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CHP 3 Sensation and Perception
CHP 3 Sensation and Perception
CHP 3 Sensation and Perception
psychology
fourth edition, global edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
3.1 How does sensation travel through the central nervous system, and why
are some sensations ignored?
3.2 What is light, and how does it travel through the various parts of the eye?
3.3 How do the eyes see, and how do the eyes see different colors?
3.4 What is sound, and how does it travel through the various parts of the ear?
3.5 Why are some people unable to hear, and how can their hearing be
improved?
3.6 How do the senses of taste and smell work, and how are they alike?
3.7 What allows people to experience the sense of touch, pain, motion, and
balance?
3.8 What are perception and perceptual constancies?
3.9 What are the Gestalt principles of perception?
3.10 What is depth perception and what kind of cues are important for it to
occur?
3.11 What are visual illusions and how can they and other factors influence and
alter perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Sensation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Sensation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
• Sense organs:
– eyes
– ears
– nose
– skin
– taste buds
• Transduction: turning outside stimuli into
neural activity
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Sensory Thresholds
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Subliminal Sensation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Subliminal Sensation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Habituation and Sensory Adaptation
LO 3.1 Sensation and How It Enters the Central Nervous System
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Properties of Light
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Properties of Light
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.2 Structure of the Eye
Light enters the eye through the cornea and pupil. The iris controls the size of the pupil. From the pupil, light passes
through the lens to the retina, where it is transformed into nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the brain along
the optic nerve.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Eye
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Eye
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Eye
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Eye
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
• Nearsightedness, or myopia
– the shape of the eye causes the focal point to
fall short of the retina
• Farsightedness, or hyperopia
– the focus point is behind the retina
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.3 Nearsightedness and Farsightedness
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Retina, Rods, and Cones
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Retina, Rods, and Cones
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Retina, Rods, and Cones
LO 3.2 What Is Light?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.4 The Parts of the Retina
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.5 Crossing of the Optic Nerve
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
How the Eye Works
LO 3.3 How Eyes See and How Eyes See Color
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Color Vision
LO 3.3 How Eyes See and How Eyes See Color
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Color Vision
LO 3.3 How Eyes See and How Eyes See Color
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.6 Color Afterimage
Stare at the white dot in the center of this oddly colored flag for about 30 seconds. Now look at a white piece of paper or a
white wall. Notice that the colors are now the normal, expected colors of the American flag. They are also the primary colors
that are opposites of the colors in the picture and provide evidence for the opponent-process theory of color vision.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Color Blindness
LO How Eyes See and How Eyes See Color
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Color Blindness
LO 3.3 How Eyes See and How Eyes See Color
• Sex-linked inheritance
– gene for color-deficient vision is recessive
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.7The Ishihara Color Test
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Sound
LO 3.4 What Is Sound?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.8a Sound Waves
Two sound waves. The higher the wave, the louder the sound; the lower the wave, the softer the sound. If the waves are
close together in time (high frequency), the pitch will be perceived as a high pitch. Waves that are farther apart (low
frequency) will be perceived as having a lower pitch.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Ear
LO 3.4 What Is Sound?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Structure of the Ear
LO 3.4 What Is Sound?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Theories of Pitch
LO 3.4 What Is Sound?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Theories of Pitch
LO 3.4 What Is Sound?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Types of Hearing Impairments
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Types of Hearing Impairments
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Surgery to Help Restore Hearing
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Taste
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
• Taste buds
– taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for
sense of taste
• Gustation
– the sensation of a taste
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.10 Cochlear Implant
(a) Nerves in the tongue’s deep tissue (b) Taste bud’s location inside the papillae (c) Microphotograph of the surface of the
tongue showing two different sizes of papillae
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Taste
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Smell
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.13 The Olfactory Receptors
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Somesthetic Senses
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Somesthetic Senses
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.14 Cross Section of the Skin and Its Receptors
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Somesthetic Senses
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Somesthetic Senses
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perception and Constancies
LO 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies
• Perception
– the method by which the sensations
experienced at any given moment are
interpreted and organized in some meaningful
fashion
• Size constancy
– the tendency to interpret an object as always
being the same actual size, regardless of its
distance
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perception and Constancies
LO 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies
• Shape constancy
– the tendency to interpret the shape of an
object as being constant, even when its shape
changes on the retina
• Brightness constancy
– the tendency to perceive the apparent
brightness of an object as the same even
when the light conditions change
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.15 Shape Constancy
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Gestalt Principles
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
• Figure–ground
– the tendency to perceive objects, or figures,
as existing on a background
• Reversible figures
– visual illusions in which the figure and ground
can be reversed
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.16 The Necker Cube
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.17 Figure-Ground Illusion
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Gestalt Principles
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
• Proximity
– tendency to perceive objects that are close to
each other as part of the same grouping
• Similarity
– tendency to perceive things that look similar
to each other as being part of the same group
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Gestalt Principles
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
• Closure
– tendency to complete figures that are
incomplete
• Continuity
– tendency to perceive things as simply as
possible with a continuous pattern rather than
with a complex, broken-up pattern
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Gestalt Principles
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
• Contiguity
– tendency to perceive two things that happen
close together in time as being related
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.18 Gestalt Principles of Grouping
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Development of Perception
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Monocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Monocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Monocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Monocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.19 Examples of Pictorial Depth Cues
(a) Linear perspective, (b) texture gradient, (c) aerial or atmospheric perspective, (d) relative size
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Binocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Binocular Cues
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.20 Binocular Cues to Depth Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Illusions
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.21 The Hermann Grid
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.22 The Müller-lyer illusion
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Illusions
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Illusions
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
• Illusions of motion
– autokinetic effect: a small, stationary light in a
darkened room will appear to move or drift
because there are no surrounding cues to
indicate that the light is not moving
– stroboscopic motion: seen in motion pictures,
in which a rapid series of still pictures will
appear to be in motion
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Illusions
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
• Illusions of motion
– phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a
sequence appear to move
– rotating snakes: due in part to eye
movements
– The Enigma: due in part to microsaccades
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.23 “Rotating Snakes”
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.24 “Reinterpretation of Enigma”
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Perceptual Illusions
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Factors that Influence Perception
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.25 Perceptual Set
Look at the drawing. What do you see? Then look at the two pictures on the next slide.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.25 Perceptual Set (Cont’d)
Would you have interpreted the first drawing differently if you had viewed these images first?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Factors that Influence Perception
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
Figure 3.26 The Devil’s Trident
Psychology, Fourth Edition, Global Edition Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Limited.
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