and
associated with blackgum and
58. Sycamore, American
sassifras.
57. Sweetgum
R. Merrilees, Illustrator American sycamore is a massive
Sweetgum is sometimes called tree and can attain the largest trunk
redgum, probably because of the red diameter of any of the Eastern U.S.
color of the older heartwood and its hardwoods. The native sycamore
red fall leaves. Sweetgum grows has a grand branch display and its
from Connecticut southward bark is unique among all trees - you
throughout the East to central can always identify a sycamore just
Florida and eastern Texas and is a by looking at the bark. The alternate
very common commercial timber maple-looking leaves are large and
species of the South. Sweetgum is also unique to those familiar with
easy to identify in both summer and sycamore.
in winter. Look for the star-shaped
leaf as foliage grows in the Spring
and look for the dried seed balls in
and under the tree.
sylvatica) is divided into two
commonly recognized varieties,
typical black tupelo (var. sylvatica)
and swamp tupelo (var. biflora).
They are usually identifiable by their
differences in habitats: black tupelo
on light-textured soils of uplands
and stream bottoms, swamp tupelo
on heavy organic or clay soils of wet
bottom lands.
60. Tupelo, Water
Water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), is a
large, long-lived tree that grows in
southern swamps and flood plains
where its root system is periodically
under water. It has a swollen base
that tapers to a long, clear bole and
often occurs in pure stands. A good
mature tree will produce commercial
timber used for furniture and crates.
Many kinds of wildlife eat the fruits
and water tupelo is a favored honey
tree.
61. Walnut, Black
59. Tupelo, Black R. Merrilees, Illustrator

Black walnut used to be a very
common old-growth forest tree.
Black walnut wood is now relatively
scarce and highly coveted, used
mainly for high quality woodworking.
R. Merrilees, Illustrator The tree hates shade (intolerant)and
Black gum trees have moderate best growth occurs in a sunny open
growth rate and longevity and are location and a moist rich soil,
an excellent food source for wildlife, common along stream banks in its
fine honey trees, and handsome native habitat.
ornamentals. Black tupelo (Nyssa
62. Willow, Black 64. The Top Conifers in North
America
The common softwood trees that are
usually evergreen, bear cones, and
have needles or scalelike leaves.
They include pine, spruces, firs, and
cedars.
Black willow is named for its dark
A conifer is a tree belonging to the
gray-brown bark. The tree is the
cone bearing order Coniferales.
largest and most important New
These trees with needles or scale-
World willow and is one of the first
like leaves are very different from
trees to bud in the spring. The
hardwood trees which have broad,
numerous uses of the wood of this
flat leaves and usually without
and other willows is furniture doors,
cones.
millwork, barrels and boxes.
63. Yellow Poplar
Also called evergreens, these
perennial trees normally keep foliage
or needles through the entire year.
The notable exceptions are
baldcypress and tamarack which
shed needles annually.
Yellow poplar or tulip poplar is the These "softwood" trees usually bear
tallest hardwood tree in North cones and include pines, spruces,
America with one of the most perfect firs, and cedars. Wood hardness
and straight trunks in the forest. varies among the conifer species,
Yellow poplar has a very unique leaf and some are actually harder than
with four lobes separated by some hardwoods.
rounded notches.
1. Baldcypress
Rebecca Merrilees, Illustrator

Tree associates of baldcypress
include water tupelo (Nyssa
aquatica), swamp tupelo (N.
sylvatica var. biflora), red maple
(Acer rubrum), sweetbay (Magnolia
virginiana), southern magnolia (M.
grandifolia), sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua), and various oaks
Quercus spp.), ashes (Fraxinus
spp.), and pines Pinus spp.)
2. Cedar, Alaska associates on the wetter sites,
especially swamps. Yellow birch
(Betula alleghaniensis), paper birch
(B. papyrifera), quaking aspen
(Populus tremuloides), bigtooth
S. Porse/Wikimedia aspen (P. grandidentata), balsam
Commons poplar (P. balsamifera), eastern
Alaska-cedar occasionally grows in hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and
pure stands but is usually found eastern white pine (Pinus strobus)
singly or in scattered groups mixed are common on the better drained
with other tree species. Associated sites, especially uplands.
species change with latitude but can 5. Cedar, Port-Orford
grow alongside spruces, firs, pines,
and hemlocks.
3. Cedar, Atlantic White
R. Hunt/Wikimedia
Commons
Port-Orford-cedar is found with an
extremely wide variety of associated
Because Atlantic white-cedar grows plants and vegetation types. It
characteristically in pure stands it is usually grows in mixed stands and is
found mostly in one forest cover important in the Picea sitchensis,
type, Atlantic White-Cedar (Society Tsuga heterophylla, mixed
of American Foresters Type 97). It is evergreen, and Abies concolor
also listed as an associate in six vegetation zones of Oregon and
other types: Pitch Pine (Type 45); their counterparts in California.
Slash Pine-Hardwood (Type 85); 6. Douglas-fir
Baldcypress (Type 101); Water
Tupelo-Swamp Tupelo (Type 103);
Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102);
Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay
(Type104).
4. Cedar, Northern White
(arborvitae)
Wherever Douglas-fir grows in
mixture with other species, the
proportion may vary greatly,
depending on aspect, elevation, kind
The northern white-cedar type of soil, and the past history of an
commonly includes some balsam fir area, especially as it relates to fire.
(Abies balsamea) and tamarack This is particularly true of the mixed
(Larix laricina) in the boreal region conifer stands in the southern Rocky
of Canada but tends to be mixed Mountains where Douglas-fir is
with additional species farther south. associated with ponderosa pine,
Balsam fir, black spruce (Picea southwestern white pine (Pinus
mariana), white spruce (P. glauca), strobiformis), corkbark fir (Abies
red spruce (P. rubens), tamarack, lasiocarpa var. arizonica), white fir
black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and red (Abies concolor), blue spruce (Picea
maple (Acer rubrum) are common
pungens), Engelmann spruce, and 9. Fir, Fraser
aspen (Populus spp.).
7. Fir, Balsam
USFS/Bugwood.org
Tree species associated with balsam Fraser fir is a component of four
fir in the boreal region of Canada are forest cover types (10): Pin Cherry
black spruce (Picea mariana), white (Society of American Foresters Type
spruce (Picea glauca), paper birch 17), Red Spruce-Yellow Birch (Type
(Betula papyrifera), and quaking 30), Red Spruce (Type 32), and Red
aspen (Populus tremuloides). In the Spruce-Fraser Fir (Type 34).
more southerly northern forest 10. Fir, Grand
region, additional associates include
bigtooth aspen (Populus
grandidentata), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), American beech
(Fagus grandifolia), red maple (Acer
rubrum), sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), eastern hemlock (Tsuga R. Merrilees Illustrator
canadensis), eastern white pine Grand fir is represented in 17 forest
(Pinus strobus), tamarack (Larix cover types of western North
laricina), black ash (Fraxinus nigra), America: it is the predominant
and northern white-cedar (Thuja species in only one, Grand Fir
occidentalis). (Society of American Foresters Type
8. Fir, California Red 213). It is a major component of six
other cover types: Western Larch
(Type 212), Western White Pine
(Type 215), Interior Douglas-Fir
(Type 210), Western Hemlock (Type
224), Western Redcedar (Type 228),
and Western Redcedar-Western
R. Merrilees, Illustrator Hemlock (Type 227). Grand fir
Red fir is found in seven forest cover appears sporadically in 10 other
types of western North America. It is cover types.
in pure stands or as a major 11. Fir, Noble
component in Red Fir (Society of
American Foresters Type 207, and
also in the following types: Mountain
Hemlock (Type 205), White Fir (Type
211), Lodgepole Pine (Type 218), R. Merrilees
Pacific Douglas-Fir (Type 229), Illustrator
Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer (Type Noble fir is associated with most
243), and California Mixed Subalpine other Pacific Northwest conifers at
(Type 256). some point in its range. Most
commonly these are Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), Pacific
silver fir (Abies amabilis), western jeffreyi), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
and mountain hemlocks (Tsuga menziesii), and California black oak
heterophylla and T. mertensiana), (Quercus kelloggii).
western white and lodgepole pines 14. Hemlock, Eastern
(Pinus monticola and P. contorta),
western redcedar (Thuja plicata),
and Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis). It is also found
growing with grand and subalpine R. Merrilees
firs (Abies grandis and A. Illustrator
lasiocarpa), Engelmann and Sitka Eastern hemlock is associated in the
spruces (Picea engelmannii and P. Northern Forest Region with White
sitchensis), western larch (Larix Pine, Sugar Maple,Red Spruce,
occidentalis), and whitebark pine Balsam Fir and Yellow Birch; in the
(Pinus albicaulis). Central and Southern Forest Region
12. Fir, Pacific Silver with Yellow-Poplar, Northern Red
Oak, Red Maple, Eastern White Pine,
Fraser Fir and Beech.
15. Hemlock, Western
R. Merrilees Illustrator
Pacific silver fir is a major species in
the forest cover type Coastal True
Fir-Hemlock (Society of American R. Merrilees Illustrator
Foresters Type 226). It is also found Western hemlock is a component of
in the following types: Mountain the redwood forests on the coasts of
Hemlock, Engelmann Spruce- northern California and adjacent
Subalpine Fir, Sitka Spruce, Western Oregon. In Oregon and western
Hemlock, Western Redcedar and Washington, it is a major constituent
Pacific Douglas-Fir. of the Picea sitchensis, Tsuga
13. Fir, White heterophylla, and Abies amabilis
Zones and is less important in the
Tsuga mertensiana and Mixed-
Conifer Zones.
16. Larch, Eastern
(tamarack)
The most common associates of
California white fir in the mixed
conifer forests of California and
Oregon include grand fir (Abies
grandis), Pacific madrone (Arbutus
menziesii), tanoak (Lithocarpus R. Merrilees
densiflorus), incense-cedar Illustrator
(Libocedrus decurrens), ponderosa Black spruce (Picea mariana) is
pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole usually tamarack's main associate in
pine (P. contorta), sugar pine (P. mixed stands on all sites. The other
lambertiana), Jeffrey pine (P. most common associates include
balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white forest cover types: Red Pine (Type
spruce (Picea glauca), and quaking 15), White Pine-Northern Red Oak-
aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Red Maple (Type 20), Eastern White
boreal region, and northern white- Pine (Type 21), White Pine-Hemlock
cedar (Thuja occidentalis), balsam (Type 22), White Pine-Chestnut Oak
fir, black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and (Type 51). None of these are climax
red maple (Acer rubrum) on the types, although the White Pine-
better organic-soil (swamp) sites in Hemlock type may just precede the
the northern forest region. climax hemlock types, and Type 20
17. Larch, Western is very close to a climax or an
alternating type of climax on the
sandy outwash plains of New
England (42).
19. Pine, Jack
Western larch is a long-lived seral
species that always grows with other
tree species. Young stands
sometimes appear to be pure, but R. Merrilees
other species are in the understory, Illustrator
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Associated tree species, listed in
var. glauca) is its most common tree order of presence on dry to mesic
associate. Other common tree sites, include northern pin oak
associates include: ponderosa pine (Quercus ellipsoidalis), bur oak (Q.
(Pinus ponderosa) on the lower, macrocarpa), red pine (Pinus
drier sites; grand fir (Abies grandis), resinosa), bigtooth aspen (Populus
western hemlock (Tsuga grandidentata), quaking aspen (P.
heterophylla), western redcedar tremuloides), paper birch (Betula
(Thuja plicata), and western white papyrifera), northern red oak
pine (Pinus monticola) on moist Quercus rubra), eastern white pine
sites; and Engelmann spruce (Picea (Pinus strobus), red maple (Acer
engelmannii), subalpine fir (Abies rubrum), balsam fir (Abies
lasiocarpa), lodgepole pine (Pinus balsamea), white spruce (Picea
contorta), and mountain hemlock glauca), black spruce (P. mariana),
(Tsuga mertensiana) in the cool- tamarack (Larix laricina), and
moist subalpine forests. balsam poplar (Populus
18. Pine, Eastern White balsamifera). In the boreal forest the
most common associates are
quaking aspen, paper birch, balsam
fir, and black spruce. In the northern
forest they are northern pin oak, red
pine, quaking aspen, paper birch,
and balsam fir.
R. Merrilees
Illustrator
White pine is a major component of
five Society of American Foresters
20. Pine, Jeffrey 22. Pine, Lodgepole
R. Merrilees
Illustrator
Incense-cedar (Libocedrus Lodgepole pine, with probably the
decurrens) is the most widespread widest range of environmental
associate of Jeffrey pine on tolerance of any conifer in North
ultramafic soils. Locally prominent America, grows in association with
are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga many plant species. The lodgepole
menziesii), Port-Orford-cedar pine forest type is the third most
(Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), extensive commercial forest type in
ponderosa pine, sugar pine (Pinus the Rocky Mountains.
lambertiana), western white pine (P. 23. Pine, Longleaf
monticola), knob-cone pine (P.
attenuata), Digger pine (P.
sabiniana), and Sargent cypress
(Cupressus sargentii).
21. Pine, Loblolly R. Merrilees
Illustrator
The principal longleaf cover types
are Longleaf Pine (Society of
American Foresters Type 70),
Longleaf Pine-Scrub Oak (Type 71),
R. Merrilees Illustrator and Longleaf Pine-Slash Pine (Type
Loblolly pine is found in pure stands 83). Longleaf pine is also a minor
and in mixtures with other pines or component of other forest types
hardwoods. When loblolly pine within its range: Sand Pine (Type
predominates, it forms the forest 69), Shortleaf Pine (Type 75),
cover type Loblolly Pine (Society of Loblolly Pine (Type 81), Loblolly
American Foresters Type 81). Within Pine-Hardwoods (Type 82), Slash
their natural ranges, longleaf, Pine (Type 84), and South Florida
shortleaf, and Virginia pine (Pinus Slash Pine (Type 111).
palustris, P. echinata, and P. 24. Pine, Pinyon
virginiana), southern red, white,
post, and blackjack oak (Quercus
falcata, Q. alba, Q. stellata, and Q.
marilandica), sassafras (Sassafras
albidum), and persimmon B.
(Diospyros virginiana) are frequent Steed/Bugwood.org
associates on well-drained sites. Pinyon is a minor component of the
following forest cover types:
Bristlecone Pine (Society of
American Foresters (Type 209),
Interior Douglas-Fir (Type 210), types in the West: Interior
Rocky Mountain Juniper (Type 220), Ponderosa Pine (Society of American
Interior Ponderosa Pine (Type 237), Foresters Type 237), Pacific
Arizona Cypress (Type 240), and Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-Fir (Type
Western Live Oak (Type 241). It is 244), and Pacific Ponderosa Pine
an integral component in Pinyon- (Type 245). Interior Ponderosa Pine
Juniper (Type 239) over a large is the most widespread type,
area. However, as the type extends covering most of the range of the
westward, pinyon is replaced by species from Canada to Mexico, and
singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) from the Plains States to the Sierra
in Nevada and some localities in Nevada, and the east side of the
western Utah and northwestern Cascade Mountains. Ponderosa pine
Arizona. Southward along the is also a component of 65 percent of
Mexican border, Mexican pinyon (P. all western forest cover types south
cembroides var. bicolor), recently of the boreal forest.
given separate species status as 27. Pine, Red
border pinyon (P. discolor), becomes
the dominant tree in the woodlands.
25. Pine, Pitch
R. Merrilees
Illustrator
In parts of the northern Lake States,
Ontario, and Quebec, red pine grows
in extensive pure stands and in the
Pitch pine is the major component of Northeast and eastern Canada in
the forest cover type Pitch Pine small pure stands. More often it is
(Society of American Foresters Type found with jack pine (Pinus
45) and is listed as an associate in banksiana), eastern white pine (P.
nine other types: Eastern White Pine strobus), or both. It is a common
(Type 21), , Chestnut Oak (Type component in three forest cover
44), White Pine-Chestnut Oak (Type types: Red Pine (Society of American
51), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Foresters Type 15), Jack Pine (Type
Red Oak (Type 52), Shortleaf Pine 1), and Eastern White Pine (Type
(Type 75), Virginia Pine-Oak (Type 21) and is an occasional associate in
78), Virginia Pine (Type 79), and one, Northern Pin Oak (Type 14).
Atlantic White-Cedar (Type 97). 28. Pine, Shortleaf
26. Pine, Ponderosa
R. Merrilees
Illustrator Shortleaf pine is now considered a
Ponderosa pine is an integral major component of three forest
component of three forest cover cover types (Society of American
Foresters, 16), Shortleaf Pine (Type 30. Pine, Sugar
75), Shortleaf Pine-Oak (Type 76),
and Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine
(Type 80). Although shortleaf pine
grows very well on good sites, it is
generally only temporary and gives
way to more competitive species,
particularly hardwoods. It is more R. Merrilees
competitive on drier sites with thin, Illustrator
rocky, and nutrient deficient soils. Sugar pine is a major timber species
With the species' ability to grow on at middle elevations in the Klamath
the medium and poor sites, it is not and Siskiyou Mountains, Cascade,
surprising that shortleaf pine is a Sierra Nevada, Transverse, and
minor component of at least 15 Peninsula Ranges. Rarely forming
other forest cover types. pure stands, it grows singly or in
small groups of trees. It is the main
component in the forest cover type
Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer
(Society of American Foresters Type
243).
31. Pine, Virginia
R. Merrilees
Illustrator
Virginia pine often grows in pure
stands, usually as a pioneer species
on old fields, burned areas, or other
disturbed sites. It is a major species
29. Pine, Slash in the forest cover types Virginia
Pine-Oak (Society of American
Foresters Type 78) and Virginia Pine
(Type 79). It is an associate in the
following cover types: Post Oak-
R. Merrilees Blackjack Oak (Type 40), Bear Oak
Illustrator (Type 43), Chestnut Oak (Type 44),
Slash pine is a major component of White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red
three forest cover types including Oak (Type 52), Pitch Pine (Type 45),
Longleaf Pine-Slash Pine (Society of Eastern Redcedar (Type 46),
American Foresters Type 83), Slash Shortleaf Pine (Type 75), Loblolly
Pine (Type 84), and Slash Pine- Pine (Type 81), and Loblolly Pine-
Hardwood (Type 85). Hardwood (Type 82).
32. Redcedar, Eastern tamarack and also grows in
association with paper birch (Betula
papyrifera), lodgepole pine (P.
contorta), quaking aspen (Populus
tremuloides), balsam poplar,
northern white-cedar (Thuja
occidentalis), black ash (Fraxinus
R. Merrilees nigra), American elm (Ulmus
Illustrator americana), and red maple (Acer
Pure stands of eastern redcedar are rubrum).
scattered throughout the primary 35. Spruce, Colorado Blue
range of the species. Most of these
stands are on abandoned farm lands
or drier upland sites. The forest
cover type Eastern Redcedar
46) is widespread and therefore has R. Merrilees
many associates . Illustrator
33. Redwood Colorado blue spruce is most
frequently associated with Rocky
Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii var. glauca) and Rocky
Mountain ponderosa pine and with
R. Merrilees white fir (Abies concolor) on wet
sites in the central Rocky Mountains.
Illustrator
Blue spruce is seldom found in large
Redwood is a principal species in
numbers, but on streamside sites it
only one forest cover type, Redwood
is often the only coniferous species
present.
232), but is found in three other
Pacific Coast types, Pacific Douglas- 36. Spruce, Engelmann
Fir (Type 229), Port-Orford-Cedar
(Type 231), and Douglas-Fir-
Tanoak-Pacific Madrone (Type 234).
34. Spruce, Black
Engelmann spruce most typically
grows together with subalpine fir
(Abies lasiocarpa) to form the
R. Merrilees Illustrator Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir
(Type 206) forest cover type. It may
Black spruce most commonly grows
also occur in pure or nearly pure
as pure stands on organic soils and
stands. Spruce grows in 15 other
as mixed stands on mineral soil
forest types recognized by the
sites. It is a major component of
Society of American Foresters,
forest types with white spruce,
usually as a minor component or in
balsam fir (Abies balsamea), jack
frost pockets:
pine (Pinus banksiana), and
37. Spruce, Red usually found only at higher
elevations toward the south.
39. Spruce, White
R. Merrilees
Illustrator
Pure stands of red spruce comprise R. Merrilees
the forest cover type Red Spruce Illustrator
(Society of American Foresters Type Eastern Forest- The forest cover
32). Red spruce is also a major type White Spruce (Society of
component in several forest cover American Foresters Type 107) (40)
types: Eastern White Pine; White is found in either pure stands or
Pine-Hemlock; Eastern Hemlock; mixed stands in which white spruce
Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch; is the major component. Associated
Red Spruce-Yellow Birch; Red species include black spruce, paper
Spruce-Sugar Maple-Beech; Red birch (Betula papyrifera), quaking
Spruce-Balsam Fir; Red Spruce- aspen (Populus tremuloides), red
Fraser Fir; Paper Birch-Red Spruce- spruce (Picea rubens), and balsam
Balsam Fir; Northern White-Cedar; fir (Abies balsamea).
Beech-Sugar Maple. Western Forest- Associated tree
38. Spruce, Sitka species in Alaska include paper
birch, quaking aspen, black spruce,
and balsam poplar (Populus
balsamifera). In Western Canada,
subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa),
balsam fir, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
R. Merrilees menziesii), jack pine (Pinus
banksiana), and lodgepole pine (P.
Illustrator contorta) are important associates.
Sitka spruce is commonly associated
with western hemlock throughout
most of its range. Toward the south,
other conifer associates include
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana), western white pine
(Pinus monticola), and redwood
(Sequoia sempervirens). Shore pine
(P. contorta var. contorta) and
western redcedar (Thuja plicata) are
also associates that extend into
southeast Alaska. Toward the north,
conifer associates also include
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis
nootkatensis), mountain hemlock
(Tsuga mertensiana), and subalpine
fir (Abies lasiocarpa)-trees that are

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1. Alder, Red 2.

R. Merrilees, Illustrator R. Merrilees, Illustrator

16. Dogwood, Flowering

18. Elm, Rock

23. Hickory, Pignut 25. Hickory, Shellbark

27. Locust, Black

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50. Osage Orange

59. Tupelo, Black R. Merrilees, Illustrator

Rebecca Merrilees, Illustrator

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