APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS ‘OVERVIEW In Chapter $ we saw that a continuous function over a closed interval has a definite integral, which is the limit of any Riemann sum for the function. We proved that ‘we could evaluate definite integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. We also found that the area under a curve and the area between two curves could be computed as definite integrals. In this chapter we extend the applications of definite integrals to finding volumes, lengths of plane curves, and areas of surfaces of revolution, We also use integrals to solve physical problems involving the work done by a force, the fluid force against a planar wall, and the location of an object's center of mass. 6.1 |_Volumes Using Cross-Sections FIGURE 6.1 A cross-section Sts) of the sold § formed by intersecting S with a plane ‘P, perpendicular to the xaxis through the pola in tho interval [2,6 308 In this section we define volumes of solids using the areas of their cross-sections. A cross- section of a solid Sis the plane region formed by intersecting S with a plane (Figure 6.1) We present three different methods for obtaining the cross-sections appropriate to finding the volume of a particular solid: the method of slicing, the disk method, and the washer method. ‘Suppose we want to find the volume of a solid $ like the one in Figure 6.1. We begin by extending the definition of a cylinder from classical geometry to eylindrical solids with arbitrary bases (Figure 6.2). Ifthe cylindrical solid has a known base area A and height h, then the volume of the cylindrical solid is Volume = area X height = Ah. ‘This equation forms the basis for defining the volumes of many solids that are not cylin ders, like the one in Figure 6.1. If the eross-section of the sofid S at each point x inthe in- terval [4,6] isa region S(x) of atea A(x), and A isa continuous function of x, we eaa define and calculate the volume of the solid S as the definite integral of A(2). We now show how this integral is obtained by the method of slicing ls — height Plane repon whose Cina said based on region se we kaon ‘Volume = base aes x height = Ah FIGURE 6.2 The Volume ofa cylindrical solid is always defined to be its base area times its heightFIGURE 6.3. Atypical din slab inthe solid S. Apoxizating cpindr bases fo Sia fas eight ee Plane a 1-5 a The cyinder's base ‘sth epion Sim) witharea Als) FIGURE 6.4 The sold din slab in Figure 6.3 i shown enlarged her. Its approximated by the eylindrieal solid with base Sts) having area A(x) and height x= mes 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 309 Slicing by Parallel Planes We partition (a, b] into subintervals of width (length) Avy and slice the solid, as we would a loaf of bread, by planes perpendicular to the a-axis at the partition points = xy 0 gives . . Jim, Saco d= fact So we define the limiting definite solids. tegral of the Riemann sum to be the volume of the DEFINITION The volume of solid of integrable cross-sectional area A(x) from x = a tox = Bis the integral of 4 from a to b, + va flats as ‘This definition applies whenever A(x) is integrable, and in particular when it is continuous. To apply the definition to calculate the volume of a solid, take the follow- ing steps: Calculating the Volume of a Solid 1. Sketch the solid and a typical eross-seetion. 2. Find a formula for A(x), the area ofa typical cross-section, 3. Find the limits of integration. 4. Integrate A(x) to find the volume. EXAMPLE 1 A pyramid 3 m high bas a square base that is 3 m on a side. The eross- section of the pyramid perpendicular tothe altitude x m down from the vertex is @ square arm on a side. Find the volume of the pyramid. Solution L.A sketch. We draw the pyramid with its altitude along the x-axis an« ‘origin and include a typical eross-section (Figure 6.5). vertex at the310 Chapter 6: Aapications of Definite Integrals y 2. A formula for A(x). The cross-section atx isa square x meters on @ side, s0 its area is AG) = 9 ‘Typed ryssection 3. The limits of integration. The squares lic on the planes from x = 0 tox = 3. 4. Integrate to find the volume: ys [va [ous () EXAMPLE 2 A curved wedge is cut from a circular eylinder of radius 3 by two planes. ‘One plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. ‘The second plane erosses the first 3 plane ata 45° angle atthe center ofthe cylinder. Find the volume of the wedge Solution We draw the wedge and sketch a typical cross-section perpendicular to the cues ‘Mhecrssectonstie Ses Figne The ta ofthe Wee ie Figure she eee wi = 0 Pyramid in Example 1 are squares. that is cut from the circle x? + y? = 9 by the 45° plane when it intersects the y-axis. For any x in the interval (0, 3], the y-values in this semi-circular base vary from Vo toy = V9 =<, When we slice through the wedge by a plane perpen- “icular to the x-axis, we obtain a cross-section at x which i a rectangle of height x whose width extends across the semi-circular base. The area of this cross-section is Ale) = (height)( width) = 69 (2V9— 37 =axVo=e ‘The rectangles run from.x = 0 to x = 3, so we have. v- ffs [2vT=Fa Pp Let = 9 = x4, --20- oe] FIGURE 6.6 The wedge of Example 2, roan sce perpendicular tothe ais, The = 0-20) crosnctons are ectanges =18 . EXAMPLE 3 Cavalieri’ principle says that solids with equal altitudes and identical ‘cross-sectional areas at each height have the same volume (Figure 6.7). This follows im- ‘mediately from the definition of volume, because the cross-sectional area function A(x) ‘and the interval (a, ] are the same for hoth solids. ,| Same yolume Hisroxicat Biocraray ‘Bonaventura Cavalier! (0598-1647) Same cos sction| recat every ive FIGURE 6.7 Cavaliers principle: These solids have the same volume, which can be illustrated with stacks of coins, .FIGURE 6.8 The region (a) and solid of. revolution (b) in Example & 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 311 Solids of Revolution: The Disk Method ‘The solid generated by rotating (or revolving) a plane region about an axis in its plane is called a solid of revolution, To find the volume of a solid like the one shown in Figure 6.8, wwe need only observe that the cross-sectional area A(x) is the area of a disk of radius R(x), the distance of the planar region’s boundary from the axis of revolution. The area is then AG) = alradius)® = a[R(2)P. So the definition of volume in this ease gives ‘Volume by Disks for Rotation About the x-axis Alex) die [ aIR) Pde. This method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution is often called the disk ‘method because a cross-section is a circular disk of radius R(. EXAMPLE 4 The region between the curve » = Vx,0 = x= 4, and the x-axis is revolved about the axis fo generate a solid, Find its volume Solution We draw figures showing the region, atypical radius, and the generated solid (Figure 6.8). The volume is Vv [nea ~ [ive Radius Ro) = Vi for rotation aroand ais EXAMPLE 5 — Thecircle e+ is rotated about the x-axis to generate a sphere, Find its volume. Solution We imagine the sphere cut into thin slices by planes perpendicular to the axis, (Figure 6.9), The cross-sectional area at atypical point x between —a and ais x) = ay? = nla? x3, R= VE hr Abs) yh eat = 2). nao ans ‘Therefore, the volume is [laa [ne sre- The axis of revolution in the next example is not the x-axis, but the rule for calculating the volume isthe same: Integrate mr(radius)* between appropriate limits. v EXAMPLE 6 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y ~ Vivand the lines y ~ 1, ~ 4 about the line y ~312 Chapter 6: Aapications of Definite Integrals FIGURE 6.9 The sphere generated by rotating the cirele 2? + y? = a? aboutthe xanis, The radius is Rix) = y = Va" =x (Example 5), Solution We draw figures showing the region, a typical radius, and the generated solid (Figure 6.10). The volume is ve I wIRCP de > ['lve-tPac ans RG) = VE foe ronton sound y Expand integrand, @ o FIGURE 6.10 The region (a) and solid of revolution (b) in Example 6. . ‘To find the volume of a solid generated by revolving a region between the y-axis and a curve x = R(y), ¢ = y = d, about the y-axis, we use the same method with x replaced by y. In this case, the circular cross-section is A(y) = afradivs? = [ROP and the definition of volume giveso FIGURE 6.11 The region (=) and part of the solid of revolution (b) in Example 7 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 313 rf EXAMPLE 7 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the axis and the curve x = 2/y, 1 < y = 4, about the y-axis, »n About the y-axis sonar [ URE dy. Solution We draw figures showing the region, a typical radius, and the generated solid (Figure 6.11) The volume is v= [storey -[-G)« Radins A) = 3 foe Ae retin around nis 44 3 =a ['Aa=4e[-$] = 423] = 30 . [fans t] <5 EXAMPLE 8 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the parabola x = y? + Land the line x = 3 about the line x = 3, Solution We draw figures showing the region, atypical radius, and the generated solid (Figure 6.12). Note that the cross-sections are perpendicular to the line x = 3 and have y-coordinates from y = — V2 to y = V2. The volume is y [ IR WF ay ye & VE wens vi . Radvs&G) = 3 = G7 FD [ yar rh freraato wound atx = 3 eee Imgrate. ® cy) FIGURE 6.12 The region (a) ad solid of revolution (b) in Example 8 .314 Chapter 6: Aapications of Definite Integrals FIGURE 6.13 The erss-sections ofthe solid of revolution generated here are washers, nat disks, so the integral [2 AG.) de leads oa slighly different formula. Inter integration ® (Outer rains: 2) Inner radius) eer o FIGURE 6.14 (@) The region in Example 9 spanned by line segment perpendicular to the axis of revolution. (b) When the region is revolved about th x-axis, the ine segment generates a washer. Solids of Revolution: The Washer Method Lf the region we revolve to generate @ solid docs not border on or cross the axis of revolu- tion, the solid has a hole in it (Figure 6.13) The eross-sections perpendicular tothe axis of revolution are washers (lhe purplish circular surface in Figure 6.13) instead of disks. The dimensions of a typical washer are Outer radius: Ra) Inner radius: r(x) ‘The washer’ area is Als) = AERP = alrOOP = (ROP — IP). ‘Consequently, the definition of volume in this case gives Volume by Washers for Rotation About the x-axis . . ve [ onde = [mies — feos Tis method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution is called the washer method because a thin slab of the solid resembles a circular washer of outer radius R() and inner radius r(x). EXAMPLE 9 ‘The region bounded by the curve y = x? + I and the line y = —x +3 is revolved about the x-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid, Solution We use the four steps for calculating the volume of a solid as discussed early in this section 1. Draw the region and sketch ¢ line segment across it perpendicular tothe axis of revo- Jution (the red segment in Figure 6.14). 2. Find the outer and inner radi of the washer that would be swept out by the line seg ment if it were revolved about the x-axis along with the region. ‘These radii are the distances ofthe ends of the line segment from the axis of revolu- sion (Figure 6.14) Outer radius: R(x) = -x +3 Inner radius: r(x) =x? + 1on Interval of iegration o FIGURE 6.25 (2) The region being rotated about the y-axis, the washer radi, and Timits of integration in Example 10. (&) The washer swept out by the Tine segment in part (3) 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 315 3. Find the limits of integration by finding the x-coordinates of the intersection points of the curve and line in Figure 6.14a, tlooxs3 ex-2=0 (+ 2-1) =0 yo rel ini of iepation 4. Evafuate the volume integral . - [ a([R(e)} ~ [rP) be Rotation around ‘ 2 2 2) ‘Values from Steps 2 [iire ahah ede Veen af s-6- Simpify alge, = alse . ‘To find the volume of a solid formed by revolving a region about the y-axis, we use the same procedure as in Example 9, but integrate with respect to y instead of x. In this situation the line segment sweeping out a typical washer is perpendicular to the y-axis (the axis of revolution), and the outer and inner radii of the washer are fune~ tions of y. EXAMPLE 10 ‘The region bounded by the parabola y = x? and the line y = 2r in the first quadrant is revolved about the y-axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid. Solution First we sketch the region and draw a line segment across it perpendicular to. the axis of revolution (the y-ani). See Figure 6.154 “The radi of the washer swept out bythe line segment are R(y) = Vj, (9) = y/2 (igure 615) ‘The line and parabola intersect at y = 0 and y ~ 4, so the limits of integration are = Oandd = 4. We integrate to find ie volume: ve [ “URE = Pay Rotation round y-anis ~ fells] - El) cone316 Chapter 6: Aapications of Definite Integrals Exercises 6.1 Volumes by Slicing Find he volume of the solids in Exercises 1-10. 1. The slid les beoen planes perpendicular tothe x-axis atx = 0 and x = 4, The eros-sections perpendicular t the axis on the interval 0 = x = 4 are squares whose diagonals run fom the Vette pntolay = Vn 2 The solid ies between planes perpendicular to the xaxis at = —Tand.x = 1. The cross-sections perpendicular to the ‘axis ae circular disks wiose diameters run fom the parabola y= sto thepanbolay = 2— 2 3. The solid ios between planes perpendicular to the vaxis at x= —Land.x = 1. The cross-sections perpendicular to the axis between these planes ae squares whose bases run from the sezi- circle y = VI = ¥ tothe semicircle y = VI= 7 ‘4. The solid lies berwoen planes perpendicular tothe x-axis at x = —1 and x = 1. The cross-sections perpendicular to the x-axis bo tween these planes are squares wihose diagonals run_ftom the somicitcle y= ~ V1 = x to the semicircle y = VI = x4 ‘5, The base ofa solid is the region beeen the curve » = 2VSiae nd the interval (0, | on the -axis, The eross-sections perpen ‘ular to the axis are ‘a. equilateral tiangles with bases running. from the x-axis othe ‘curve as shown inthe accompanying figure. squares with bases running From the s-axis to the curve 6, The solid ties between planes perpendicular to the x-axis at x= —n/3 ands ~ 1/3. The cross-sectoms perpendicular tothe 1. circalar disks with diameters running frora the eurve y= tnsto the curve y = seex, squares whose bases run from the curve y = tan x tothe 71. The base of a solid is the region bounded by the graphs of y= 3x, y = 6, and x = 0. The cross-sections perpendicular to Thes-axisare a reciangles of height 10 bi, rectangles of perimeter 20, 8 The base of solid is the region bounded by the graphs of y = VE and y = 5/2. The cross-sections perpendicular lo the x-axis are 4, isosceles tangles af height 6, D. semi-circles with diameters running across the base of the solid '9. The solid lies between planes perpendicular to the y-axis at y and y = 2. The ross-sectons perpendicular tothe y-axis are cir- ‘ular disks with diameters running fom the -ans tothe parabola x= V5y2. 10, The base ofthe solid isthe disk x 1 y? = 1, The cross-sections by planes perpendicular to the y-axis between y = —1 and y are isosceles right triangles with one le inthe disk. Pay 11. Find the volume ofthe given tetratedron, (Hints Consi perpendicular to one ofthe labeled edges.) 12, Find the volume ofthe given pyramid, which basa square base of area and height 5 413, A twisted solid A square of side length lies in a plane perpen dicular to alne , One vertex ofthe square lis on LAS this square ‘moves a distance h along L, the square turas one revolution about. to generat a corkscrew’ like coluzan with square cross-sections. a, Find the volume ofthe coluran What will the volume be ifthe square turns swice instead of | ‘once? Give reasons for your answer.14, Cavaliers principle solid les between planes perpendicular to the s-axis at x = 0 end x = 12. The erost-setions by planes perpendicular tothe x-axis are circular disks whose diameters run ‘rom the line y = x/2 0 the line y = x as shown inthe accomps nying figure. Explain why the solid has the stme volume a8 a ‘ght circular cone with base radius 3 and height 12. z Volumes by the Disk Method In Exercises [S-18, find the volume ofthe solid generated by revoly- ing the shaded region about the given axis. 15, About the xaxis 16, About the y-axis z x About the waxis yesinxcosx 1 a = ? Find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the regions ‘bounded by the lines and curves in Exercises 19-24 about the x-axis, yo ys 82 Wy Bey VO=e, yO By=enw, yao Boy = Vows, Ors m/% v= 0, x 2 y = seo, In Frercises 25 and 26, Find the volume of the solid generated by re- volving the region about the given line 2S, The region in the first quadrant bounded above by the line y= V2, below by the curve y= seextan.r, and on the left by the y-axis, about the line y = V2. 26. The region in tho first quadrant bounded above bythe line » = 2, below by the curve y = 2sinx,0 = x= 27/2, and onthe loft by the y-axis, about the line y = 2 yrO, xo ma/4, x> af 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 317 Find the volumes ofthe solids gencrated by rvalving the regions ounded by the Hes and curves in Exess 27-32 abut he yas, 21, Therepio enclosed bys = Vay", x0 y= —ly yd 28, The region enclosed by x = y°7, x= 0, y=2 29, Theregionenclosedby x = VIsn7y, Oy = a/2, x= 0 30, The region enclosed by x= Veena -2= 7 =0, a0 Mee YO 4D, 2H 0 y= y=3 exe Voi +0, x yr ‘Volumes by the Washer Method Find the volumes ofthe solids generated by revolving the shaded re- ‘pions in Exercises 33 and 34 about the indicated axes. The vaxis, 34, The eaxis Find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the regions bounded by the lines and curves in Exercises 35-40 about the x-axis Boymy yeh x 36 y= 2VE, y= 2 x0 Bye th ports BR y naa pede 9. y= secx, y= V2, —a/4 Sx o/h M0. ym sex, vot, FeO ret In Exercises 41-44, find the volume of the solid generated by revolv= ing each region about the y-axis, 41, The region enclosed by the triangle with vertices (1,0), (2, 1),and an 42. The epion enclosed by the triangle with verties (0,1), (1,0), and an 43, The region inthe first quadtant bounded above by the parabola y= #5 low by the x-axis, and on the right by the line x = 2 444, The region inthe first quadrant bounded on the left bythe ercle 3, on the right by the line x = V3, and above by the Va In Exercises 45 and 46, find the volume ofthe solid generated by re volving each region about the given axis, 45. The region in the frst quadrant bounded above by the curve y= #5 below by the xaxis, and on the right by the line x = 1, ‘bout the line x = 1 46, The region in the second quadrant bounded above by the curve y = =2", below by the x-axis, and onthe lef by the line x About he tine x = =?318 Chapter 6: Aapications of Definite Integrals Volumes of Solids of Revolution 47. Find te volume of she solid generated by revolving the region bounded by y= Vs and the lines y = 2and.x = Oabout a. the a-axis bi the y-axis, © theliney= 2. theline x 448, Find the volume ofthe solid generated by revolving the triangular region bounded by the lines y = 2x,y = Q,and x = about a thelines= 1. b thelinex 49. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region ‘bounded by the parabola y = 3” and the line y = 1 about a theline y= 1. by theline y = 2. fe. the line 450, By integration, find the volume of the solid generated by re- volving the triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (b, 0), (0, #) host a the xan, be the axis Theory and Applications SI. The volume ofatorus The disk? + y? = a?isreolvedabout theline x= b(b > a) to gener a oid shaped ike a doughnt and called fons, Find its vohame. (Hin %,V/ ma?/2, since itis the area of a semicircle of radius a) 52, Volume ofa bowl A bow! has shape that can be generated by ‘revolving the graph of y = x°/2 between y = Qand y = $ about the yan 2. Fd the volume ofthe bow 1 Related rates If we fill the bowl with water at a constant rate of 3 cubic unit per second, hw fast will he wate evel inthe bowl be rising when the water is units dep? 53. Volume ofa bow! ‘A temispherical bow! of radius o contains water oa depth Find the volume of waz inthe Dow bh Related rates Water runs into a sunken concrete hemi- ‘spherical bowl of radius 5 m at the rate of 0.2 m’/sec. How fast i the water Ievel inthe owl rising when the water is 4 deep? 54, Explain hw you could estimate the volume ofa solid of revoln- tion by measuring the shadow cast ona tale parallel ots axis of revolution by alight shining cree above i 55. Volume of a hemisphere Desive the formal = (2/3)z for the volume of a hemisphere of radius R by comparing its sross-seclions withthe crosiections of a solid right circular ‘indr of radius Rand height fom which solid right circular cone of base radius R and height has been removed, as sg- ested by the accompanying figure 56, Designing a plumb bob Having boon asked to design « brass ‘plumb bob that will weigh in the neighborhood of 199g, you de- ide to shape it ike the solid of revolution shown here. Find the plumb bob's volume. Ifyou specify a brass that weighs 8.5 g/cm’, how much will he plumb bob weigh (co the nearest gram)? yea) ‘57. Designing a wok You are designing a wok frying pan that will be shaped like aspherical how with handles. A bit of experimen- tation at home persuades you that you can get one that holds bout 3 L ifyou make it 9 cm deep and give the sphere a radius of 16.em. To be sure, you picture the wok as 2 sold of revolution, as shown heee, and caleulate its volume with an integral. To the nearest cubie centimetes, what volume do you really get? (TL = 1000 em") “I “6 58 Maxemin The arch y = sinx,0 =x = 2, is revolved about theline y = c,0 = ¢ = 1, to generate the slid in the accom ying Figure Find the value ofthat minimizes the volume of the slid ‘What isthe ninimura volume? b, What value of en (0, 1) maximizes the volume of the slid? Graph he solids volume asa function of, ist for 0S = 1 and then ona larger domain, What happens 0 the volume of the slid a © maves vay from (0, 1? Does this make sense piyscally? Give reasons for your answers6.2 Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells 319 159, Consider the region R bounded by the graphs of y = f(s) > 0, 60, Consider the region R given in Exercise 59. Ifthe volume of the x= a> 0,1 ~ b> a, andy ~ 0 (see accomanying figure). If solid formed by revolving 2 around the x-axis is 6, und the vol. the volume ofthe solid formed by revolving R about he s-axis is sume of tho solid formed by revolving around the line y = ~2is 4r, and the volume ofthe solid formed by revolving # about the 10, find the area of line y = 1 is 87, find the area of 8 6.2 | Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells In Section 6.1 we defined the volume of a solid as the definite integral ¥ = J.’ A(x) dx, ‘where A(x) is an integrable cross-sectional arva ofthe solid from x ~ atox ~ b. The area AG) was obtained by slicing through the solid with a plane perpendicular to the x-axis However, this method of slicing is sometimes awkward to apply, as we will illustrate in our first example. To overcome this difficulty, we use the same integral definition for volume, but obiain the area by slicing through the solid in a different way. Slicing with Cylinders ‘Suppose we slice through the solid using circular cylinders of increasing radii, like cookie ccuters, We slice straight down through the solid so that the axis of each cylinder is paral- lel to the y-axis. The vertical axis of each cylinder is the same line, but the radii of the cylinders increase with each slice. In this way the solid is sliced up into thin cylindrical shells of constant thickness that grow outward from theit common axis, like circular tree rings. Unrolling a eylindrical shell shows that its volume is approximately that of @rectan- ular slab with area (x) and thickness Ax. This slab interpretation allows us to apply the ‘same integral definition for volume as before. The following example provides some in- sight before we derive the general method. EXAMPLE 1 The region enclosed by the x-axis and the parabola y = f(x) = 3x — x7 is revolved about the vertical line x = —1 to generate a solid (Figure 6.16). Find the volume of the solid. Solution Using the washer method from Section 6.1 would be awkward here because ‘we would need to express the x-values of the left and right sides of the parabola in Fig- ‘ure 6.16a in terms of y. (These x-values are the inner and outer radii for a typical washer, requiring us to solve y = 3x — 2° for x, which leads to complicated formulas.) Instead of rotating a horizontal strip of thickness Ay, we rotate a vertical strip of thickness Ar This rotation produces a cylindrical shell of height yy above a point x, within the base of the vertical strip and of thickness Ax. An example of a cylindrical shell is shown as the ‘orange-shaded region in Figure 6.17. We can think of the cylindrical shell shown in the figure as approximating a slice of the solid obtained by cutting straight down through it, parallel to the axis of revolution, all the way around close to the inside hole. We then cut another cylindrical slice around the enlarged hole, then another, and so on, obtaining m cylinders. The radi of the cylinders gradually increase, and the heights of