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Prevalent Crime Amidst Pandemic and Prevention Strategies Implemented by PNP Toril District: Basis For Crime Prevention
Prevalent Crime Amidst Pandemic and Prevention Strategies Implemented by PNP Toril District: Basis For Crime Prevention
CRIME PREVENTION
Cristian C. Moldes
Wendy V. Culiao
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The most common criminal occurrence from January 2020 to January 2021,
according to data received from the PNP Toril Police Station 8, is theft. This is
based on the monthly report crime statistics of the Police Station 8. The major
goal of this study is to examine the effectiveness of the PNP Toril Police Station
community quarantine measures in the country amidst the Covid-19 have been in
effect for six months. During this time, then Joint Task Force Covid Shield
commander, Lt. Gen. Guillermo Eleazar, said from 31,661 incidents of focus
crimes recorded between Sept. 15, 2019 to March 16 2020, the figure dropped to
only 16,879 from March 17 to Sept. 16. The decline in crime incidents in the
country translates to an average of 92 cases per day during the 184 days of the
the six-month pre-quarantine. The article simply states that as a result of PNP
for focus offenses, have decreased. The figure depicts the total average of
national criminality. This aims to give a preliminary assessment of the PNP Toril
Station 8 response to the prevalence crime during COVID-19 pandemic. Using
crime statistics and existing studies of strategies of PNP Toril amidst pandemic
the study evaluates how the government has so far performed in key areas and
situates them within the resilience strategic framework Blanchet et. al (2017),
interdependence. A year into the crisis, the Philippine government still has a lot
unexpected shocks, building trust and legitimacy among the public, and forging
system amidst the pandemic. With that, this paper provides further practical
prevention. In addition, some points for further study are also briefly discussed at
the end to further investigate the dynamics of the strategic planning in preventing
local level. Many studies conducted about the effectiveness of PNP strategies
towards the prevalent crime during the Covid-19 pandemic which trying to seeks
to determine factors that greatly affects the crime prevention programs of PNP
towards the prevalence crimes in the state. At the onset of government- imposed
measures to manage the health crisis, the coercive apparatus of the state was
likewise given extensive roles and no less than Duterte himself constantly
Specifically, PNP was immediately put on the spotlight by Duterte during his first
press conference on the crisis, as they were instructed to coordinate with the
mitigate the spread of COVID-19. In mobilizing PNP amid the pandemic, Duterte
assured the public: “It is not a martial law. It’s not even something extraordinary.
the response apparatus by assigning significant roles to the military and members
of PNP to manage the society and by appointing former generals in vital positions
within the IATF-EID. On March 24, 2020, Duterte (2020b) announced that PNP
and Local Government (DILG), and Armed Forces of the Philippines would be
strategy to deal with the COVID-19 problem and its aftermath” of the
government ( Gotinga & Tomacruz, 2020 ). Also, the National Task Force
Eduardo Año as his co-chair and Peace Process Adviser Carlito Galvez as chief
and Natural Resources Secretary Roy Cimatu as the COVID-19 overseer for
Cebu City 4 and Baguio City mayor Benjamin Magalong as the country’s
“contact tracing czar.” 5 Lorenza, Año, Galvez, and Cimatu were all former
cabinet members, while Magalong was a former PNP Deputy Chief for
Operations before being elected as city mayor. Aside from militarizing the
the police and civilians arose in Barangay Bagong Pagasa, Quezon City
had been severely affected by the lockdown. They reportedly arrived in the area
upon learning that relief will be provided to them. Instead of the anticipated aid,
however, they were unexpectedly met with violent force by the police which
to work and adapt in order to protect the people. Several nationwide data
gathering projects were launched in the early months of the pandemic to learn
more about what police agencies were doing at the organizational level to combat
the problem. Individual officers' viewpoints, particularly how they felt about their
different agencies guaranteeing safety and balancing risk, were mostly absent
from these early debates. The Philippines has been under siege during the
pandemic, both as a result of the virus's attack and the Duterte administration's
hasty answers to the crisis. Rather than viewing the pandemic as a global health
authority in order to restore social order and play key roles within the state's
personnel sat behind Duterte during the announcement of the lockdown measures
enforced in the National Capital Region (NCR) on March 12, 2020, not only to
project the "optics of authority," but also as a "means of signaling this is now a
peace and order issue” (David, 2020). The use of coercive apparatus by the
Migdal's (2001) argument about the importance of magnifying the state's sense of
invincibility. In a society dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, the state's level
of power—or the people's perception of it—is critical, because the more powerful
the state is perceived to be, "the more likely subjects are to accept it in their
ordinary lives and, in the process, reduce the burden of enforcing all of its
dictates" (Migdal, 2001, pp. 114–115). Given the circumstances created by the
crisis, maintaining social order is arguably critical, putting the state, particularly
the executive authority, at the center of the issue, particularly in terms of how it
will enforce policies, effect public compliance, mobilize its coercive apparatus,
and mitigate the pandemic's negative effects. Nonetheless, the overt influence and
Rather than being mobilized to maintain social order, Duterte has used the PNP to
19, the explicit and excessive mobilization of the state's coercive apparatus—
Duterte immediately put the PNP in the spotlight during his first press conference
on the crisis, instructing them to coordinate with the Inter-Agency Task Force on
not martial law," Duterte assured the public as the PNP was mobilized to combat
the virus. It's nothing out of the norm. But what's being sought—being what's
sought to be solved here is, once again, walang iba (nothing else) except to
to key positions within the IATF-EID and assigning substantial duties to the
military and members of the PNP in managing society. Aside from militarizing
the response infrastructure, the PNP was also given more license to use violence
The main aim of this study is to determine and explain the prevalent crimes and
prevention strategies implemented by the PNP Toril District as basis for crime
3. To assess the strategy implemented by PNP Toril District basis for crime
prevention
4. To describe the relationship between the prevalent crime and the strategy
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the prevalent crime and the
This section presents the readings of the researchers on topic related to literature
reviewed which would help in the conceptualization of this study. The review
Early criminology research attempted to show a link between crime and a variety
of influencing elements such as demographics [1], economics [10, 14, 22], and
unemployment [12, 13, 15]. These research have been going on for a long time,
demonstrating links between crime and numerous influencing factors. Kelly [14],
for example, looked at the relationship between inequality and crime in urban
counties in the United States and found that the most socially disadvantaged
people committed the most violent crimes; the study concluded that the most
pressure and incentives to commit crime, leading to violent crimes. Hojman [12]
Latin American cities, taking into consideration the diversity of cities and
crime. Poveda [10] investigated socioeconomic factors and violent crime in seven
Columbian communities. Several studies have looked into the trends of crime.
There are two types of patterns: spatial patterns and temporal patterns. Spatial
patterns refer to the location of crime, such as downtown, residential districts, and
entertainment districts, whereas temporal patterns refer to the time periods and
al. [5] developed a Bayesian-based crime prediction model. They separated the
characteristics of crime scenes into two types of regions: private and public. They
events, using a discrete distance decay function. Finally, geographic profiles were
integrated with Bayesian learning theory to accurately forecast the location of the
next criminal occurrence. Gorr et al. [4] presented a one-month time horizon
strategy for short-term crime prediction. They used data from five types of crimes
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania between 1990 and 1998. They also used data from the
data. They compared ten statistical analysis approaches, including regression and
occurrences, such as general crimes being more prominent in the summer due to
increased social engagement, and burglaries and robberies being more prevalent
terrorism are all moderately high in the Philippines. In 2020, the country was
ranked in the bottom five of the Asia Pacific region's order and security rating.
The Philippines was also among the countries with the highest incarceration rate
per 100,000 people. Poorer neighborhoods and locations with more inhabitants
and higher unemployment had higher crime rates. The number of crimes
committed in the Philippines decreased dramatically in 2020 compared to the
lockdown limitations. The most common index or focus crime was theft,
followed by rape and physical injury. These were crimes that were regarded
Meanwhile, as more Filipinos use digital services, there has been an increase in
Several academics have looked into how crime rates have changed with the
and using different methodology and time periods. These early academic works,
Francisco and a 50 percent drop in Oakland after the city issued some of the most
restrictive and early stay-at-home orders in the US, beginning March 16th, 2020
varied consequences by crime type and location during the first few weeks of the
crisis (January to March 23rd—before some states and areas issued stay-at-home
orders). In Austin, Los Angeles, Memphis, and San Francisco, for example,
places.
Felson, Jiang, and Xu (2020) looked at burglary in Detroit during three periods,
one before stay-at-home orders were in place and the other two after they were
(March 10th to March 23rd and March 24th to March 31st). Their data revealed a
32 percent decrease in burglary overall, with the third quarter showing the most
significant drop. However, in block groups with larger residential parcels, the
what crime would have been if the COVID-19 epidemic had not occurred in Los
Angeles across two time periods (the first ending March 16th and the second
ending March 28th). When the actual crime data was compared to the
in overall crime during the pandemic. Similarly, the second model (which ended
percent), shoplifting (14 percent), stealing (21 percent), and battery (11 percent).
While studies of calls for police service do not directly assess crime rates, they
on 911 calls during the pandemic yielded varied results. Lum, Maupin, and Stoltz
10 major US cities between the first identified cases of COVID-19 in early March
and the first identified cases of COVID-19 in the US. However, once stay-at-
home orders were enforced, Ashby discovered that calls for service decreased,
though not uniformly across call kinds or cities. Mohler et al. (2020) analyzed
police calls for service in Los Angeles and Indianapolis between January and
mid-April, concluding that there was some impact on police calls for service, but
on activities, finding an 8.8% drop in total reported crime despite the country's
unchanged. At the lower end of the confidence interval, Payne and Morgan
(2020) found that assaults, sexual violations, and domestic violence were not
statistically different from what was projected under 'normal' conditions in March
in Australia. They warned against drawing any conclusions too quickly based on
this information because the government orders arrived only a few weeks into the
trial.
These preliminary reports show that crime rates have changed, although
question of this pandemic among crime researchers will be, "Why have crime
boost crime reduction in the future?" is the corollary. "The data and opportunity
at levels never seen before, and every effort should be made to collect data and
encourage the study of crime." This research note aims to identify and encourage
these lines of inquiry, to encourage researchers to delve deeply into the data made
available by the pandemic, and to provide the impetus for not only determining
why crime fell, but also for how to use this knowledge pragmatically once the
across all categories. Consider the case of retail theft. After the stay-at-home
directives were imposed, the retail sector saw an 85 percent drop in foot traffic
(Jahshan, 2020); many stores are shuttered, reducing the chance for larceny and
stealing across the city. However, in establishments that remain open, such as
'necessary' retailers, theft may persist (and even rise). These thefts could be the
prevention).
specificity. This type of crime, probably more than any other, thrives among a
This study aims to explain and determine the Prevalent Crimes Amidst Pandemic
crime prevenetion. We all know that the COVID-19 outbreak is posing enormous
hurdles to police forces all around the world. These difficulties stem from the
complexity and huge scope of the tasks that the police are expected to carry out,
as well as the changing character of the police function during the pandemic. This
study also identify the frequent crimes in Toril Distirct and to assess their
strategies implemented by the PNP. Base on the data gathered, the most frequent
crime occurence from January 2020 to January 2021 is theft. Victims and other
targets, as well as their interactions with the environment or context, are now
(Clarke and Cornish 1986) in which crimes occur and aggregate crime rates are
calculated. Since theft is the frequent crime occurs during pandemic, the
increasingly the focus of research (Ratcliffe and McCullagh 1998; Pease 1998;
Farrell and Pease 2000). The negative binomial and other statistical techniques
have been used to incorporate recurrent victimization and the distribution of ime
in statistical models (Osborn et al. 1996; Osborn and Tseloni 1998; Tseloni and
target, they learn that it is suitable, and that if it continues intact, they can
victimize it again - therefore successful crime increases the likelihood of a repeat.
These theories are consistent with the rational choice perspective of offending
(Becker 1968, Cornish and Clarke 1986, 2000), in which recurring victimization
Aside from completing the very difficult task of law enforcement operations, the
Philippine National Police (PNP) has fought an extraordinary battle this year,
Duterte's appointment in January, Gen. Archie Gamboa became the PNP's top
leadership qualities were put to the ultimate test two months after assuming the
PNP chiefship, when he led the police force in maintaining peace and order while
also assisting in the prevention of the spread of Covid-19. Gamboa's term saw a
for six months during the Covid-19 outbreak. Lt. Gen. Guillermo Eleazar, the
then-commander of Joint Task Force Covid Shield, revealed that from September
15, 2019 and March 16, this year, there were 31,661 cases of target crimes
recorded, but only 16,879 between March 17 and September 16. The PNP also
reported a 46 percent decrease in target crimes in the country over the 226-day
community quarantine period (March 17 to Oct. 28, 2020), with 21,729 crimes
compared to 39,920 prior to the community quarantine (Aug. 4, 2019 to March
16, 2020). This amounts to an average of 96 cases per day during the quarantine
period, down from an average of 177 cases per day before to the quarantine
period. The eight priority crimes are used by the Philippine National Police to
gauge the country's peace and order situation. Murder, homicide, bodily harm,
rape, robbery, theft, vehicle theft, and motorbike theft are among them.
Meanwhile, Gamboa, the PNP's 23rd chief (2021), noted that empowering people
has become a primary focus for him, stressing that the police force's most
valuable resource is its people. As a result, he claims, PNP operational units have
This study is premised on the idea that prevalent crimes amidst pandemic and
suggest that people’s behavior to becomes agressive but that this does not lead to
an increase in crime. According to the routine activity theory , people are more
that the rsik of crime increases. However, several research have found no
exists regarding the elements that put people at risk of criminal behavior.
Theoretical approaches to explaining the link between those risk factors and
these hypotheses, and it is possible that the postulated incidental mechanisms are
to blame. Most crime prevention programs are founded on one or more of the
Human cognition and its development, as well as how this relates to criminal
neglect, abuse, supervision, and the parents' own anti-social or criminal behavior
programs in health and education that assist children's healthy development; and
risk-taking, anti-social behavior, and alcohol and other drug misuse by teens,
according to study.
Another theory that concerned with where crime occurs and how physical
building design, and public space design affect crime, as well as how physical
licensed premises so that patrons do not come into conflict as they leave; and
according to the economic theory of crime. As a result, factors that raise the
the severity of punishment) while lowering the expected benefits (for example,
IV V
The results of the study will help the PNP of Toril District to develop their
information and knowledge. Further, this study will provide them new insights of
how and why a certain crime exist: thus, enable them to re-establish strategies in
The findings of the study will also help the people of Toril enable them to knew
Moreover, findings of the study will also provide educational institutions which
new insights relevant to study and community: thus, result of the study can also
serve as basis for future planning, decisions, in terms of crime prevention and
supression. Finally, results of the study will provide future researchers with
This study shall be limited only to the prevalent crimes amidst pandemic and
prevention strategies implemented by PNP of Toril District basis for crime
prevention program. This study shall also be limited to the PNP Toril District.
This study is also limited during the pandemic from January 2020 to January
2021, as it only includes annual information from the PNP Toril District Station
8.
Due of the pandemic and the government's strict implementation of health
procedures, there will be designated personnel for data collection in order to
prevent the spread of the Corona virus.
Chapter 2
METHODS
This section discusses the important details about the implementation of the study
presented herein are the research design, research locale, respondents of the
Research Design
prevelance crime and the strategies implemented by PNP of Toril District, further
this study explored the relationship between the strength of Relevance Crime and
This study was conducted at PNP Toril District since this study focuses on
Toril PNP espicifically the investigation unit. Futhermore, this study are for PNP
Toril District.
The Respondents of the study are the Investigation Unit of Toril PN. The used
Research Instrument
an instrument for data collection. The Research Instrument are divided into 2
parts. The first: The first part is prevention strategy survey questionnaire pertains
to the measurement of the respondents prevention strategy using the 5 point likert
scale. Indicators were ratings of frequency such as, always, sometimes, often,
The second part of instrument is the prevalent crime survey questionnaire are
divided into parts the first part has 5 items the instrument used 4 point likert scale
were degree of responses are: strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree and
disagree shall be used to describe the range interpretation. The second part of the
instrument has 5 item questionnaire which focueses on eight (8) focus crime shall
Face and content validation was set prior to the administration of the research
instrument Treece (1996) states that the instruments selected a research should be
the study was submitted rchers asked the consent of the respondents to their
about prevalent crimes and prevention strategies. A briesf orientation were given
in relation of the purpose if the study. Its significance and the guarantee of the
Finally, after filling up the Research instrument the data were tabulated on the
data.
Data Analysis
The following statistical tool were used in the data processing and analysis of
results. Frequency count and percentage distribution was used to describe the
proportion of the sample of prevalent crimes. Mean and Standard deviation was
sample T-TEst was used to compare Prevalent crime and prevention strategies.
Lastly person product moment correlation was used to measure degree and
The researchers of this study strictly followed the confidentiality of the gathered
data of the respondents. The researchers also abided by existing intellectual ways
and copyrights by citing the names of the auhtors whose writing were used in this
study. Finally, the researchers are honest in the findings of the study.