NETWORK ANALYSIS &

CIRCUIT
ASSIGNMENT # 2
(Complex Engineering Problem)
Group Members:
 Abdur Rafay Malik (2020F-BEE-022)
 Syed Muhammed Ali Shah (2020F-BEE-005)
 Syed Hassan (2020F-BEE-049)
 Hussain Mustafa (2020F-BEE-035)
 Zeeshan Ali (2020F-BEE-042)

SECTION: A
SUBMITTED TO:
MISS RAKSHAN ZULFIKAR
INTRODUCTION:
In electrical engineering, the power factor (PF) of an AC
electrical power system is defined as the ratio of working
power (measured in kilowatts, kW) absorbed by the load to
the apparent power (measured in kilovolt amperes, kVA)
flowing through the circuit. Power factor is a dimensionless
number in the closed interval of −1 to 1.
The “ideal” power factor is one (also referred to as “unity”).
This is when there is no reactive power through the circuit,
and hence apparent power (kVA) is equal to real power (kW).
A load with a power factor of 1 is the most efficient loading
of the supply.
That said this is not realistic, and the power factor will in
practice be less than 1. Various power factor correction
techniques are used to help increase the power factor to this
ideal state.

LITERATURE REVIEW: (Power Factor Improvement)

The term power factor comes into the picture in AC circuits
only. Mathematically it is the cosine of the phase difference
between the source voltage and current. It refers to the
fraction of total power (apparent power) which is utilized to
do the useful work called active power.
Active Power
Cosφ= Apparent Power

Need for Power Factor Improvements:

 Real power is given by P = VIcosφ. The electrical
current is inversely proportional to cosφ for transferring a
given amount of power at a certain voltage. Hence higher
the pf lower will be the current flowing. A small current
flow requires a less cross-sectional area of conductors,
and thus it saves conductors and money.
  From the above relation, we see having a poor power
factor increases the current flowing in a conductor, and
thus copper loss increases. A large voltage drop occurs in
the alternator, electrical transformer, and transmission,
and distribution lines – which gives very poor voltage
regulation.
 The KVA rating of machines is also reduced by having a
higher power factor, as per the formula:
KW
KVA= cos φ

Hence, the size and cost of the machine are also reduced.
This is why the electrical power factor should be maintained
close to unity – it is significantly cheaper.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CONCLUSION:
As the conclusion, power factor of electrical can be determined based
on impedance value of electrical. The low power factor of electrical
load in power distribution system can be corrected by using shunt
capacitor which installed at electrical circuit with the right
capacitance value. The useful output of a power station is the kW
output delivered by it to the supply system. Sometimes, a power
station is required to deliver more kW to meet the increase in power
demand. Knowing about power factor is very crucial for any electrical
power system as it tells the amount of power wasted (Reactive Power)
and consumed (Real Power) by it. Taking corrective measures will
result in reduced power losses, increased voltage stability and
eventually result in lowering the electric utility bills.

REFRENCES:
 Book “Engineering Circuit Analysis” by William H. hayt, Jr -
Jack E. Kemmerly - Steven M. Durbin
 Website: www.coursehero.com