Dr.

Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad

Bioinformatics
B.Sc. (Syllabus)

Instruction:

(1) College is allowed to admit 30 students of one batch only in the course.
(2) For each batch of 30 students the following infrastructure must be created
before starting the option:
a. Computer Laboratory with 15 computers having Internet connection at
least for 8 hours per day. ( with at least 64 kbps speed)
b. Operating system Linux/ Unix
c. Public Domain Bioinformatics software

(3) Library: At least 5 copies of each recommended books per batch must be
available.
(4) Bioinformatics as one of the subjects can be opted with

(a) Chemistry (b) and one of the from life sciences

Year Paper No Subject Name Maximum marks

B.Sc. Ist Year 1(Theory) Basic Bioinformatics 100
2(Theory) I T Tools and application 100
3(Theory) Basic Mathematics & 100
Statistics
4 (Practical) (Practical-P1) 50
5 (Practical) (Practical-P2) 50
B.Sc. IInd 6 (Theory) Database and web 100
Year enabling technologies
7 (Theory) Programming in ‘C’ 100
8 (Practical) (Practical-P3) 100
09(Practical) (Practical-P4) 100
B.Sc. IIIrd 10 ( Theory) Programming in perl and 100
Year application to
Bioinformatics
11 ( Theory) Basics of genomics and 100
proteomics
12 (Practical) Project 150
13 (Practical) Seminar 50

Paper 1: BASIC BIOINFORMATICS

Unit 1 Basics Internet Use and Search Engines

Unit 2 Introduction to Genes and Proteins
Unit 3 Alignment of pairs of sequence
Unit 4 Structure prediction methods for gene and protein
Unit 5 Information molecule and information flow.
Unit 6 Introduction to Data Generating Techniques.
Unit 7 Problem solving in bioinformatics
Detailed Syllabus
1. Basics Internet Use and Search Engines

Fundamentals of Internet, WWW, HTML, URLs Browsers:

Netscape/Opera/Explorer Search Engines: Google, PUBMED, NCBI EMBL,
GENBANK, Entrez, Unigene, PDB, SwissProt, And TrEMBL

2. Introduction to Genes and Proteins

Genome Sequences ORFs, Genes, Intones, Exons, Splice Variants DNA/ RNA
Secondary Structure, Triplet Coding Protein Sequences

3 .Alignment of pairs of sequence

Introduction to sequence analysis, Sequence analysis of biological data ,

models for sequence analysis and their biological motivation , methods of alignment,
Application of dot matrix , Methods of optimal alignment Using gap penalty and
sore matrices, tools for sequence analysis : BLAST, FASTA, Multiple alignment tools
and its Application , introduction to phylogenetic tree analysis

4. Structure prediction methods for gene and protein

Using pattern to predict genes , Method of gene prediction , prediction tools,

protein structure databases and visualization tools, protein prediction tools, Method
of protein prediction for known fold and unknown fold , protein function prediction ,
Accuracy of prediction

5. Information molecule and information flow.

Central dogma of molecular biology, Problem in molecular and bioinformatics

approach, Basic component, Chemistry of DNA and RNA, Basics of DNA replication ,
Introduction to protein ,Amino acid and Protein Structure: Secondary, Tertiary,
Quaternary , protein Folding protein function , protein purification and
characterization, Data integration and Data Analysis, Multiplicity of Data and
redundancy,

6. Introduction to Data Generating Techniques

Restriction Enzymes, Gel Electrophoresis, Chromatograms Blots, PCR,

Micro arrays, Mass Spectrometry, DNA sequencing, Gene mapping application of
Mapping, introduction to proteomics and metabolic pathways.

7. Problem solving in bioinformatics

Genomic analysis for DNA sequence, Genomic analysis for protein

sequence, strategy and option for similarity searches. Illustration some problem
and solution

SUGGESTED READING
1 S.C. Rastogi, Namita Mendirata, Parag Rastogi ‘’Bioinformatics concepts Skills and
application, CBS publisher

2. D. Baxevanis and F. Oulette, (2002), "Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the

analysis of genes and proteins", Wiley
3. Arthur M. Lesk, (2002), "Introduction to Bioinformatics" Oxford University

Paper 2. IT TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS

Unit 1.Introduction to Windows

Unit 2. Introduction to Word Processing
Unit 3.Word 2000-Advanced Topics
Unit 4.Excel 2000 –Basics
Unit 5. PowerPoint 2000 –Basics
Unit 6. Access 2000 -Basics

1. Introduction to Windows
Starting Windows, Handling the Mouse Window Controls, Using Menus
Dialog Boxes Microsoft Office 2000 Launching and application Menus and Dialog
Boxes ,Dialog Box Options ,Toolbars
2. Introduction to Word Processing
Basic Features Full-Featured Word Processors ,Word 2000 –Basics Starting
Word 2000 Menus and Toolbars Creating, Editing and Saving a Word 2000
Document ,Using Word 2000 Help , Opening a Document Moving Multiple Text
Selections Simultaneously Link Documents
3. Word 2000-Advanced Topics
Creating a Table Working with Graphics Mail Merging Previewing and
Printing a Document Shrink a Document to Fit into One Page Electronic
Spreadsheets Spreadsheet Packages
4. Excel 2000 –Basics
Starting Excel 2000 Navigating in a Workbook Create, Name, and Save a
New Workbook Data Entry- Manual and Automatic Correcting Mistakes -Spelling
Checker, Undo and Redo Changes ,Using Excel 2000 Workbook File Properties
Naming the Worksheets Entering Labels and Adjusting Layout Adding Comments
and Data Validation Adding Pictures Changing Cell Alignment and Wrapping
Formatting Cells ,Formatting Numbers and Dates Adding Headers and Footers 235
Previewing and Printing a Worksheet

5. PowerPoint 2000 -Basics

Starting PowerPoint 2000 Menus and Toolbars Opening and Saving an
Existing Presentation Creating and Saving a Presentation Using AutoContent Wizard
Creating a Presentation Using a Design Template Creating and Saving a
Presentation Using the Blank Presentation . Using PowerPoint 2000 The Slide Sorter
View Inserting Slides from another Presentation ,Inserting Pictures and Graphics
Setting Slide Transitions Slide Show View Printing Slides, Notes and Handouts
6. Access 2000 –Basics
Starting Access 2000 Menus and Toolbars Viewing Data Exercises Using
Access 2000 Help Data Manipulation in Access Sorting and Filtering Records Creating
and Printing Reports

SUGGESTED READING
1 . Alexis Leon and Mathews Leon ‘ ‘ Introduction to computers with MS –Office
2000 Tata Mcgrow Hill
Paper 3 : Basic Mathematics & Statistics

Unit 1. Real Numbers

Unit 2. Sets and symbolic logic
Unit 3. Relations and functions
Unit 4. Power functions and related functions
Unit 5. Calculus
Unit 6. Matrices and Vectors
Unit 7. Limits and Complex Numbers
Unit 8. Elementary Statistics
Unit 9. Regression and Correlation
Unit 10. Probability
Unit 11. Random Variables and Distributions

1. Real Numbers

Classification and measurements, Algebraic Law, Inequalities, Summation

Power and Fractionation power

2. Sets and symbolic logic

Sets, Notation and symbols, Variable members , Complementary sets, The

union , Symbolic logic Boolean algebra ,Negation and implication

3 . Relations and functions :

Product sets ,Relations and functions ,The special linear function ,The
general
linear function ,Linear Relation

4 Power function and Related Function :

Examples of Power function , polynomials, Differences, Quadratic

equations

5. Calculus:

a) Differentiation
Calculating gradients of chords First and higher order derivatives
Applications: Increasing and Decreasing Functions, Maximum and
Minimum points Derivatives as rates of change
b) Integration
Finding a function from its derivative Definite integral Indefinite
integral Calculating Areas, Volumes for bounded regions
c) Differentia1 Equations
Forming differential equations First order differential equation,
growth equation Applications
6. Matrices and Vectors

Matrix algebra, Determinants Applications Vector in Space, Applications

7. Limits and Complex Numbers

Limits of sequences ,series, limit of functions, The Fibonacci uences,

Complex plane, Algebraic operations exponential functions of complex
variable,Oscillation

8 Elementary Statistics
a) Representation of data. Discrete data, Continues data Histogram,
PolyGram’s, Frequency curves
b) The Mean, Variability of data-the standard deviation
c) Median, quantiles , percentile
d) Skewness
e) Box and Whisker diagrams (box plots)

9. Regression and Correlation

Scatter diagrams Regression function Linear correlation and regression

lines
Product moment correlation coefficient

10. Probability

Experimental Probability. Probability when outcomes are equally likely

Subjective probabilities Probabilities law. Probability rules for combined events
Conditional probability and independent events Probability trees. Bayes theorem

11. Random Variables and Distributions

a)Discrete and Continuous Random Variables ,Cumulative distribution

function Probability mass function and Probability density function
Expectation of random variables –Experimental Approach and theoretical
approach Expectation of X and variance X Expectation of function Exp(X)
b) Bernoulli Distribution Binomial Distribution Poisson Distribution
c) Uniform Distribution Normal Distribution Normal approximation to
Binomial Distribution Central limit Theorem

SUGGESTED READING

1. Edward Batschelet, (1992), 'Introduction to Mathematics for Life

Scientists'. 3rd Edition,
2. S. Dobbs and J. Miller, (2002), 'Statistics (Advanced Level Mathematics)',
Cambridge

Paper 4: P1: Practical

List of practical:
(Note: In all the following programmed, students should take examples from the
Bioinformatics.)
 1. Handling of computer and listing specifications and characteristics of all parts
of computer system available in the laboratory
2. Learning the intranet system in the laboratory and getting its characteristics
3. Use of some basic command on the internet to search routing and time of
routing in the internet (Use some basic command like Ping etc.)
4. Searching scientific information using NCBI, or any search engine.
5. Retrieval of data from NCBI / Swissprot data bank and analysis of motif
6. Identification of gene using gene scan
7. Prediction of protein secondary structure using J-pred
8. Multiple sequence alignment of plant protein using clustal –W
9. Retrieval of 3d structure of protein from PDB
10. Citation of literature using pub med
11. Phylogeny analysis of primates.
12. Pair wise alignment of DNA using BLAST
13. Construction of physical map .

Paper 5: P2: Practical

(Note: In all the following programmes, students should take examples from the
Bioinformatics.)

List of practical

1. Use of Windows operating system (Notepad, WordPad, calculator, paint,)

2. Use of Linux (basic commands)
3. Creating word file by using paragraphs, alignments
4. Create and print file using mail merge.
5. Working with spread sheet (all operations on cell like merging.)
6. Handling of different formula/function
7. Using function wizard
8. Calculate regression and correlation use excel
9. Using different distribution.
10. Creation of presentation

Suggested readings

1 Jean Lichel Claverie and Cedric Notredame, (2003), Bioinformatics - A ' Beginners
Guide. Wiley -dream tech India Pvt. Ltd.

2. D. Baxevanis and F. Oulette, (2002), "Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the

analysis of genes and proteins", Wiley

3. D. W. Mount, (2001), Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis, Cold Spring

Harbour Laboratory Press.

Paper 6: Database and web enabling technologies

Outline of Course

Unit 1. Introduction to databases

Unit 2. Entities Relationship model
Unit 3. Relational Algebra and Calculus
 Unit 4. Issues in designing relational database
Unit 5. Query language and query optimization-
Unit 6. Database system architecture
Unit 7. Introduction to ASNl and NCBI data model
Unit 8. Basics of Internet and WWW
Unit 9. Web server
Unit 10. HTML
Unit 11. Introduction to XML and its difference with HTML

Detailed Syllabus
1. Introduction to databases
Why Database Systems, Data abstraction and data models, instances
and schemes, Database Administrator, Data Definition and manipulation
languages, brief introduction to network and hierarchical models.

2. Entities Relationship model :

Entity and entity Sets, relationship and relationship Sets E-R diagram,
reducing E-R diagrams to Tables and trees.

3. Relational Algebra and Calculus :

Relational algebraic operation such as select project, Union set

Difference, Cartesian Product, intersections natural join, division, generalized
Projection outer join etc, tuple relational Calculus domain relational Calculus

4. Issues in designing relational databases :

Pitfalls in relational database design, decomposition, importance of

normalization, functional dependencies, Boyce-Code Normal form, third normal
form and fourth normal form.

5. Query language and query optimization :

Domain types in SQL, Schema definition in SQL, Type of SQL

commands, SQL operators, tables, views, indexes, aggregate functions, insert,
delete and update operations, join, union, intersection, minus etc. in SQL,
queries, sub-queries, equivalence of queries

6. Database system architecture :

Introduction to centralized system, client server system, parallel

system and distributed system,

7. Introduction to ASNI and NCBI data model:

Why data model specialized is required for biological sequences,

different data types supported by ASNI and how they are used for storage of
 different types of information, reading of NCBI data using freely available
NCBI
toolbox.

8. Basics of Internet and WWW

Introduction to Internet, TPC/IP, WWW, FTP, registration with ISP,

Internet connection wizard, URL, http

9. Web server

Role of web server, a brief introduction to Apache. Introduction to

PSW, capabilities of PSW, installation of PSW, role of COI program,
Configuring PSW for Perl/CGI, configuring system Data Source Name (DSN),
publishing dynamic applications, creating web pages from information
contained in a data base, creation of internet database connection file,
simple CGI programming using Perl for simple form processing, use of
ODI3C drivers to connect a database -role of internet database connector
(.idc) files and HTML (.htm) files.

10. HTML

Introduction, common tags, creation of hyper link, incorporation of

images, Tables, Frames, formatting text with font

11. Introduction to XML and its differences with HTML

SUGGESTED READING

1. H. M. Dietel, P. J. Dietel and T. R. Nieto, Internet and World Wide Web- how
to program, Pearson Education India

2. A. Silberschatz , H.F. Korth and and S. Sudarshan, Database System

Concepts., McGraw-Hill lnterenational

3. A. Leon and M. Leon, (1999), Database Management Systems, Leon Vicas

4. C. J. Date: Introduction to Database Systems.

Paper 7: Programming And Problem Solving Through 'C' Language

Outline of Course

Unit 1. Introduction to Programming

Unit 2. Algorithms for Problem Solving
Unit 3 Introduction to 'C' Language
Unit 4 Conditionals and Loops
Unit 5 Arrays
Unit 6 Functions
 Unit 7 Structures and Unions
Unit 8 Pointers
Unit 9 Self Referential Structures and Linked Lists
Unit 10 File Processing

Detailed Syllabus

1. Introduction to Programming

The Basic Model of Computation, Algorithms, Flow-charts, Programming

Languages, Compilation, Linking and Loading, Testing and Debugging,
Documentation

2. Algorithms for Problem Solving

Exchanging values of two variables, summation of a set of numbers,

Decimal Base to Binary Base conversion, Reversing digits of an integer, GCD
(Greatest Common Division) of two numbers, Test whether a number is prime,
Organize numbers in ascending order, Find square root of a number, factorial
computation, Fibonacci sequence, Evaluate 'sin x' as sum of a series, Reverse order
of elements of an array, Find largest number in an array, Print elements of upper
triangular matrix, multiplication of two matrices, Evaluate a Polynomial

3. Introduction to'C' Language

Character set, Variables and Identifiers, Built-in Data Types, Variable

definition, Arithmetic operators and Expressions, Constants and Literals, Simple
assignment statement, Basic input/output statement, Simple 'C' programs

4. Conditional Statements and Loops

Decision making within a program Conditions, Relational Operators, Logical

Connectives statement, if-else statement loops: while loop, do while, for loop,
Nested loops, Infinite loops, Switch statement, structured Programming

5. Arrays

One dimensional arrays: Array manipulation; Searching, Insertion, Deletion

of an element from an array; Finding the largest/smallest element in an array; Two
dimensional arrays, Addition/Multiplication of two matrix, Transpose of a square
matrix; Null terminated strings as array of characters, Representation sparse
matrices.

6. Functions

Top-down approach of problem solving, Modular programming and functions,

Standard Library of C functions, Prototype of a function: Formal parameter list,
Return Type, Function call, Block structure, Passing arguments to a Function: call by
reference, call by value, Recursive Functions, arrays as function arguments.
7. Structures and Unions

Structure variables, initialization, and structure assignment. Nested

structure, structures and functions, structures and arrays: arrays of structures,
structures containing arrays, unions.

8. Pointers

Add operators, pointer type declaration, pointer assignment, pointer

initialization, pointer arithmetic, functions and pointers, Arrays and Pointers, pointer
arrays

9. Self Referential Structures and linked lists

Creation of a singly connected linked list, Traversing a linked list, Insertion

into a linked list, Deletion from a linked list

10. File Processing

Concept of Files, File opening in various modes and closing of a file, Reading
from a file, Writing onto a file

SUGGESTED READING

1.Byron Gottfried, (2000), "Programming with C" Second edition, Tata McGrawhill

2. E. Balaguruswami , (1996),"Programming with ANSI-C", First Edition, Tata

McGraw Hill.
3 A. Kamthane, (2002), "Programming with ANSI & Turbo C", First Edition, Pearson
Education
4 Venugopal and Prasad, (1997), "Programming with 'C"', First Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill.
5 B.W. Kernighan & D.M.Ritchie, (2001), '"The C Programming Language", Second
Edition, Prentice Hall of India
6 R.O. Dromey, (2001), "How to solve it by Computer", Seventh Edition, Prentice
Hall of India.

Paper 8: P3 : Practical

(Note: In all the following programmes, students should take examples from
the Bioinformatics as far as possible.)

List of practical

Assignment-1 Write a 'C' program to conver1 polar co-ordinates to Cartesian co-

ordinates and vice-versa.

Assignment-2 Write a 'C' program to find out the maximum and minimum of three
integers read as input
Assignment-3 Write a 'C' program to read an integer’s' and print whether 'n' is a
prime number or not.

Assignment-4 Write a 'c' program to read an array of 'n' numbers and to sort an
array using selection sort algorithm.

Assignment-5 Consider a matrix of O's and 1's. A sequence of successive 1 's along
a row, or a column, or a diagonal is defined to be a line. The number of 1 's in a line
is called its length. Write a 'c' program to find out the line with the maximum length
in sum a matrix.

Assignment-6 Write a recursive 'C' function to compute the greatest common

divisor of two positive integers.

Assignment-7 Define a structure for a student having name, roll number and marks
obtained in six subjects. Assume that "all Students" is an array of students. Write 'C'
functions to: (a) print the name and roll numbers of the students who have secured
highest marks in each subject; (b) print the name and roll number of the student
who has secured highest total marks. Write a 'C' program to read details of 'n'
students and call the above functions to generate a report.

Assignment-8 Write a 'C' functions to insert a number properly into a already

sorted linked list of numbers. Use this function repeatedly to sort a series of numbers
provided at the input.

Assignment-9 Define a self referential structure for representing a simple (inked list
of integers. Write a 'C' functions to split the list into two lists so that the first list
contains all even numbered elements and the second list contains only odd
numbered elements.
For example, if the original list is {2, 8,1,14,6,18,0, and 17} then the resultant first
list would be {8, 14, 18, and 17} and the second list would be {2. 1,6, O}.

Assignment-10 Write 'C' functions to I (a) copy the content of one file to
another;(b) count the number of Words in a file; Assume that a word is a sequence
of letters ending With a blank. or a tab. Of ~11 end of line marker or end of file or
punctuation symbols such as “,", “.”, “!” and “?".Write a 'C' program to open a file
and call the above functions to count the no. of words in the file.

Paper 9: (P4)Practical

(Note: In all the following programmes, students should take examples from the
Bioinformatics as far as possible.)

SQL Assignment

Using the following tables:

• PET_OWNER (OwnerID, Name, Phone, Email, Street, City, State, Zip)

• PET (PetID, Name, Type, Breed, DOB, OwnerID)
Write SQL statements to do the following:

1. Write CREATE TABLE statements to create the tables shown above. (Be sure
to first check to see if the table already exists and drop the old one if
necessary.)
2. Write SQL statements to add at least 3 rows to the PET_OWNER table.
3. Write SQL statements to add at least 5 rows to the PET table.
4. Write a SQL statement to display all of the columns and all of the rows of PET.
Do not use * notation.
5. Write a SQL statement to display the Name, Breed and Type of all pets on
file.
6. Write a SQL statement to display the Name, Breed and Type for all pets that
are of the Type "Dog" and the Breed "Poodle".
7. Write a SQL statement to display the Name, Breed, and Type for all pets that
are not of Type Cat, Dog, or Fish.
8. Write a SQL statement to display all owners in the 10012 zipcode.
9. Write a SQL statement to display the pet's Name, Breed, and the owner's
name.
10. Write a SQL statement to count the number of pets on file.
11. Write a SQL statement to count the number of pets in the 10003 zipcode.
12. Write a SQL statement to display the name and phone number of all cat
owners.

Paper 10 : Perl Programming And Application To Bioinformatics

Unit 1 Biology and Computer Science

Unit 2 Getting Started with Perl
Unit 3 The Art of Programming
Unit 4 Sequences and Strings
Unit 5 Motifs and Loops
Unit 6 Subroutines and Bugs
Unit 7 Mutations and Randomization
Unit 8 The Genetic Code
Unit 9 Restriction Maps and Regular Expressions
Unit 10 GenBank
Unit 11Protein Data Ban
Unit 12 BLAST

1. Biology and Computer Science

The Organization of DNA The Organization of Proteins In Silico Limits to

Computation

2. Getting Started with Perl

A Low and Long Learning Curve Perl's Benefits Installing Perl on Your
Computer How to Run Perl Programs Text Editors Finding Help

3. The Art of Programming

Individual Approaches to Programming Edit-Run-Revise (and Save) An

Environment of Programs Programming Strategies The Programming Process
4. Sequences and Strings

Representing Sequence Data A Program to Store a DNA Sequence

concatenating DNA Fragments Transcription: DNA to RNA Using the Perl
Documentation Calculating the Reverse Complement in Perl Proteins, Files, and
Arrays Reading Proteins in Files Arrays Scalar and List Context

5. Motifs and Loops

Flow Control Code Layout Finding Motifs Counting Nucleotides Exploding

Strings into Arrays Operating on Strings Writing to Files

6. Subroutines and Bugs

Subroutines Scoping and Subroutines Command-Line Arguments and Arrays

Passing Data to Subroutines Modules and Libraries of Subroutines Fixing Bugs in
Your Code

7. Mutations and Randomization

Random Number Generators A Program Using Randomization A Program to

Simulate DNA Mutation Generating Random DNA analyzing DNA

8. The Genetic Code

Hashes Data Structures and Algorithms for Biology The Genetic Code
Translating DNA into Proteins Reading DNA from Files in FASTA Format Reading
Frames

9. Restriction Maps and Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions Restriction Maps and Restriction Enzymes Perl

Operations

10. GenBank

GenBank Files GenBank Libraries Separating Sequence and Annotation

Parsing Annotations Indexing GenBank with DBM

11. Protein Data Bank

Files and Folders PDB Files Parsing PDB Files Controlling Other Programs

12. BLAST

Obtaining BLAST String Matching and Homology BLAST Output Files

Parsing BLAST Output Presenting Data Bioperl

SUGGESTED READINDS

James Tisdall, 200I "Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics", O'Reilly & Associates.
, (200I) Learning Perl, 3rd Edition.
Paper 11 : : Basics Of Genomics And Proteomics

Unit 1. Biology In Genomics

Unit 2. Introduction To Genomics
Unit 3. Genetic Mapping
Unit 4.Physical Mapping
Unit 5. DNA Sequencing
Unit 6. Functional Analysis With cDNA
Unit 7. Model Systems
Unit 8. Proteomics

1Biology In Genomics

Mendelian Genetics and Cytogenetics Population Genetics Quantitative Genetics

Molecular Genetics

2 Introduction To Genomics

Genomes Biological Techniques in Genomics Mapping Populations Genetic

Markers

3 Genetic Mapping

Family Studies Complex Traits Genetic Maps Identification of DNA

polymorphism The importance of SNPs DNA typing; Pharmacogenomics.

4 Physical Mapping

Cytogenetics Chromosome painting and FISH

Micro-dissection and Flow sorting.

5 Physical Mapping

Gene Isolation Long Range and Global Physical Mapping Integration of

Genetic and Physical Maps Isolation of genes from genomic DNA; by cDNA; exon
traps; gene prediction. Transient expression of Transgenes DGGE in mutation
detection

6 DNA Sequencing

Sequencing Strategies Templates Chemistries Labelling and Detection Future

Methods.

7 Functional Analysis With Cdna

DNA Chips Expression Analysis Bioinformatics For Large Data Sets

8 Model Systems

Mouse Human Drosphila NematodesArabidopsis Rice Soybean

9. Proteomics
 2-D GelsES And MALDI-TOF MS Antibody Applications Future Prospects

SUGGESTED READINDS

Discovering Genomics proteomics and Bioinformatics by A. Malcolm Campbell and

L.J. Heyer
Paper 12: Project

Project should be based on

1. Metabolomics
2. Pharmaco genomic
3. Protein folding
4. Micro array based
5. Gene prediction
6. Statically methods
7. Algorithm development
8. Data Mining
9. Proteome analysis
10. Any current topics

Paper 13 : Seminar 50 marks

Any one of following

1. Seminar on the application of bioinformatics in advance biotechnology

2. Seminar on the application of bioinformatics drug designing
3. Seminar on the application of bioinformatics in genetics
4. Seminar on application of bioinformatics in advance molecular biotechnology
5. Seminar on application of bioinformatics in gene therapy
6. Any other emerging area in bioinformatics