EXPERIMENT 3: Acid Base Titration

NAME: Daffa Madri Atha

MATRIC NUMBER: 201438

DEMO : NUR FATIMA’ AL-ZAHARA’ BINTI TUAN MOHAMOOD

LECTURE’S NAME : Dr. Ili Syazana Johari

DATE : 19November 2021

OBJECTIVE
1. Titrate the NaOH solution with a standard HCl solution to determine its
concentration.
2. Titrate a sample of white vinegar against a standard solution of NaOH to determine
its concentration.
INTRODUCTION
An acid-base titration is a method of determining the unknown quantity of an acid or
base by precisely neutralizing it with a known concentration acid or base. This allows us to
assess the concentration of the unknown solution quantitatively. Chemical purity can also be
measured using acid-base titrations. There are many types of titrations and they all involve a
specific chemical reaction. In acid-base titrations, the reaction is a neutralization between an
acid and a base. Titrations are usually carried out with a burette. The burette is filled with a
standardized solution (a solution whose concentration is precisely known) and the volume
required to completely react with the unknown solution is measured. The endpoint of the
titration is the visible indication (usually a color change) that the reaction is complete. In order
to observe the endpoint, a suitable indicator must be used. An acid-base indicator is a
compound which changes color at a certain pH. In this experiment you will use phenolphthalein
as the indicator. It is a compound which changes color at a pH close to the equivalence point
of the titration. At the equivalence point, equal moles of H+ and OH have reacted.

In this experiment, the apparatus that will used are burette, burette stands and clamp,
volumetric pipette, graduated cylinder, Erlenmeyer flask, and wash bottles. The volumetric
pipette for using is 10 ml and also for the graduate cylinder. The chemical that used in this
experiment are acetic acid , 0.1 HCL solution, NaOH , and phenolphthalein. Part A of this
experiment purpose to calculated the unknown NaOH solution. At the end of part A , the
samples are ready to observed with a hope colour change from the experiment and recording
the final volume base in the burette. In part B, the acetic acid is used in this section to titrate
with the samples from part A samples. The purpose from the part B experiment its same with
the part A to record the final volume of base.

The goal of titration (also known as volumetric analysis) is to determine the analyte
quantity or concentration using a known titrant concentration. Chemical reactions are used in
titrations, and these reactions must meet four criteria:

• The response must be quick enough to occur immediately after the titrant is added.in less than
one second
• The response must be finished.
• The stoichiometry of the reaction must be well-known (reaction ratios)
• A simple approach for detecting endpoints must be available.

A burette and a graduated cylinder that holds the titrant are used for manual titration.
Reading the difference between the volume of titrant in the burette before the titration and
when the endpoint is responded, determines the amount of titrant utilized in the titration. The
Reading the burette volumes is the most critical factor in making accurate titrations. Analyte is
a chemical substance that is the subject of chemical analysis.

METHODOLOGY
DATA AND CALCULATION
Volume Base of NaOH
1 2 3
Initial volume [mL] 16.60 0.60 16.40
Final volume [mL] 32.30 16.40 32.18
Average 32.75 8.5 24.29

Volume Base of CH3COOH

1 2 3
Initial volume [mL] 1.50 0.50 24.60
Final volume [mL] 25.50 24.55 48.52
Average 13.5 12.52 36.56
DISCUSSION
Titration is process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a
sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another
substance with which the desired constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion. Titrant is
a substance (such as a reagent solution of precisely known concentration) that is added in
titration. Analyte is a chemical substance that is the subject of chemical analysis. End point is
the point during a titration when an indicator shows that the amount of reactant necessary for
a complete reaction has been added to a solution. Equivalence point is the point in a titration
where the amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the analyte solution.
Standard solution is solutions that contain a known and accurate amount (i.e. concentration) of
a substance or element. Balance equation is an equation for a chemical reaction in which the
number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge is the same for both the
reactants and the products.

Phenolphthalein function is used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this

application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. We can replace it
by using the methyl orange because, is one of the indicators commonly used in titrations.

An acid – base titration is used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or

base by neutralizing it with an acid or base of known concentration. Neutralization is the
reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and a neutralized base.

Once the solution begins to change color and the new color persists for at least 30
seconds, you have reached the end point of your titration. red and blue litmus papers can reveal
whether a substance is acidic or alkaline, they cannot tell you the exact pH value of that
substance. However, litmus papers are easy to handle and use. They give instantaneous
readings and provide accurate results most of the time.

ASSIGNMENT
1.
Most titrations depend on precise pH measurements. Water has pH of seven, which is neutral.
When you add it to an acid or base, it dilutes that solution and brings the pH closer to seven.
As long as the account for this dilution in your titration calculations, the addition of water
should not cause errors in your results.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that the titration method relying on visual detection of the end
point allows for fairly precise determination of the unknown concentration (relative error less
than 1%). The precision and accuracy of the method can be improved by (i) fitting the burette
with an electronic device to control the flow of the fluid, (ii) using a spectrophotometer to
detect the color change at the end point of the titration, and (iii) using a special small-volume
chamber where two solutions – basic and acidic – can be rapidly mixed in order to prevent a
time lag from slow diffusion.
PRECAUTION
1. We have to use the right indicator for acid and base
2. Use the right measurement for this experiment
3. Use apparatus using the right dose for this experiment because, this experiment is using
an acid luquid

REFERENCES
What Is a Balanced Equation in Chemistry? (2019, November 7). ThoughtCo. Retrieved

2019, from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-balanced-equation-and-examples-

604380

acid-base indicators. (2014). Chemguide. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/indicators.html

Gillespie, C. (2019, March 2). What Substances Turn Red Litmus Paper Blue? Sciencing.

https://sciencing.com/substances-red-litmus-paper-blue-5503464.html