Provision of Hedging Facilities: The Other Important of The Foreign Exchange

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Introduction‌ 

‌ post‌‌
  shipment‌‌   credit.‌‌
  Credit‌‌
  facilities‌‌
  are‌‌
  available‌‌ also‌‌ for‌‌
 importers.‌‌ The‌‌  Euro‌‌
 dollar‌‌ 
market‌‌has‌‌emerged‌‌as‌‌a‌‌major‌‌international‌‌credit‌‌market.‌  ‌
Currency‌‌   since‌‌   former‌‌   times‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌ the‌‌
 main‌‌ driving‌‌ force‌‌ of‌‌
 the‌‌ global‌‌  economic‌‌  market,‌‌
 
● Provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌Hedging‌  ‌Facilities:‌  ‌The‌  ‌other‌  ‌important‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌‌  
and‌  ‌without‌  ‌a ‌ ‌doubt‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌  ‌component‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌country.‌  ‌With‌  ‌the‌  ‌world‌  ‌becoming‌  ‌a ‌‌
market‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌provide‌  ‌hedging‌  ‌facilities.‌  ‌Hedging‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌covering‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌trade‌ 
global‌  ‌market‌  ‌and‌  ‌countries‌  ‌trading‌  ‌with‌  ‌each‌  ‌other,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌system‌  ‌of‌‌  
risks,‌  ‌and‌  ‌it‌  ‌provides‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mechanism‌‌   to‌‌
  exporters‌‌  and‌‌  importers‌‌
  to‌‌
  guard‌‌   themselves‌ 
exchange‌‌   rate‌‌
  between‌‌   their‌‌  currencies:‌‌  this‌‌
  system‌‌   being‌‌
  known‌‌   as‌‌
 ‌Foreign‌‌  Exchange‌‌  or‌‌
 
against‌‌losses‌‌arising‌‌from‌‌fluctuations‌‌in‌‌exchange‌‌rates.‌  ‌
Currency‌‌Exchange‌. ‌ ‌
 ‌
The‌‌ ‌Foreign‌‌  Exchange‌‌  Market‌‌  or‌‌
 ‌Forex‌‌
 Market‌‌  is‌‌
 the‌‌ market‌‌  wherein‌‌  participants‌‌  can‌‌ buy,‌‌
 
sell,‌  ‌exchange,‌  ‌and‌  ‌speculate‌  ‌on‌  ‌currencies.‌  ‌The‌  ‌forex‌  ‌market‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌  ‌up‌  ‌of‌  ‌banks,‌‌   Market‌‌Participants‌  ‌
commercial‌  ‌companies,‌  ‌central‌  ‌banks,‌  ‌investment‌  ‌management‌  ‌firms,‌  ‌hedge‌  ‌funds,‌  ‌retail‌‌  
forex‌  ‌brokers‌  ‌and‌  ‌investors.‌  ‌The‌  ‌currency‌  ‌market‌  ‌is‌  ‌considered‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌‌   largest‌‌
  financial‌‌
  Unlike‌  ‌a ‌ ‌stock‌  ‌market,‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌‌
  exchange‌‌  market‌‌   is‌‌
  divided‌‌  into‌‌
  levels‌‌  of‌‌
  access.‌‌
  At‌‌
  the‌‌
 
top‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌interbank‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌market,‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌‌
  up‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  largest‌‌  commercial‌‌ 
market‌‌with‌‌over‌‌$5‌‌trillion‌‌daily‌‌transactions.‌  ‌
banks‌‌and‌‌securities‌‌dealers.‌‌    ‌
 ‌
History‌  ‌   ‌The‌‌  levels‌‌   of‌‌
  access‌‌   that‌‌  make‌‌   up‌‌  the‌‌
  foreign‌‌ exchange‌‌  market‌‌ are‌‌  determined‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌
 size‌‌
 
of‌‌  the‌‌  "line"‌‌
 (the‌‌ amount‌‌  of‌‌
 money‌‌  with‌‌  which‌‌  they‌‌
 are‌‌  trading).‌‌
 The‌‌ top-tier‌‌  interbank‌‌  market‌‌
 
Up‌  ‌until‌  ‌World‌  ‌War‌  ‌I,‌  ‌currencies‌  ‌were‌  ‌pegged‌  ‌to‌‌   precious‌‌   metals,‌‌  such‌‌   as‌‌  gold‌‌  and‌‌
  silver.‌‌
  accounts‌  ‌for‌  ‌51%‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌transactions.‌  ‌From‌  ‌there,‌  ‌smaller‌  ‌banks,‌  ‌followed‌  ‌by‌‌   large‌‌   MNCs,‌‌
 
But‌  ‌the‌  ‌system‌  ‌collapsed‌  ‌and‌  ‌was‌  ‌replaced‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Bretton‌  ‌Woods‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌   large‌  ‌hedge‌  ‌funds,‌  ‌and‌  ‌even‌  ‌some‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌retail‌  ‌market‌  ‌makers.‌  ‌According‌  ‌to‌  ‌Galati‌  ‌and‌‌  
second‌  ‌world‌  ‌war.‌  ‌This‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌resulted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌creation‌  ‌of‌  ‌three‌  ‌international‌‌   Melvin,‌‌   “Pension‌‌   funds,‌‌  insurance‌‌   companies,‌‌  mutual‌‌  funds,‌‌
 and‌‌ other‌‌  institutional‌‌  investors‌‌ 
organizations‌  ‌to‌  ‌facilitate‌  ‌economic‌  ‌activity‌‌   across‌‌   the‌‌
  globe.‌‌   They‌‌
  were:‌‌   the‌‌  International‌‌   have‌‌   played‌‌  an‌‌ increasingly‌‌  important‌‌  role‌‌
 in‌‌
 financial‌‌  markets‌‌  in‌‌
 general,‌‌  and‌‌  in‌‌ FX‌‌  markets‌‌ 
Monetary‌  ‌Fund‌  ‌(IMF)‌, ‌ ‌General‌  ‌Agreement‌  ‌on‌  ‌Tariffs‌  ‌and‌  ‌Trade‌  ‌(GATT)‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   in‌  ‌particular,‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌early‌‌   2000s.”‌‌   Central‌‌  banks‌‌  also‌‌  participate‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌  
International‌‌Bank‌‌for‌‌Reconstruction‌‌and‌‌Development‌‌(IBRD)‌.   ‌‌ ‌ market‌‌to‌‌align‌‌currencies‌‌to‌‌their‌‌economic‌‌needs.‌‌    ‌
The‌‌   new‌‌   system‌‌   also‌‌  replaced‌‌   gold‌‌
  with‌‌  the‌‌   US‌‌
  dollar‌‌  as‌‌
  a ‌‌peg‌‌
 for‌‌
 international‌‌  currencies.‌‌  
The‌‌US‌‌government‌‌promised‌‌to‌‌back‌‌up‌‌dollar‌‌supplies‌‌with‌‌equivalent‌‌gold‌‌reserves.‌  ‌  ‌
But‌  ‌the‌  ‌Bretton‌  ‌Woods‌  ‌system‌  ‌became‌  ‌redundant‌  ‌in‌  ‌1971,‌  ‌when‌  ‌US‌  ‌president‌  ‌Richard‌‌   Kinds‌‌of‌‌Foreign‌‌Exchange‌‌Markets‌  ‌
Nixon‌‌   announced‌‌   “temporary”‌‌   suspension‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  dollar’s‌‌   convertibility‌‌   into‌‌
  gold.‌‌  As‌‌ of‌‌
 today,‌‌ 
currencies‌  ‌are‌  ‌free‌  ‌to‌  ‌choose‌  ‌their‌  ‌own‌  ‌peg‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌value‌  ‌is‌  ‌determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌supply‌  ‌and‌‌   Foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌markets‌  ‌are‌  ‌classified‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌‌  
demand‌‌in‌‌international‌‌markets.‌  ‌ transactions‌  ‌are‌  ‌spot‌  ‌or‌  ‌forward‌  ‌accordingly,‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌two‌  ‌kinds‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌ 
 ‌ markets:‌  ‌
(i)‌‌Spot‌‌Market‌ ‌(ii)‌‌Forward‌‌Market.‌  ‌
Characteristics‌  ‌ Spot‌‌Market‌  ‌
The‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌market‌‌is‌‌unique‌‌because‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌characteristics:‌  ‌ Spot‌‌   market‌‌   refers‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  market‌‌  in‌‌
  which‌‌  the‌‌
 receipts‌‌  and‌‌  payments‌‌  are‌‌
 made‌‌  immediately.‌‌  
● its‌‌
  huge‌‌  trading‌‌   volume,‌‌   representing‌‌  the‌‌   largest‌‌
  asset‌‌
  class‌‌
 in‌‌
 the‌‌
 world‌‌  leading‌‌   Generally,‌‌   a ‌‌time‌‌
  of‌‌
  two‌‌  business‌‌   days‌‌   is‌‌
  permitted‌‌   to‌‌
  settle‌‌  the‌‌
  transaction.‌‌   Spot‌‌   market‌‌
 is‌‌
 
to‌‌high‌‌liquidity‌  ‌ of‌  ‌daily‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌deals‌  ‌only‌  ‌in‌  ‌spot‌  ‌transactions‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌(not‌  ‌in‌  ‌future‌‌  
● its‌‌geographical‌‌dispersion‌  ‌ transactions).‌  ‌The‌  ‌rate‌  ‌of‌  ‌exchange,‌  ‌which‌  ‌prevails‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌spot‌  ‌market,‌  ‌is‌  ‌termed‌  ‌as‌  ‌spot‌‌  
● its‌‌continuous‌‌operation:‌‌24‌‌hours‌‌a‌‌day‌‌except‌‌for‌‌weekends‌  ‌ exchange‌‌rate‌‌or‌‌current‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
● the‌‌variety‌‌of‌‌factors‌‌that‌‌affect‌‌exchange‌‌rates‌  ‌ Forward‌‌Market‌  ‌
● the‌‌low‌‌margins‌‌of‌‌relative‌‌profit‌‌compared‌‌with‌‌other‌‌markets‌‌of‌‌fixed‌‌income‌  ‌ Forward‌  ‌market‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌market‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌‌   the‌‌
  sale‌‌   and‌‌  purchase‌‌   of‌‌
  foreign‌‌   currency‌‌  is‌‌
 
● the‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌  ‌leverage‌  ‌to‌  ‌enhance‌  ‌profit‌  ‌and‌  ‌loss‌  ‌margins‌  ‌and‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌‌
 
settled‌‌   on‌‌
  a ‌‌specified‌‌   future‌‌
  date‌‌
  at‌‌  a ‌‌rate‌‌   agreed‌‌  upon‌‌   today.‌‌  The‌‌  exchange‌‌  rate‌‌ quoted‌‌ in‌‌
 
account‌‌size.‌  ‌
forward‌  ‌transactions‌  ‌is‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌forward‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate.‌  ‌Generally,‌  ‌most‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  
Functions‌  ‌ international‌  ‌transactions‌  ‌are‌  ‌signed‌  ‌on‌  ‌one‌  ‌date‌  ‌and‌  ‌completed‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌later‌‌   date.‌‌   Forward‌‌ 
The‌‌Forex‌‌Market‌‌performs‌‌three‌‌main‌‌functions.‌  ‌ exchange‌‌rate‌‌becomes‌‌useful‌‌for‌‌both‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌involved‌‌in‌‌the‌‌transaction.‌  ‌
● Transfer‌‌   of‌‌
  Purchasing‌‌   Power:‌‌   ‌The‌‌  Primary‌‌
  function‌‌  of‌‌
 a ‌‌foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌ market‌‌  Forward‌‌Contract‌‌is‌‌made‌‌for‌‌two‌‌reasons:‌  ‌
is‌  ‌the‌  ‌transfer‌  ‌of‌  ‌purchasing‌  ‌power‌  ‌from‌  ‌one‌  ‌country‌  ‌to‌  ‌another‌  ‌and‌  ‌from‌  ‌one‌‌   (a)‌  ‌To‌  ‌minimize‌  ‌the‌  ‌risk‌  ‌of‌  ‌loss‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌changes‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌(through‌‌  
currency‌  ‌to‌  ‌another.‌  ‌The‌  ‌international‌  ‌clearing‌  ‌function‌  ‌performed‌  ‌by‌  ‌foreign‌‌   hedging)‌  ‌
exchange‌  ‌markets‌  ‌plays‌  ‌a ‌ ‌very‌  ‌important‌  ‌role‌  ‌in‌  ‌facilitating‌  ‌international‌  ‌trade‌  ‌and‌‌   (b)‌‌To‌‌make‌‌profit‌‌(through‌‌speculation).‌  ‌
capital‌‌movement‌  ‌  ‌
● Provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌Credit:‌  ‌The‌  ‌credit‌  ‌function‌  ‌performed‌  ‌by‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌markets‌‌  
also‌‌   plays‌‌   a ‌‌very‌‌
  important‌‌
  role‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  growth‌‌
  of‌‌
  foreign‌‌
  trade,‌‌   for‌‌
  international‌‌
 trade‌‌
   ‌
depends‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌great‌  ‌extent‌  ‌on‌  ‌credit‌  ‌facilities.‌  ‌Exporters‌  ‌may‌  ‌get‌  ‌pre‌  ‌shipment‌  ‌and‌‌
 
Currency‌‌Depreciation‌‌Vs‌‌Currency‌‌Appreciation‌  ‌ Flexible‌  ‌Exchange‌  ‌Rate‌  ‌System‌, ‌ ‌also‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌  ‌Flexible‌  ‌Exchange‌  ‌Rate‌, ‌ ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌regime‌‌  
where‌‌  the‌‌   currency‌‌  price‌‌  of‌‌
 a ‌‌nation‌‌  is‌‌
 set‌‌
 by‌‌ the‌‌ forex‌‌  market‌‌  based‌‌  on‌‌ supply‌‌  and‌‌  demand‌‌  
Currency‌  ‌Depreciation‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌decrease‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌  
relative‌‌to‌‌other‌‌currencies.‌‌    ‌
foreign‌‌   currency.‌‌   It‌‌
  makes‌‌   the‌‌
  domestic‌‌   currency‌‌   less‌‌
  valuable‌‌  and‌‌
  more‌‌  of‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  required‌‌   to‌‌
 
● The‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌currency‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌fluctuate‌  ‌according‌  ‌to‌  ‌changes‌‌   in‌‌
  demand‌‌   and‌‌ 
buy‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌currency.‌  ‌
supply‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
Effect‌‌of‌‌Depreciation‌‌of‌‌Domestic‌‌Currency‌‌on‌‌Exports‌: ‌ ‌
● There‌‌is‌‌no‌‌official‌‌(government)‌‌intervention‌‌in‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌market.‌  ‌
Depreciation‌‌  of‌‌ domestic‌‌  currency‌‌  means‌‌  a ‌‌fall‌‌
 in‌‌ the‌‌ price‌‌
 of‌‌
 domestic‌‌  currency‌‌  (say,‌‌  rupee)‌‌ 
● The‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌is‌  ‌determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌market,‌  ‌i.e.‌  ‌through‌  ‌interactions‌  ‌of‌‌  
in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌  ‌currency‌  ‌(say,‌  ‌$).‌  ‌It‌  ‌means,‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌dollars,‌  ‌more‌‌  
thousands‌‌   of‌‌
  banks,‌‌   firms‌‌  and‌‌   other‌‌
  institutions‌‌   seeking‌‌   to‌‌
  buy‌‌   and‌‌  sell‌‌   currency‌‌  for‌‌
 
goods‌‌   can‌‌  be‌‌
 purchased‌‌  from‌‌  India,‌‌
 i.e.‌‌
 exports‌‌  to‌‌ the‌‌
 USA‌‌  will‌‌
 increase‌‌  as‌‌ they‌‌  will‌‌ become‌‌  
purposes‌‌of‌‌making‌‌transactions‌‌in‌‌foreign‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
relatively‌‌cheaper.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Managed‌‌   Floating‌‌   Rate‌‌  System‌, ‌‌also‌‌  known‌‌  as‌‌
 ‌Dirty‌‌  Floating‌, ‌‌refers‌‌  to‌‌
 a ‌‌system‌‌  in‌‌
 which‌‌  
Currency‌  ‌Appreciation‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌increase‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌  
foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌is‌  ‌determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌market‌  ‌forces‌  ‌and‌  ‌Central‌  ‌Bank‌  ‌influences‌  ‌the‌‌  
foreign‌‌   currency.‌‌   The‌‌   domestic‌‌   currency‌‌   becomes‌‌   more‌‌ valuable‌‌ and‌‌ less‌‌ of‌‌
 it‌‌
 is‌‌
 required‌‌  to‌‌
 
exchange‌‌rate‌‌through‌‌intervention‌‌in‌ ‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌market.‌  ‌
buy‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌currency.‌‌    ‌
● It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌hybrid‌‌of‌‌fixed‌‌exchange‌‌rate‌‌and‌‌flexible‌‌exchange‌‌rate‌‌system.‌  ‌
Effect‌‌of‌‌Appreciation‌‌of‌‌Domestic‌‌Currency‌‌on‌‌Imports‌: ‌ ‌
● In‌‌   this‌‌
  system‌‌   Central‌‌   Bank‌‌   intervenes‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌  market‌‌  to‌‌ restrict‌‌ the‌‌
 
Appreciation‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌means‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rise‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌price‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌(say,‌‌  
fluctuations‌‌   in‌‌
  exchange‌‌   rate‌‌   with‌‌
  in‌‌
  certain‌‌   limits.‌‌   The‌‌  aim‌‌  is‌‌
 to‌‌
 keep‌‌  exchange‌‌  rate‌‌ 
rupee)‌‌   in‌‌
  terms‌‌   of‌‌
 a ‌‌foreign‌‌  currency‌‌  (say,‌‌  $).‌‌ Now,‌‌  one‌‌
 rupee‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌
 exchanged‌‌  for‌‌ more‌‌  $,‌‌
 
close‌‌to‌‌desired‌‌target‌‌values.‌  ‌
i.e.‌‌  with‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌  amount‌‌  of‌‌ money,‌‌  more‌‌  goods‌‌  can‌‌  be‌‌
 purchased‌‌  from‌‌ the‌‌  USA.‌‌  It‌‌
 leads‌‌ to‌‌
 
● For‌  ‌this,‌  ‌Central‌  ‌Bank‌  ‌maintains‌  ‌reserves‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌to‌  ‌ensure‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  
an‌‌increase‌‌in‌‌imports‌‌from‌‌the‌‌USA‌‌as‌‌American‌‌goods‌‌will‌‌become‌‌relatively‌‌cheaper.‌  ‌
exchange‌‌rate‌‌stays‌‌within‌‌the‌‌targeted‌‌value.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
Foreign‌‌Exchange‌‌Rates‌  ‌
Devaluation‌‌vs‌‌Revaluation‌  ‌
In‌‌
  the‌‌
 early‌‌  days,‌‌  the‌‌  system‌‌  of‌‌ currency‌‌  exchange‌‌  was‌‌  supported‌‌  solely‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌  gold‌‌  amount‌‌  
held‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌vault‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌country.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌this‌  ‌system‌  ‌is‌  ‌now‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌‌   Devaluation‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reduction‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌government.‌‌ 
inflation‌‌   and‌‌   hence,‌‌   the‌‌  value‌‌  of‌‌
  one’s‌‌  currency‌‌  nowadays‌‌  is‌‌
 determined‌‌  through‌‌  the‌‌  market‌‌   Devaluation‌‌   is‌‌
  said‌‌
  to‌‌
  occur‌‌
  when‌‌  the‌‌
  exchange‌‌   rate‌‌  is‌‌  increased‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
 government‌‌ under‌ 
forces‌‌   alone.‌‌   In‌‌
  order‌‌   to‌‌
  determine‌‌   a ‌‌currency's‌‌   exchange‌‌  rate,‌‌  two‌‌ main‌‌  systems‌‌  are‌‌  used:‌‌   the‌‌Fixed‌‌Exchange‌‌Rate‌‌System.‌  ‌
Pegged‌‌Currency‌a ‌ nd‌F ‌ loating‌‌Currency‌. ‌ ‌ On‌  ‌the‌‌
  other‌‌  hand,‌‌
  ‌Revaluation‌‌   refers‌‌   to‌‌
  an‌‌
  increase‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  value‌‌
  of‌‌
  domestic‌‌
  currency‌‌
  by‌‌
 
 ‌ the‌‌government.‌  ‌
Fixed‌  ‌Exchange‌  ‌Rate‌  ‌System,‌  ‌also‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌  ‌Pegged‌  ‌Exchange‌  ‌Rate‌, ‌ ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌regime‌‌    ‌
wherein‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌currency‌  ‌is‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
Devaluation‌‌vs‌‌Depreciation‌  ‌
country.‌  ‌This‌  ‌system‌  ‌attempts‌  ‌to‌  ‌maintain‌  ‌the‌  ‌currency’s‌  ‌value,‌  ‌keeping‌  ‌it‌‌   at‌‌
  a ‌‌“fixed”‌‌   rate‌‌
 
Devaluation‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reduction‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌price‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌
  all‌‌
  foreign‌‌
 
and‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌exchange‌‌rate‌‌fluctuations.‌  ‌
currency‌‌under‌‌Fixed‌‌Exchange‌‌Rate‌‌regime.‌‌It‌‌takes‌‌place‌‌due‌‌to‌g ‌ overnment‌. ‌ ‌
● The‌  ‌basic‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌adopting‌‌   the‌‌
  system‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌  ensure‌‌   stability‌‌
  in‌‌
  foreign‌‌   trade‌‌   and‌‌ 
Depreciation‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌fall‌  ‌in‌  ‌market‌  ‌price‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌‌  
capital‌‌movements.‌  ‌
currency‌  ‌under‌  ‌Flexible‌  ‌Exchange‌  ‌Rate‌  ‌regime.‌  ‌It‌  ‌takes‌  ‌place‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌market‌  ‌forces‌  ‌of‌‌  
● To‌‌   achieve‌‌   stability,‌‌  government‌‌   undertakes‌‌   to‌‌  buy‌‌  foreign‌‌   currency‌‌   exchange‌‌  when‌‌  
demand‌‌and‌‌supply‌. ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌weaker‌  ‌and‌  ‌sell‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌currency‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌rate‌  ‌of‌‌  
 ‌
exchange‌‌gets‌‌stronger.‌  ‌
● For‌‌   this,‌‌  government‌‌   has‌‌   to‌‌
  maintain‌‌   large‌‌
 reserves‌‌  of‌‌
 foreign‌‌  currencies‌‌  to‌‌  maintain‌‌   Demand‌‌For‌‌Foreign‌‌Exchange‌  ‌
the‌‌exchange‌‌rate‌‌at‌‌the‌‌level‌‌fixed‌‌by‌‌it.‌  ‌ The‌‌   demand‌‌  (or‌‌
  outflow)‌‌
  of‌‌
  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌
 comes‌‌  from‌‌  those‌‌
 people‌‌  who‌‌ need‌‌  it‌‌
 to‌‌
 make‌‌
 
● Under‌  ‌this‌  ‌system,‌  ‌each‌  ‌country‌  ‌keeps‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌country‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌   some‌‌   payment‌  ‌in‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌currency.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌demanded‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌residents‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌
 
External‌‌Standard.‌  ‌ reasons:‌  ‌
● This‌  ‌External‌  ‌Standard‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌gold,‌  ‌silver,‌  ‌other‌  ‌precious‌  ‌metals‌  ‌and‌  ‌another‌  1.‌‌
  ‌Imports‌‌  of‌‌
  Goods‌‌   and‌‌  Services‌: ‌‌Foreign‌‌  Exchange‌‌   is‌‌
  demanded‌‌  to‌‌
  make‌‌   the‌‌
 payment‌‌  
country’s‌‌currency‌‌or‌‌even‌‌some‌‌internationally‌‌agreed‌‌unit‌‌of‌‌account.‌  ‌ for‌‌imports‌‌of‌‌goods‌‌and‌‌services.‌  ‌
● When‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌is‌  ‌tied‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌  ‌currency,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌   2.‌T‌ ourism‌:‌‌Foreign‌‌exchange‌‌is‌‌needed‌‌to‌‌meet‌‌expenditure‌‌incurred‌‌in‌‌foreign‌‌tours.‌  ‌
known‌‌as‌P ‌ egging‌.   ‌‌ ‌ 3.‌  ‌Unilateral‌  ‌Transfers‌  ‌sent‌  ‌abroad‌: ‌ ‌Foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌  ‌for‌  ‌making‌  ‌unilateral‌‌  
● When‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌currency‌  ‌is‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌   some‌‌   other‌‌   currency‌‌   or‌‌
  in‌‌  terms‌‌   of‌‌
  transfers‌‌like‌‌sending‌‌gifts‌‌to‌‌other‌‌countries.‌  ‌
gold,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌known‌‌as‌‘‌Parity‌‌Value’‌‌‌of‌‌currency.‌  ‌ 4.‌  ‌Purchase‌  ‌of‌  ‌Assets‌  ‌in‌  ‌Foreign‌  ‌Countries‌: ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌demanded‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌payment‌  ‌for‌‌  
 ‌ purchase‌‌of‌‌assets,‌‌like‌‌land,‌‌shares,‌‌bonds,‌‌etc.‌‌in‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌countries.‌  ‌
5.‌‌
  ‌Speculation‌: ‌‌Demand‌‌ for‌‌
 foreign‌‌
 exchange‌‌
 arises‌‌
 when‌‌
 people‌‌
 want‌‌
 to‌‌
 make‌‌
 gains‌‌
 -from‌‌
 
appreciation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌currency.‌  ‌ Supply‌‌Curve‌‌of‌‌Foreign‌‌Exchange‌  ‌
Supply‌‌   curve‌‌
 of‌‌
 foreign‌‌ exchange‌‌  slope‌‌
 upwards‌‌  due‌‌  to‌‌
 positive‌‌ relationship‌‌  between‌‌  supply‌‌
 
Reasons‌‌for‌‌‘Rise‌‌in‌‌Demand’‌‌for‌‌Foreign‌‌Currency‌  ‌ for‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌and‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌rate.‌‌    ‌
The‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌rises‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌situations:‌  ‌  ‌
1.‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌price‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌  ‌currency‌  ‌falls,‌  ‌imports‌  ‌from‌  ‌that‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌country‌  ‌become‌‌   ‌
cheaper.‌‌So,‌‌imports‌‌increase‌‌and‌‌hence,‌‌the‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌rises.‌‌    ‌ In‌‌
  Fig.‌‌
  11.2,‌‌  supply‌‌  of‌‌
  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌   (US‌‌  Dollar)‌‌
  and‌‌  rate‌‌
  of‌‌
 foreign‌‌
 
2.‌‌
  When‌‌  a ‌‌foreign‌‌  currency‌‌   becomes‌‌  cheaper‌‌  in‌‌
 terms‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌
 domestic‌‌  currency,‌‌  it‌‌
 promotes‌‌  exchange‌‌   have‌‌   been‌‌  shown‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌
  X-axis‌‌
  and‌‌
  Y-axis‌‌
 respectively.‌‌  The‌‌
 
tourism‌‌to‌‌that‌‌country.‌‌As‌‌a‌‌result,‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌rises.‌  ‌ positively‌  ‌sloped‌  ‌supply‌  ‌curve‌  ‌(SS)‌  ‌shows‌  ‌that‌  ‌supply‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌‌  
3.‌‌
  When‌‌  the‌‌  price‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌foreign‌‌   currency‌‌
 falls,‌‌
 its‌‌
 demand‌‌  rises‌‌
 as‌‌ more‌‌  people‌‌  want‌‌  to‌‌
 make‌‌
  exchange‌  ‌rises‌  ‌from‌  ‌OQ‌1‌  ‌to‌  ‌OQ‌2‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌rises‌  ‌from‌‌
 
gains‌‌from‌‌speculative‌‌activities.‌  ‌ OR‌1‌‌ ‌to‌‌OR‌2‌.‌  ‌
 ‌
Demand‌‌Curve‌‌of‌‌Foreign‌‌Exchange‌  ‌  ‌
Demand‌  ‌curve‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌slope‌  ‌downwards‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌inverse‌  ‌relationship‌‌   Determination‌‌Of‌‌Exchange‌‌Rate‌  ‌
between‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌and‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌rate.‌  ‌
Changes‌‌In‌‌Exchange‌‌Rate‌  ‌
 ‌
The‌  ‌equilibrium‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌disturbed‌  ‌if‌  ‌some‌  ‌changes‌  ‌occur‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌demand‌  ‌or‌‌  
 ‌
supply‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
In‌  ‌Fig.‌  ‌11.1,‌  ‌demand‌  ‌for‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌(US‌  ‌dollar)‌‌   and‌‌
  rate‌‌
  of‌‌
 
Change‌‌in‌‌Demand‌  ‌
foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   are‌‌
  shown‌‌   on‌‌
 the‌‌ X-‌‌
 axis‌‌
 and‌‌  Y-axis‌‌  respectively.‌‌  
Change‌‌in‌‌demand‌‌may‌‌be‌‌either‌‌an‌‌‘Increase‌‌in‌‌Demand’‌‌or‌‌‘Decrease‌‌in‌‌Demand’.‌  ‌
The‌‌   negatively‌‌   sloped‌‌   demand‌‌  curve‌‌  (DD)‌‌ shows‌‌  that‌‌ more‌‌  foreign‌ 
(i)‌‌
  Increase‌‌   in‌‌  Demand‌: ‌‌An‌‌   increase‌‌   in‌‌
  demand‌‌   for‌‌  foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   will‌‌
  shift‌‌
  the‌‌
 demand‌‌  
exchange‌  ‌(OQ‌1‌)‌  ‌is‌  ‌demanded‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌low‌  ‌rate‌  ‌of‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌(OR‌1‌),‌‌  
curve‌‌   towards‌‌   right‌‌   from‌‌   DD‌‌
  to‌‌ D1D1.‌‌  In‌‌ Fig.‌‌
 11.4,‌‌  there‌‌  is‌‌ an‌‌ excess‌‌  demand‌‌  of‌‌
 QQ1‌‌  at‌‌
 the‌‌
 
whereas,‌  ‌demand‌  ‌for‌  ‌US‌  ‌dollars‌  ‌falls‌  ‌to‌‌   OQ‌2‌    ‌when‌‌  the‌‌   exchange‌‌  
original‌‌   exchange‌‌   rate‌‌   of‌‌
  OR.‌‌  As‌‌  a ‌‌result,‌‌   the‌‌
  exchange‌‌   rate‌‌  rises‌‌  to‌‌
  OR1‌‌   It‌‌
 shows‌‌  that‌‌
 per‌‌
 
rate‌‌rises‌‌to‌‌OR‌2‌.‌  ‌
unit‌  ‌price‌  ‌of‌  ‌US‌  ‌Dollar‌  ‌(in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌rupees)‌  ‌has‌  ‌increased,‌  ‌i.e.‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌has‌‌  
  depreciated.‌  ‌
  (ii)‌‌
  ‌Decrease‌‌  in‌‌ Demand‌: ‌‌A ‌‌decrease‌‌  in‌‌
 demand‌‌  will‌‌ shift‌‌ the‌‌ demand‌‌  curve‌‌  towards‌‌  the‌‌
 left‌‌
 
(Fig.‌‌   11.4)‌‌   from‌‌   DD‌‌   to‌‌
  D2D2.‌‌   It‌‌
  leads‌‌  to‌‌
 deficit‌‌  demand‌‌  of‌‌
 QQ2‌‌  at‌‌
 the‌‌ original‌‌  exchange‌‌  rate‌‌
 
Supply‌‌Of‌‌Foreign‌‌Exchange‌  ‌
of‌‌
  OR.‌‌   As‌‌
  a ‌‌result,‌‌   the‌‌  exchange‌‌   rate‌‌  will‌‌
  fall‌‌
  until‌‌
 it‌‌
 reaches‌‌  OR2.‌‌  Now,‌‌  per‌‌ unit‌‌ price‌‌ of‌‌
 US‌‌ 
The‌‌   supply‌‌
  (inflow)‌‌   of‌‌
  foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   comes‌‌   from‌‌
  those‌‌  people‌‌   who‌‌
  receive‌‌
  it‌‌
  due‌‌
  to‌‌
 the‌‌
 
Dollar‌  ‌(in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌rupees)‌  ‌has‌  ‌decreased,‌  ‌i.e.‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌has‌  ‌appreciated.‌
following‌‌reasons.‌  ‌
1.‌‌
  ‌Exports‌‌  of‌‌
  Goods‌‌   and‌‌  Services‌: ‌‌Supply‌‌   of‌‌
  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌   comes‌‌   through‌‌  exports‌‌  of‌‌
 
goods‌‌and‌‌services.‌  ‌
2.‌‌
  ‌Foreign‌‌  Investment‌: ‌‌The‌‌  amount,‌‌ which‌‌ foreigners‌‌  invest‌‌ in‌‌
 the‌‌  home‌‌ country,‌‌  increases‌‌  
the‌‌supply‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
3.‌‌
  ‌Remittances‌‌   (Unilateral‌‌   transfers)‌‌  from‌‌
  abroad‌: ‌‌Supply‌‌   of‌‌
  foreign‌‌
 exchange‌‌  increases‌‌  
in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌‌gifts‌‌and‌‌other‌‌remittances‌‌from‌‌abroad.‌  ‌
4.‌‌
  ‌Speculation‌: ‌‌Supply‌‌  of‌‌
 foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌  comes‌‌  from‌‌  those‌‌ who‌‌  want‌‌
 to‌‌
 speculate‌‌  on‌‌ the‌‌
 
value‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌exchange.‌  ‌
 ‌

Reasons‌‌for‌‌‘Rise‌‌in‌‌Supply’‌‌of‌‌Foreign‌‌Currency‌  ‌
Change‌‌in‌‌Supply‌  ‌
The‌‌supply‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌rises‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌situations:‌  ‌
Change‌‌in‌‌supply‌‌may‌‌be‌‌either‌‌an‌‌‘Increase‌‌in‌‌Supply’‌‌or‌‌‘Decrease‌‌in‌‌Supply’.‌  ‌
1.‌‌
  When‌‌
  the‌‌
  price‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌foreign‌‌
  currency‌‌  rises,‌‌
  domestic‌‌  goods‌‌   become‌‌
  relatively‌‌
 cheaper.‌‌  It‌‌
 
(i)‌‌
  ‌Increase‌‌   in‌‌
  Supply‌: ‌‌If‌‌
 the‌‌
 supply‌‌ of‌‌
 foreign‌‌ exchange‌‌  increases,‌‌  it‌‌
 will‌‌
 lead‌‌
 to‌‌
 a ‌‌rightward‌‌ 
induces‌‌
 the‌‌ foreign‌‌  countries‌‌  to‌‌
 increase‌‌ their‌‌
 imports‌‌
 from‌‌  the‌‌
 domestic‌‌ country.‌‌
 As‌‌ a ‌‌result,‌‌
 
shift‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌supply‌  ‌curve‌  ‌from‌  ‌SS‌  ‌to‌  ‌S1S1‌  ‌as‌  ‌shown‌  ‌in‌  ‌Fig.‌  ‌11.5.‌  ‌Now,‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌‌
 
supply‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌rises.‌‌    ‌
exchange‌‌   rate‌‌
  of‌‌
  OR,‌‌
  there‌‌ is‌‌
 an‌‌
 excess‌‌  supply‌‌ , ‌‌of‌‌
 QQ1‌‌  As‌‌
 a ‌‌result,‌‌  the‌‌ new‌‌ exchange‌‌  rate‌‌
 
2.‌‌
 When‌‌ the‌‌ price‌‌
 of‌‌
 a ‌‌foreign‌‌ currency‌‌ rises,‌‌
 supply‌‌
 of‌‌
 foreign‌‌ currency‌‌
 rises‌‌ as‌‌
 people‌‌  want‌‌
 
moves‌  ‌down‌  ‌to‌  ‌OR1.‌  ‌This‌  ‌implies‌  ‌that‌‌   per‌‌
  unit‌‌
  price‌‌   of‌‌
  US‌‌
  Dollar‌‌   (in‌‌
  terms‌‌  of‌‌
  rupees)‌‌   has‌‌
 
to‌‌make‌‌gains‌‌from‌‌speculative‌‌activities.‌  ‌
reduced.‌  ‌A ‌‌decrease‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  price‌‌
  of‌‌
  foreign‌‌   currency,‌‌  in‌‌
  terms‌‌
  of‌‌
  domestic‌‌   currency,‌‌  means‌‌   anticipated‌  ‌proceeds‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌forward‌  ‌market‌  ‌and‌  ‌make‌  ‌profits‌  ‌without‌  ‌risk‌  ‌through‌  ‌this‌‌
 
that‌‌the‌‌domestic‌‌currency‌‌has‌‌appreciated.‌  ‌ process.‌‌
   ‌
(ii)‌  ‌Decrease‌  ‌in‌  ‌Supply‌: ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌decrease‌  ‌in‌  ‌supply‌  ‌will‌  ‌shift‌  ‌the‌  ‌supply‌  ‌curve‌  ‌towards‌  ‌the‌  ‌left‌‌
   ‌
(Fig.‌‌   11.5)‌‌
  from‌‌  SS‌‌
  to‌‌
  S2S2.‌‌  It‌‌
 leads‌‌  to‌‌
 deficit‌‌  supply‌‌
 of‌‌ QQ2‌‌  at‌‌
 the‌‌
 original‌‌
 exchange‌‌  rate‌‌ of‌‌
  Currency‌‌Rates‌  ‌
OR.‌‌   This‌‌
  will‌‌
  increase‌‌   the‌‌  exchange‌‌   rate‌‌
  till‌‌
  it‌‌
  reaches‌‌  OR2.‌‌  So,‌‌
  per‌‌
  unit‌‌
  price‌‌
  of‌‌
  US‌‌
 Dollar‌‌ 
 ‌
(in‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌rupees)‌  ‌has‌  ‌increased‌  ‌and,‌  ‌thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌currency‌  ‌has‌  ‌depreciated.‌
EURO‌‌vs‌‌Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
 ‌
1‌‌EUR‌  ‌ 79.31‌‌INR‌  ‌

EURO‌  ‌ Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌

1‌‌EUR‌‌=‌‌79.31‌‌INR‌  ‌ 1‌‌INR‌‌=‌‌0.0126‌‌EUR‌  ‌
 ‌
United‌‌States‌‌Dollar‌‌vs‌‌Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
 ‌  ‌
Forex‌‌Market,‌‌India:‌‌A‌‌Case‌‌Study‌  ‌ 1‌‌USD‌  ‌ 71.45‌‌INR‌  ‌
 ‌
United‌‌States‌‌Dollar‌  ‌ Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
During‌‌  2003-04‌‌  the‌‌  average‌‌  monthly‌‌  turnover‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌  Indian‌‌  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌  market‌‌  touched‌‌  
about‌  ‌175‌  ‌billion‌  ‌US‌  ‌dollars.‌  ‌Compare‌  ‌this‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌monthly‌  ‌trading‌  ‌volume‌  ‌of‌  ‌about‌  ‌120‌‌   1‌‌USD‌‌=‌‌71.45‌‌INR‌  ‌ 1‌‌INR‌‌=‌‌0.0139‌‌USD‌  ‌
billion‌  ‌US‌  ‌dollars‌  ‌for‌  ‌all‌  ‌cash,‌  ‌derivatives‌‌   and‌‌   debt‌‌   instruments‌‌   put‌‌   together‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌   country,‌‌  
and‌‌   the‌‌   sheer‌‌   size‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌  market‌‌  becomes‌‌  evident.‌‌  Since‌‌  then,‌‌  the‌‌  foreign‌‌    ‌
exchange‌‌   market‌‌  activity‌‌  has‌‌  more‌‌  than‌‌  doubled‌‌  with‌‌  the‌‌  average‌‌  monthly‌‌  turnover‌‌  reaching‌‌   Swiss‌‌Franc‌‌vs‌‌Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
359‌  ‌billion‌  ‌USD‌  ‌in‌  ‌2005-2006,‌  ‌over‌  ‌ten‌  ‌times‌  ‌the‌  ‌daily‌  ‌turnover‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Bombay‌  ‌Stock‌‌    ‌
Exchange.‌‌   As‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌   rest‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  world,‌‌   in‌‌  India‌‌   too,‌‌   foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   constitutes‌‌   the‌‌  largest‌‌   1‌‌SFr‌  ‌ 72.92‌‌INR‌  ‌
financial‌‌market‌‌by‌‌far.‌‌    ‌
 ‌ Swiss‌‌Franc‌  ‌ Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
Liberalization‌‌  has‌‌  radically‌‌  changed‌‌  India’s‌‌  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌  sector.‌‌  Indeed‌‌  the‌‌  liberalization‌‌  
process‌  ‌itself‌  ‌was‌  ‌sparked‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌severe‌  ‌Balance‌‌   of‌‌  Payments‌‌   and‌‌   foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   crisis.‌‌   1‌‌SFr‌‌=‌‌72.92‌‌INR‌  ‌ 1‌‌INR‌‌=‌‌0.0137‌‌SFr‌  ‌
Since‌  ‌1991,‌  ‌the‌  ‌rigid,‌  ‌four-decade‌  ‌old,‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rate‌  ‌system‌  ‌replete‌  ‌with‌  ‌severe‌‌  
 ‌
import‌  ‌and‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌controls‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌thriving‌  ‌black‌  ‌market‌‌   is‌‌  being‌‌   replaced‌‌   with‌‌   a ‌‌
less‌  ‌regulated,‌  ‌“market‌  ‌driven”‌  ‌arrangement.‌  ‌While‌  ‌the‌  ‌rupee‌  ‌is‌  ‌still‌  ‌far‌  ‌from‌  ‌being‌  ‌“fully‌‌
floating”,‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌intervention‌  ‌and‌  ‌range‌  ‌of‌  ‌independence‌  ‌tolerated‌  ‌have‌  ‌both‌‌  
 
 ‌
undergone‌  ‌significant‌  ‌changes.‌  ‌With‌  ‌an‌  ‌overabundance‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌reserves,‌‌   Conclusion‌  ‌
imports‌  ‌are‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌viewed‌  ‌with‌  ‌fear‌  ‌and‌  ‌skepticism.‌‌   The‌‌   Reserve‌‌   Bank‌‌   of‌‌  India‌‌   and‌‌   its‌‌
 
The‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌market‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌world's‌  ‌largest‌  ‌financial‌  ‌market,‌  ‌and‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌critical‌  ‌for‌‌  
allies‌‌   now‌‌   intervene‌‌   occasionally‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌   foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   markets‌‌   not‌‌  always‌‌  to‌‌  support‌‌  the‌‌  
global‌  ‌commerce.‌‌   Private‌‌   Citizens‌‌   and‌‌   business‌‌   entities‌‌
  enter‌‌
  foreign‌‌  exchange‌‌   markets‌‌   to‌ 
rupee‌‌   but‌‌   often‌‌   to‌‌  avoid‌‌   an‌‌   appreciation‌‌   in‌‌  its‌‌   value.‌‌   Full‌‌  convertibility‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌  rupee‌‌  is‌‌ clearly‌‌  
make‌  ‌international‌  ‌payments‌  ‌and‌  ‌explore‌  ‌investment‌  ‌opportunities.‌  ‌The‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌exchange‌‌  
visible‌‌   on‌‌   the‌‌  horizon.‌‌  The‌‌  effects‌‌  of‌‌ this‌‌  development‌‌  s ‌‌are‌‌  palpable‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌  explosive‌‌  growth‌‌  
market‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌one‌  ‌centrally‌  ‌organized‌  ‌financial‌  ‌exchange.‌‌   Instead,‌‌   it‌‌
  refers‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌
in‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌exchange‌‌market‌‌in‌‌India.‌‌    ‌
vast‌  ‌network‌  ‌of‌  ‌participants‌  ‌that‌  ‌trade‌  ‌currencies‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌help‌  ‌of‌  ‌information‌  ‌technology.‌‌  
 ‌
Foreign‌‌   exchange‌‌   rates‌‌  shift‌‌  with‌‌
  the‌‌  supply‌‌  and‌‌  demand‌‌  dynamics‌‌  of‌‌
 a ‌‌particular‌‌  currency.‌‌  
Features‌‌Of‌‌The‌‌Forward‌‌Premium‌‌On‌‌The‌‌Indian‌‌Rupee‌  ‌
Low‌‌  money‌‌   supplies‌‌   along‌‌   with‌‌
  high‌‌  demand‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  currency‌‌  support‌‌  high‌‌  exchange‌‌  rates.‌‌ 
 ‌
Treasury‌  ‌officials‌  ‌sell‌  ‌government‌  ‌securities‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌for‌  ‌cash‌  ‌to‌  ‌reduce‌  ‌the‌  ‌money‌‌  
  ‌The‌  ‌Indian‌  ‌rupee‌  ‌has‌  ‌had‌  ‌an‌  ‌active‌  ‌forward‌  ‌market‌  ‌for‌  ‌some‌  ‌time‌  ‌now.‌  ‌The‌  ‌forward‌‌  
supply‌  ‌available‌  ‌in‌  ‌circulation.‌  ‌Meanwhile,‌  ‌economic‌  ‌growth‌‌   and‌‌  stability‌‌  improve‌‌   currency‌‌  
premium‌‌   or‌‌   discount‌‌   on‌‌  the‌‌   rupee‌‌   (vis-à-vis‌‌   the‌‌  US‌‌  dollar,‌‌  for‌‌ instance)‌‌  reflects‌‌  the‌‌  market’s‌‌  
demand.‌  ‌Consumers‌  ‌may‌  ‌exploit‌  ‌high‌  ‌exchange‌  ‌rates‌  ‌to‌  ‌buy‌  ‌relatively‌  ‌cheap‌  ‌overseas‌‌  
beliefs‌  ‌about‌  ‌future‌  ‌changes‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌value.‌  ‌The‌  ‌strength‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌relationship‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌forward‌‌  
goods‌  ‌and‌  ‌investments.‌  ‌Alternatively,‌  ‌businesses‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌from‌  ‌weak‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌exchange‌‌  
premium‌  ‌with‌‌   the‌‌   interest‌‌   rate‌‌  differential‌‌   between‌‌   India‌‌   and‌‌   the‌‌  US‌‌   – ‌‌the‌‌   Covered‌‌   Interest‌‌  
rates‌  ‌that‌  ‌add‌  ‌value‌  ‌to‌  ‌overseas‌  ‌profits‌  ‌when‌  ‌they‌  ‌are‌  ‌converted‌  ‌back‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌home‌‌  
Parity‌  ‌(CIP)‌  ‌condition‌  ‌– ‌ ‌gives‌  ‌us‌  ‌a ‌ ‌measure‌‌   of‌‌  India’s‌‌   integration‌‌   with‌‌   global‌‌   markets.‌‌   The‌‌  
currency.‌  ‌
CIP‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌no-arbitrage‌‌   relationship‌‌   that‌‌   ensures‌‌   that‌‌   one‌‌   cannot‌‌   borrow‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌country,‌‌   convert‌‌  
 ‌
to‌  ‌and‌  ‌lend‌  ‌in‌  ‌another‌  ‌currency,‌  ‌insure‌  ‌the‌  ‌returns‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌currency‌  ‌by‌  ‌selling‌  ‌his‌‌  

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