1 METHOD TO CALCULATE LV NETWORKS

1.1 POWER NEEDED

1.1.1 Costumer Service (C.S.)

As we can see on the Table 1 – Power according to demand given on Item 4 of

meeting 10.09.07
Max.
Load Demand 1
Resultant 2
Services Load Factor Simultaneuos
kWh/day (kW) Power
Categories kWh/year of use Factor
(365 days) h/day (kW)
(6 h)
1.Small Houses 500 1,37 0,228 0,5 0,46 0,5
2.Medium House 3.000 8,22 1,370 0,6 2,28 0,5
3.Shop/Bar 5.000 13,70 2,283 0,7 3,26 0,5
4.School/Hospital 5.000 13,70 2,283 0,9 2,54 1
5.Small Industries 2.500 68,49 11,416 0,9 12,68 1
6.Under Construction 3.000 8,22 1,370 0,6 2,28 0,1
7.Future Costumers 3.000 8,22 1,370 0,6 2,28 0,1
1
It depends on each type of costumer.
2
Not always we are going to have the power installed at the same time

Table – 1 – Power according to demand given on Item 4 of meeting 10.09.07

In tables results we use A or B with every service category depending if is a
costumer already connected or if is a not connected costumer.

1.1.2 Lighting Service (L.S.)

Luminaries only will be placed on every LV Pole on main streets, Type I and in
every two LV Poles on secondary street, Type II.

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Powers to use are:

Type Power (W) Losses (W) Total (W)

Fluorescent I 2x24 4,8 52,80
Fluorescent II 2x14 2,4 30,40
Table - 2 – Luminaries

1.1.3 Special Service

We are going to consider some costumers with 1.000 W of consumption, with

Factor Use of 1.

1.2 Electrical Calculations

1.2.1 Voltaje Drop Calculation

The expression to be used is:
ΔV = k·I·L
k: Factor of type of system

- Three phases k = 3·(R ·cosϕ + X·senϕ )

- Single-Phase k = 2·(R ·cosϕ + X·senϕ )

Where,
R: Electrical Resistance of Conductor
X: Inductance of the Conductor
Cos φ: Power Factor
L: Length conductor (km)
P
I=
3·V·cosϕ
P: Demand Total (kW)
P = Pi ·f s
Pi : Demand by consumer (kW)
fs : Simultaneuos factor
V: Voltage (kV)

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1.2.2 Electrical Resistance of Conductor

We must calculate the resistance of the conductor when we could have de

maximum temperature ambient because this will cause more drop in the
voltage.
R 70º C = R 20º C [1 + α·(t 70º C − t 20º C )]
Where,
R70ºC : Electrical Resistance of Conductor at 70ºC
R20ºC : Electrical Resistance of Conductor at 20ºC
α: Temperature factor 0,002465 1/ºC (Item 4 Meeting 10.09.07)
t20ºC: Initial Temperature in this case of 20ºC
t70ºC: Final Temperature, in this case 70ºC.

1.2.3 Electrical Inductance

When are more than one conductors in the same bundle small losses could
appear due to the effect of the electromagnetic field that each conductor has
around it self.

X = 2·f·L·π Ω L : Inductance of conductor

km
4,6 GMD H
L = 4 ·log
10 0,779·GMR km − phase
f : 50 Hz
GMD : Mean Geometric Distance
GMR : Mean Geometric Radio

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1.2.4 Technical Conductors

Using the expressions explained above we have the following parameters:

Nominal Conductor Neutral Factor

Current
Conductor Resistance Conductor Inductance type of
Capacity
Section per phase Resistance (Ω/km) system
(Amp)
(mm2) (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (cos φ=1)
20ºC 70ºC 20ºC 70ºC X(3) X(1) k(3phases) K(1phase) Phase Luminaries
4x50 0,641 0,720 0,641 0,720 0,079 0,079 1,247 1,440 153 153
4x50+25 0,641 0,720 1,2 1,416 0,079 0,079 1,268 - 153 83
Table - 3 – Conductor Technical Parameters

1.2.5 Maximum Voltage Drop Considered

In our design we are going to have from the substation to the most far point a
voltage drop no more than 7% of the nominal voltage.
For 400 V we can have a voltage drop of 28 V
For 230 V we can have a voltage drop of 16,1 V

1.2.6 Power Factor (cos φ)

There are different power factor depending on which is the final costumer,
for normal costumer we will use 1 and for the lighting on streets 0,90.

1.2.7 Simultaneuos Factor

Not all the power is needed at the same time, this will force to make the
network bigger, therefore simultaneous factor is applied according to the
service we must give.

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 - Costumer: 0,50
- Street Ligthting: 1
- Future Costumer: 0,10

1.2.8 Power Drop

In addition to the voltage drop we calculate also de power drop that the
network will have when the energy goes trough the conductor.

The network will be in LV of three phases where the power that transports is
given by this expression:

With Conductor 4x50 mm2(we have costumer and lighting from the same
cable):

PCS+ LS
ΔP = 3·R 50 ·L·I CS
2
+ LS ; I CS+ LS = (Amp)
3·U·cosϕ
2
R 50 ·L·PCS P ·L·R 50
ΔP = + LS
(W) ; ΔP = CS+ LS2 (%)
U ·cos ϕ
2 2
10·U ·cos 2ϕ

Pcs+LS: Total power of costumer service and lighting (kW)

U: Voltage (kV)
R: Electrical Resistance of conductor 4x50 mm2 (Ω/km)
L: Length of the line (km)

When we have separated the costumer and the lighting we will use conductor
4x50+25 mm2.

PCS PLS
ΔP = 3·R 50 ·L·I CS
2
+ 2·R 25 ·I 2LS (W); I CS = ; I LS = (Amp)
3·U 3 ·cosϕ U 1 ·cosϕ

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When is single-phase the above expression results like:
PCS PLS
ΔP = 2·R 50 ·L·I CS
2
+ 2·R 25 ·I 2LS (W); I CS = ; I LS = (Amp)
U 1 ·cosϕ U 1 ·cosϕ

1.3 Design and tools used

We have used two programs created by us, UMapa and UMapaCAD.
UMapa is a tool that combines the GPS-Excel with Autocad. The data exported
from the GPS (*.pts) which have files and columns without any order, so we
need to use this tool to make the combinations we want and that can be
exported to autocad file (*dxf) where we can work for the network design.

Detail of the UMapa program.

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 GPS coordinates in a Excel file when is downloaded

The data is combined the way we want

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The programs advise if there are different points with the same name or if we
have poles or costumers that no exist with a name. The designation of each
point of every circuit is 1-2-3-…, the derivation are called 1.1-1.2-1.3-…, and
if we have another derivation from an existing one, 1.2-1.2.A-1.2.B-…
When we have all the work finished we export those results two an autocad
file

And then all the values are seen in autocad where we can move, delete,
create, choose which structure belongs to each pole…. All the changes we
make in UMapaCAD are automatically made in the file of UMapa, both
programs works together.

The network on autocad

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Once all the paremeters of poles, power costumer, span lengths… are finised
the program calculate the Voltage drop and warns us if some section is
higther than the 7% voltage drop considered.
The results are shown in the tables we attached with every area design.

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