LESSON 6

PERPETUATION OF LIFE,
GENETIC ENGINEERING

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Target Objectives

1. Identify the different ways how plants and

animals reproduce;
2. Differentiate asexual reproduction from
asexual reproduction;
3. Learn the advantage and disadvantages of
both types of reproduction; and
4. List down the pros and cons of GMOs.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Review

What are the characteristics of

living organisms?

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Reproduction
Two Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Reproduction
• Two Types of Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction
- Offsprings are genetically identical to a single
parent

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction Examples
• Parthenogenesis
• Sporulation
• Budding
• Binary Fission
• Regeneration
• Vegetative propagation

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
1. Parthenogenesis (virgin birth)
• The females produce eggs but develop into young without
ever being fertilized. Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes,
several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and
lizards. It doesn't usually happen in mammals.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
2. Sporulation
• Formation of spores which are microscopic and unicellular
reproductive units, each containing cytoplasm and a nucleus.
• Spores are covered with a thick wall called cyst/s. Spores are
generally very small and light, which enables them to be
dispersed by wind and water.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
3. Budding
• It is the formation of an outgrowth called a bud from the parent
organism, which is later released and becomes a new individual.
• The bud grows in size while still attached to the parent organism.
It then gets separated from the parent. The bud then falls off and
germinates into a new individual.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
4. Binary fission
• The process by which a unicellular organism divides into two
identical daughter cells through mitosis. Each daughter cell
receives a copy of the genetic material from the parent cell.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
5. Regeneration
• Regeneration is one of the methods of asexual reproduction in
lower or less-evolved animals.
• When the parent body breaks into pieces, each piece can
grow into a new organism.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Asexual Reproduction Examples
6. Vegetative propagation
• Type of asexual reproduction in plants involving the production of
a new plant from vegetative structures, such as the stem, leaf, or
root, of the parent plant.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Reproduction
• Two Types of Reproduction
2. Sexual Reproduction
- Both parents contributes to the genetic information of
offspring.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Sexual Reproduction
1. External Fertilization
2. Internal Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Sexual Reproduction
1. External fertilization
• Many aquatic animals practice external fertilization in which
there is nuclei fusion of gametes that meet outside the body
in an aquatic environment. Mating partners usually release
eggs and sperm into the aquatic environment simultaneously.
or eaten by predators.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Sexual Reproduction
2. Internal Fertilization
• Male generally delivers sperm cells directly into the body of the female in
a process called copulation. The moist tissues of the female reproductive
tract provide a watery medium required for the movement of sperm. The
fusion of gametes occurs in the body of the female. Most terrestrial
animals, sharks, aquatic reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans)
practice internal fertilization.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Sexual Reproduction:
Formation of Sperm and Eggs

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Sexual Reproduction:
Formation of Eggs

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Sexual Reproduction:
Formation of Sperm

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Fertilization

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Product of Fertilization:
Zygote
• First cell of a new individual.
• The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Embryonic Development

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Development After Implantation

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Development After Implantation

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Central Dogma
(Molecular Inheritance)

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Central Dogma (Molecular Basis of Inheritance)
• The directional command of creating proteins
from genetic information (DNA) was dubbed by
Francis Crick in 1956.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Central Dogma (Molecular Basis of Inheritance)

1. DNA Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie (Campbell and Reece 2008)

 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie (Campbell and Reece 2008)

 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
3. Translation: Genetic Code

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie (Campbell and Reece 2008)

Review
20 Amino acids
Glycine (G) Alanine (A) Valine (V) Isoleucine (I) Leucine (L)

Proline (P) Methionine (M) Phenylalanine (F) Tryptophan (W) Asparagine (N)

Glutamine (Q) Serine (S) Threonine (T) Tyrosine (Y) Cysteine (C)

Asparatic acid (D) Glutamic acid (E) Lysine (K) Arginine (R) Histidine (H)

White: Hydrophobic, Green: Hydrophilic, Red: Acidic, Blue: Basic

 Genetic Engineering

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie Sagayno

 Genetic Engineering
• Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one
organism in order to insert the DNA of another
organism.

• Genetically engineered organisms are used

-to study the expression of a particular gene.
- to investigate cellular processes.
-to study the development of a certain disease.
-to select traits that might be beneficial to
humans.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

Genetic Engineering
“Genetic modification: glow-in-the-dark lifesavers
or mutant freaks? “

(https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/08/genetic-modification-robin-mckie)
 Genetic Engineering Uses
• Construction of genetically modified plant
species.
• Abiotic and biotic stress resistant plant
species.
• Economically important plant species
• Commercially valuable organism
• For the production of therapeutic drugs
• Prevention of genetic abnormalities.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 Biotechnology and DNA Tools
Biotechnology
-the use of genetic engineering to find solutions to
problems.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Tools
§ An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of
each cell.
§ DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate
genes from the rest of the genome.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Tools: Restriction Enzyme

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology

(http://www.globalresearchonline.net/volume1issue1/Article%20009.pdf)
 DNA Tools: Gene Cloning

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Tools: PCR

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Tools: DNA Sequencing

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Tools: DNA Sequencing

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Fingerprinting
• Hair, skin and blood can all be used to
make a DNA fingerprint
– No 2 people have the exact same DNA
– A DNA finger print consists of a series of
bands, something like a bar code.
– DNA finger prints can be used to show
whether people are related, identify people
and solve crimes.

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Fingerprinting

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie

 DNA Fingerprinting

Prepared by Ms. Lynrie