ADVANCED

MATHEMATICS
PRIME MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
COMPLEX NUMBER
• Any number expressed in the form
𝐚 + 𝐛𝐢 or 𝐚 + 𝐣𝐛
where:
a – magnitude of real part
b – magnitude of imaginary part
i or j = −1
𝐢𝟐 = 𝐣𝟐 = −𝟏
BOARD PROBLEM
1. Write in the form a + bi the
expression i3217 - i427 + i18 .
A. 2i + 1 C. 2i – 1
B. –i + 1 D. 1 + i
OPERATIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Addition and Subtraction

a + bi ± c + di = 𝐚 + 𝐜 ± 𝐛 + 𝐝 𝐢

• Multiplication

a + bi c + di = 𝐚𝐜 − 𝐛𝐝 + 𝐚𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 𝐢
r1 ∠θ1 r2 ∠θ2 = 𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 ∠ 𝛉𝟏 + 𝛉𝟐
OPERATIONS OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Division

a + bi 𝐚 + 𝐛𝐢 𝐜 − 𝐝𝐢
= 𝐱
c + di 𝐜 + 𝐝𝐢 𝐜 − 𝐝𝐢
r1 ∠θ1 𝐫𝟏
= ∠ 𝛉𝟏 − 𝛉𝟐
r2 ∠θ2 𝐫𝟐
BOARD PROBLEM
2. Add (3 + 4i) and (2 – 5i)
A. 6 + 9i C. 5 – i
B. 26 – 7i D. 6 – i
BOARD PROBLEM
3. What is the product of (8 – j10) and
(6 + j4) in the complex form?
A. 48 – j60 C. 88 + j28
B. 88 – j28 D. 48 + j60
BOARD PROBLEM
8. What is the simplified expression of
the complex number
6 + 𝑗2.5
3 + 𝑗4
A. –0.32 + j 0.66
B. 1.12 – j 0.66
C. –1.75 + j 1.03
D. 0.32 – j 0.66
BOARD PROBLEM
4. What is the value of x in the
equation
(5x + j2y) + (4y – j 3x) = 14 – j4

A. x = 1 C. x = 3
B. x = 3 D. x = 2
 ARGAND DIAGRAM
(Complex Plane)
• Rectangular form
𝐚 + 𝐛𝐢
Imaginary axis

a+bi
• Polar form
a
(r, θ) 𝐫, 𝛉 or 𝐫∠𝛉

r 𝐚 = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
b
𝐛 = 𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
θ
𝐫= 𝐚𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐
Real axis
−𝟏
𝐛
𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐚
 ARGAND DIAGRAM
(Complex Plane)
• Trigonometric form
Imaginary axis

a
a+bi a + bi = r cos θ + i r sin θ
(r, θ) a + bi = 𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
r or
b
a + bi = 𝐫 𝐜𝐢𝐬 𝛉
θ
Real axis
 ARGAND DIAGRAM
(Complex Plane)
• Exponential form
a + bi = 𝐫 𝐞𝐢𝛉
Imaginary axis

a+bi
a
(r, θ)
• Logarithmicform
r ln a + bi = ln r eiθ
b
θ
ln a + bi = 𝐥𝐧 𝐫 + 𝐢𝛉

Real axis
 ARGAND DIAGRAM
(Complex Plane)
• De Moivre’s Theorem
a. Power of Complex
Numbers
Imaginary axis

a+bi a + bi n
= r∠θ n
a
(r, θ) n = 𝐫 𝐧 ∠𝐧𝛉
a + bi
r
b b. Roots of Complex
θ Numbers
1 1 θ + k 360°
Real axis
r∠θ = r ∠
n n
n
BOARD PROBLEM
5. The complex expression 3 + 4i is
equivalent to
A. 5 (cos 53.13 + jsin 53.13)
B. 5 (cos 33.15 - jsin 33.15)
C. 5 (cos 33.15 + jsin 33.15)
D. 5 (cos 53.13 - jsin 53.13)
BOARD PROBLEM
6. What is the complex form of 10ej30?
A. 8.66 + j5 C. 8 + j6
B. 5 + j8.66 D. 6 + j8
BOARD PROBLEM
7. The complex expression (r, θ) = (4,
120) is equal to
A. –2 + 3.5 i C. 2 – 3.5i
B. 2 - 4.5i D. 2 + 4.5i
BOARD PROBLEM
9. What is the angle between ( -2.5 + j
4.33) and (4.33 – j 2.5)
A. 120 deg C. 150 deg
B. 180 deg D. 90 deg
BOARD PROBLEM
10. A vector has a complex expression
of 5 + j 8.66. What is its complex
expression after being rotated through
a positive angle of 120 deg?
A. –5 –j 8.66 C. 5 – j 8.66
B. – 5 + j 8.66 D. –10 + j 0
BOARD PROBLEM
11. What is the complex expression of
the square root of (15 + j 20)?
A. 4.47 + j2.33 C. 2.23 + j 4.47
B. 4.33 + j 2.5 D. 4 + j 3
BOARD PROBLEM
12. What is the complex expression of
In (3 + j 4) ?
A. 1.2 + j 0.85 C. 1.6 + j 0.75
B. 1.6 + j 0.927 D. 1.2 + j 0.75
BOARD PROBLEM
13. What is the simplified complex
expression of ( 4.33 + j 2.5)2?
A. 12.5 + j 21.65 C. 15 + j 20
B. 21.65 + j 12.5 D. 20 + j 20
BOARD PROBLEM
14. Two vectors are so related that A/B
= 2 ej180 and, A + C = -5 + j15,where C
is the conjugate of B. What is the
complex expression of vector B?
A. 10 – j10 C. 5-j5
B. –15 + j15 D. –10 + j10.02
TRIGO & HYPERBOLIC
FORMS
• Trigonometric Function
sin(a ± bi) = sin a cosh b ± icos a sinh b
cos(a ± bi) = cos a cosh b ∓ i sin a sinh b
• Hyperbolic Function
sinh(a ± bi) = sinh a cos b ± i cosh a sin b
cosh a ± bi = cosh a cos b ± i sinh a sin b
BOARD PROBLEM
15. What is the complex expression of
cosh (3 + j4)?
A. 10.06 + j 7.58
B. –6.58 – j 7.58
C. 7.58 – j6.57
D. 7.58 – j6.57
BOARD PROBLEM
16. What is the complex expression of
sin (5+ j5)?
A. 71.15 – j21.05
B. –71.15 + j 21.04
C. –71.15 – j21.04
D. 77.15 +j21.04
POLYGONAL NUMBERS
• Polygonal or M-gonal numbers are
series of numbers patterned from a
polygon.
• General equation:
𝐧
𝐚𝐧 = 𝟐 + 𝐦 − 𝟐 𝐧 − 𝟏
𝟐
Where
an - nth term in a number pattern
n – number of terms
m – number of sides of a polygon
BOARD PROBLEM
17. Find the 10th term of the triangular
numbers, 1, 3, 6, …
A. 55 C. 60
B. 110 D. 120
PYRAMIDAL NUMBERS
• EquilateralBase
𝐧 𝐧+𝟏 𝐧+𝟐
𝐒=
𝟔
• Square Base
𝐧 𝐧 + 𝟏 𝟐𝐧 + 𝟏
𝐒=
𝟔
• Rectangular Base
𝐧 𝐧 + 𝟏 𝟑𝐦 − 𝐧 + 𝟏
𝐒=
𝟔
BOARD PROBLEM
18. If equal spheres are piled in the
form of a complete pyramid with an
equilateral triangle as a base. Find the
number of spheres in a pile if each side
contains four spheres.
A. 20 C. 30
B. 40 D. 60
MATRIX
• Matrix is an array of numbers or
functions arrange in m rows by n
columns.
• Each
entry in a matrix is called matrix
element.
• Size
of matrix is determined from the
number of rows and columns, i.e. m x n.
COFACTOR OF AN ENTRY
OF A SQUARE MATRIX
• The cofactor of the entry of a square
matrix in the m-th row and n-th column
is the determinant of the sub matrix
formed by deleting the m-th row and n-th
column.
• Standard sign of each entry:
+ − + …
− …
𝐴 = −1 𝑚+𝑛 − +
+ − + …
− + − …
COFACTOR MATRIX
• Cofactor Matrix
 A matrix formed by replacing each
element in the given matrix by its
cofactor.
BOARD PROBLEM
19. Find the determinant of x :
1 0 4
𝑥= 2 2 6
3 1 −12
A. –50 C. 46
B. –46 D. 40
BOARD PROBLEM
2 3 1
20. If 𝐴 = −1 2 4 , what is the co-
0 5 7
factor of the second row, third
column element ?
2 3 1 7
A. C.
0 5 2 0
2 3 3 1
B. − D.
0 5 5 7
BOARD PROBLEM
21. Evaluate the determinant:
2 −4 3 −1
𝑥 = −1 1 −2 3
3 2 −4 −1
4 −8 6 −2
A. 0 C. 1
B. 452 D. - 452
OPERATION OF
MATRIX
• Addition/Subtraction
 Matrices can only be added or subtracted if
they have the same size.
• Multiplication
 Two Matrix A (m x n) and B (p x q) can be
multiplied if an only if n = p. the resulting
matrix will have a size of m x q.
BOARD PROBLEM
2 1 −1 2
22. If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = ,
−1 3 1 1
then find A + 2B.
−2 4 2 1
A. C.
2 2 −1 3
−1 2 0 5
B. D.
1 1 1 5
BOARD PROBLEM
23. Given the matrix equation, solve
for x and y.
1 1 𝑥 2
𝑦 =
3 2 0
A. – 4, 6 C. – 4 , 2
B. – 4, 2 D. – 4 , 2
BOARD PROBLEM
4 5 0 1 0 0
24. If 𝐴 = 6 7 3 and 𝐵 = 0 1 0 , what
1 2 3 0 0 1
is A.B?
4 0 0 6 7 0
A. 0 7 0 C. 8 9 4
0 0 3 2 3 6
0 0 0 4 5 0
B. 0 7 0 D. 6 7 3
1 0 3 1 2 3
 END OF
PRESENTATION
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