EXPERIMENT 2: DILUTION

NAME: Daffa Madri Atha

MATRIC NUMBER: 201438

DEMO : NUR FATIMA’ AL-ZAHARA’ BINTI TUAN MOHAMOOD

LECTURE’S NAME : Dr. Ili Syazana Johari

DATE : 29 October 2021

OBJECTIVE
At the end of this experiment, the students should be able to:

1. Explain and know about the concept of molarity and mole

2. Do dilution of a solution based on MiVi = MfVf

INTRODUCTION
Knowing the concentration of a solution is required for quantitative analysis. The
concentration of a solute in a given amount of solution is defined as its concentration. Chemists
utilize a variety of concentration units, such as percent by mass, molarity, and normalcy. The
number of moles of solute in 1 L of solution is defined as molarity (M).
Molarity = moles of solute
Litres of solution

A stock solution is a concentrated solution that is frequently maintained in the

laboratory stockroom for future use. We frequently dilute these stock solutions before using
them. Dilution is the process of converting a more concentrated solution into a less
concentrated one. When performing a dilution process, keep in mind that adding additional
solvent to a given amount of stock solution alters the concentration of the solution without
increasing the number of moles of solutes present. Because, all the solute comes from the
original solution, we can conclude that mole of solute remains the same, that is;

MiVi = MfVf

Where Mi and Mf are the initial and final concentrations of the solution in molarity
and Vi and Vf are the initial and final volumes of the solution, respectively.

Serial dilutions involve diluting a stock or standard solution multiple times in a row.
Typically, the dilution factor remains constant for each dilution, resulting in an exponential
decrease in concentration. For example, a ten-fold serial dilution could result in the following
concentrations: 1 M, 0.1 M, 0.01 M, 0.001 M, and so on. As is evidenced in this example, the
concentration is reduced by a factor of ten in each step. Serial dilutions are used to accurately
create extremely diluted solutions, as well as solutions for experiments that require a
concentration curve with an exponential or logarithmic scale.

Dilution is the process of diluting a solution by adding more solvent to it to reduce its
concentration. This procedure maintains the solute concentration while increasing the total
amount of solution, resulting in a lower ultimate concentration. Dilution can also be
accomplished by combining a higher concentration solution with an equally lower
concentration solution. Because stock solutions are frequently acquired and stored in highly
concentrated quantities, diluting solutions is a required operation in the laboratory. To be used
in the lab (for a titration, for example), the solutions must be accurately diluted to a known,
lower concentration.

METHODOLOGY
Data and Calculation
Some examples in different colour changes of FeCl3 reacted with KCNS

DISCUSSION
Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually
simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution
means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute and serial dilution is the stepwise
dilution of a substance in solution. Usually, the dilution factor at each step is constant, resulting
in a geometric progression of the concentration in a logarithmic fashion. Then, Homogeneous
solutions are those that have a homogenous makeup. That is, a homogeneous solution contains
the same concentration of chemicals in every section of the solution. When we combine coffee
with boiled water, for example, we receive an equivalent concentration of coffee in the water.
As a result, it is a homogeneous solution. After that, molarity is the ratio of the moles of a
solute to the total liters of a solution and mole is the ratio of the moles of a solute to the
kilograms of a solvent. Stock solution is prepared by weighing out an appropriate portion of a
pure solid or by measuring out an appropriate volume of a pure liquid, placing it in a suitable
flask, and diluting to a known volume. Exactly how one measure’s the reagent depends on the
desired concentration unit. For example, to prepare a solution with a known molarity you weigh
out an appropriate mass of the reagent, dissolve it in a portion of solvent, and bring it to the
desired volume. To prepare a solution where the solute’s concentration is a volume percent,
you measure out an appropriate volume of solute and add sufficient solvent to obtain the desired
total volume.

Because stock solutions are frequently acquired and stored in highly concentrated
quantities, diluting solutions is a required operation in the laboratory. To be used in the lab (for
a titration, for example), the solutions must be accurately diluted to a known, lower
concentration. Diluting a sample will reduce the molarity. For, example if you have 5mL of a
2M solution which is diluted to a new volume of 10mL the molarity will be reduced to 1M.
Generally, dilution only decreases the intensity of the colour but does not change the
wavelength of absorbing light. Dilute aqueous potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) can be painted
on a surface or kept as a colorless solution. When in contact with ferric chloride solution (or
any other solution offering Fe +3), the production of the reaction is a solution with a blood red
color. This is due to the formation of the thiocyanatorium ion.

The quantity of mass per unit of volume in a substance is measured by density. The
amount of a material dissolved in another substance is referred to as concentration. The density
of a solution fluctuates as the concentration of the solution changes. Density is equal to the
mass of a substance divided by the volume of the substance. Increasing the amount of solute in
a solvent alters the particle composition in a given volume of solution. As a result, the mass
per unit of volume of the solution changes (density). A concentrated solution has a higher
solute-to-solvent ratio than other solutions containing the same solute and solvent. In
comparison to similar solutions, a diluted solution contains a lesser amount of solute.

CONCLUSION
In this lab, we can conclude that the molarity of a solution can be observed through it
sight as molarity and colour a related. As the molarity of a solution increases so does the
intensity of a colour, and as the molarity of a solution decrease the colour intensity also
decreases. We can also conclude that solution can be diluted by adding more solvent to lower
the molarity. From lab error, we can conclude that when we use a pipet not to plow the solution
back into its test tubes otherwise, it will go everywhere.
ASSIGNMENT
1. To study the effect of dissolved salt on the rusting of an iron sample, a student
prepared a solution of NaCl by dissolving 1.461 g of NaCl in enough water to make
250.0 mL of solution. What is the molarity of this solution?
Molarity = moles of solute
Litres of solution

The number of moles of NaCl is found using the formula mass of NaCl 58.443 g mol-1
1.461 g NaCl x 1 mol NaCl = 0.024999 mol NaCl
58.443 g mol-1
Volume solution = 0.2500L
The ratio of moles to liters is
0.024999 mol NaCl = 0.1 M NaCl
0.2500 L
2. Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, is used in fireworks to produce brilliant red colors.
Suppose we need to prepare 250.0 mL of 0.100 M Sr(NO3)2 solution. How many grams of
strontium nitrate are required?

Calculated the moles of Sr(NO2)2 Calculated the mass

n = 250 mL x 0.100 mmol = 25 mmol m = 25 mmol x 211.63 mg = 5.3 g
1 mL 1 mol

The mass of strontium nitrate required is 5.3 g

PRECAUTION
1. Wear gloves and eye and clothing protection when handling these reagents.
2. Avoid contact with the acidic
3. These materials should be handled as potentially infectious

REFERENCES
Mott, V. (2014). Dilutions of Solutions | Introduction to Chemistry. Vallerie Mott.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/dilutions-of-solutions/

Technology Networks. (2020, May 4). Molarity vs Molality: Formula and Definitions.

Analysis & Separations from Technology Networks.

https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/articles/molarity-vs-molality-formula-

and-definitions-334119

Libretexts. (2020, August 11). 2.5: Preparing Solutions. Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/BethuneCookman_University/B-CU%3A_CH-

345_Quantitative_Analysis/Book%3A_Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/02%3A_

Basic_Tools_of_Analytical_Chemistry/2.05%3A_Preparing_Solutions