Lecture 6:

Structured Data Types

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 Arrays
Strings
Structures
Unions
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 Arrays
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 Array is a data structure that hold finite sequential

collection of homogeneous data.
 Is a collection of data items, all of the same type,
accessed using a common name.
 The elements of an array are differentiated from one
another by their position within an array.
 Arrays consist of contiguous memory locations.
 Arrays Indexing
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 A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

 Arrays in C are indexed starting at 0.

• list[0] - 1st element = 10

• list[1] - 2nd element = 20
• …
• list[4] - 5th element = 50
 Arrays Declaration
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 The general form of declaring a array is:

datatype arrayName[size];
 Arrays Initialization
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 Arrays Initialization…
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 Arrays Initialization…
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 The size and type of an array cannot be changed once it is

declared

 The number of elements should not exceed the array size

 You should never access elements of an array outside of its

bound
 Accessing an element that does not exist may result into
undefined behavior
 Accessing Array Elements
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 Array elements are accessed by using index

 Array indexing starts at zero

 Know how to declare an array

 Know how to initialize an array
 Know how to access array elements
 Exercise 1
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Write a C program which stores five

numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 in an array.
The program should finally display those
numbers by using a for loop.
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 Exercise 2
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Write a C program which stores five

numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 in an array.
The program should finally calculate and
display the sum of all numbers
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 Arrays
Strings
Structures
Unions
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 Strings
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 A string is an array of characters.

 The C language does not provide an inbuilt data type for strings
 A compiler automatically adds a null character (‘\0’) at end of a string.
 String Output
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 String data can be printed to the screen by using printf():

printf(“%s”, name);

 Another function for displaying String variable is puts():

puts(name);

 Another function for displaying String variable is fputs():.

fputs(name, stdout);
 String Input
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 String input can be performed using scanf():

scanf(“%s”, name);

 Another function for String input is gets():

gets(name);
 Another function for String input is fgets():
fgets(name, MAX_LEN, stdin);
 Strings Input/Output
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# include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[30];
printf(“What is your first name: ”);
scanf(“%s”, firstname);
printf(“Your first name is %s \n”, firstname);
}
 Strings Input/Output
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# include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[30];
printf(“What is your first name: ”);
gets(firstname);
printf(“Your first name is %s \n”, firstname);
}
 Strings Input/Output
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# include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[30];
printf(“What is your first name: ”);
fgets(firstname, 30, stdin);
printf(“Your first name is %s \n”, firstname);
}
 Strings Input/Output…
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# include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[10], surname[10];
printf(“What is your first name: ”);
scanf(“%s”, firstname);
printf(“What is your surname name: ”);
scanf(“%s”, surname);
printf(“Your full name is %s %s\n”, firstname, surname);
}
 String Handling Functions
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 C language provides various functions to manipulate

strings.
 These functions are present inside string.h library.
 You must include string.h header file in your
programs when using these functions.
 String Handling Functions
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Function Purpose
strlen() Returns the length of the string
strlwr() Converts a string to lowercase
strupr() Converts a string to uppercase
strrev() Shows a string in reverse order
strcpy(str1, str2) Copies string str2 into string str1
strcmp(str1, str2) Compares two strings
strcat(str1, str2) Concatenates (combines) two strings
 Strings Handling Functions…
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# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>
int main( ) {
char name[6] = “Deus”;
printf(“%d \n”, strlen(name));
printf(“ %s \n”, strlwr(name));
printf(“ %s \n”, strupr(name));
printf(“ %s \n”, strrev(name));
}
 Strings Handling Functions…
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# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[6] = “Deus”;
char surname[6] = “Msaki”;

printf(“My full name is %s \n”, strcat(firstname, surname));

}
 Strings Handling Functions…
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# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>
int main( ) {
char firstname[20] = “Dominick”;
char surname[20];
strcpy(surname, firstname);
printf(“My surname name is %s \n”, surname);
}
 Strings Handling Functions…
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# include <stdio.h>
# include <string.h>
int main( ) {
char firstperson[10] = “Deus”;
char secondperson[10] = “Zacharia”;
int c = strcmp(firstperson, secondperson);
if (c == 0)
printf(“The two names are identical\n”);
else
printf(“The two names are NOT identical \n”);
}
 Arrays
Strings
Structures
Unions
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 Structures
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 Structure is a user-defined data type in C language which

allows us to store collection of different data types together.
 Structure is somewhat similar to an array, but an array holds
data of similar type only.
 In a structure, data is stored in form of records.
 Each element of a structure is called a member.
 Defining a Structure
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 struct keyword is used to define a structure.

 struct defines a new data type (collection of primary & derived
data types.
 Defining a Structure…
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 A structure definition for storing student records:

 Defining a Structure…
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 A structure definition for storing employee information:

 Declaring a Structure Variable
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 There are two ways to declare a structure variable:

 Declaring structure variables during structure definition

 Declaring structure variables after structure definition

 Approach 1…
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 Declaring structure variables during structure definition

 Approach 2…
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 Declaring structure variables after structure definition

First we define a structure Then we declare variables
after definition
 Declaring a Structure Variable…
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 Which approach is good?

 If the number of structure variables is fixed, use the 1st
approach. It saves your code/space.
 If the number of structure variables is not known, the
2nd approach is better. It provides the flexibility to
declare the structure variables many times as required.
 Accessing Members of a Structure
There are two ways to access structure members
(.) member or dot operator (->) structure pointer operator

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 #include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
int regno;
float marks;
char grade;
};

int main(){
struct Student omary;
omary.regno = 2020;
omary.marks = 68;
omary.grade = 'B';
38 }
 Structure Initialization
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Approach A Approach B struct Student {

int regno;
struct Student float marks;
{ char grade;
int regno; };
float marks;
char grade;
}; struct Student omary;
omary.regno = 2020;
struct Student omary = { 2020, 68, 'B' }; omary.marks = 68;
omary.grade = 'B';
 Structure Initialization…
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struct Student { Approach C

int regno;
float marks;
char grade;
};

struct Student omary;

printf("Enter student reg. number: "); scanf("%d", &omary.regno);
printf("Enter student marks: "); scanf("%f", &omary.marks);
printf("Enter student grade: "); scanf("%c", &omary.grade);
 Structure Output
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#include <stdio.h>
struct Student {
int regno;
float marks;
};
int main(){
struct Student omary;
omary.regno = 2020;
omary.marks = 68;
printf("The student reg. number is: %d \n", omary.regno);
printf("The student marks is: %f \n", omary.marks);
}
 Structures

Unions

Functions

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 Exercise 2
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 Write a C program which stores five numbers

in an array. The program should calculate the
average of those numbers and display the
result.
 # include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
int number[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int sum = 0;
for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
sum = sum + number[i];
}
float average = sum / 5;
printf(“The average of five numbers is %f”, average);
}
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