A Novel Blockchain Secure to Routing Protocol in WSN

2021 IEEE 22nd International Conference on High Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR) | 978-1-6654-4005-9/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/HPSR52026.2021.9481805

Wassim Jerbi Omar cheikhrouhou Abderrahmen Guermazi

CES Laboratory, ENIS, University of CES Laboratory, ENIS, University of CES Laboratory, ENIS, University of
Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia, Higher Institute Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia. Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia, Higher Institute
of Technological Studies Sfax cheichrouhou@gmail.com of Technological Studies Sfax
Wassim.jerbi@isetn.rnu.tn abguermazi@gmail.com

Atef Boubaker Hafedh Trabelsi

Higher Institute of Technological Studies CES_Lab research, National School of
Sfax, Tunisia Engineering Sfax, University of Sfax,
atef.boubaker@isetsf.rnu.tn Hafedh.trabelsi@enis.rnu.tn

Abstract— A blockchain is a database that contains the
history of all exchanges made between its users since its
creation. A blockchain is a distributed and secure ledger of all
transactions made since the start of the distributed system. It
is a technology for storing and transmitting information,
transparent, secure, and operating without a central control
body. Our paper studies a new device authentication for mobile
sensor node to prove its authenticity to unknown network
manager. To solve the authentication of sensor among multiple
networks, our proposal a blockchain scheme where the
transaction specifies the authentication of given cluster head
CH. As we claim, a blockchain guarantees an integrity and
availability of message under assumption that every node has
some public and private key pairs. However, it does not provide
any authentication mechanism for symmetric key. Hence, the
proposed scheme is secure as we claim. More concretely, in the
protocol proposed Blockchain Security IoT (BSI) is to provide
authentication between the mobile base station (BS), the cluster
head and the member nodes for wireless sensor networks
(WSN). Our protocol BSI protocol makes it possible to put the
necessary keys of the networks at the level of each sensor for
the different scenarios carried out, BS mobile node and
migration node. We evaluate the performance of our protocol
with simulations using MATLAB. The results confirm that the
BSI protocol is robust and efficient, provides lower power
consumption and fast computing time.
Keywords- Wireless Sensor Networks; Internet of Things;
Routing Protocol; Security; Blockchain; Authentication.
I. Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a major part of our daily life
today. Billions of intelligent and autonomous objects around
the world are connected and communicate with each other.
The IoT is the result of the development and combination of
different technologies. It encompasses almost all current
Information Technology (IT) fields such as smart cities,
Machine to Machine, connected vehicles, Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSN), etc, and uses other cutting-edge
technologies such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, or even
the blockchains.
The contribution of this paper is as follows:
• Connected devices are generally very limited in
terms of computation and storage capacity.
• Lighten the work of currencies by fairly simple and
robust authentication mechanism.
• Reduce the calculation time and the number of
messages between the device and the BS by
consulting the history of the blockchain.
• Ensure the authentication of the BS Mobile with
CH.
• Provide an authentication mechanism allowing the
migration of nodes from one cluster to another.
II. RELATED WORKS
To route information through the network, the routing
protocol establishes routes, so that sensors can relay
information to and from the network edge router through
reliable links and leading to the network destination through
short paths.
The authors in [1 -5] present the areas of blockchain-based
IoT privacy and security, and [6] present specific
discussions for blockchain-based IoT solutions and the
challenges involved, also present a review of recent research
on holistic decentralization of IoT via blockchains. The
authors in [7] present recent research efforts for different
fields of application such as smart city, smart grids, etc. The

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 authors [8] present a survey dealing with the different
architectures for integrating blockchains into the IoT.
The authors [9] show an in-depth study of the principles of
networking involved in publicly distributed blockchains,
including potential attacks and design compromises. They
also present the need for formal models to address design
tradeoffs when implementing public blockchains. Authors'
contributions are interested in blockchain taxonomy and
decentralized consensus [10, 14] and challenges, research
direction for blockchain for IoT [15-27].
When designing our approach, we first produced a first
version that allows authentication of a device during the
association phase. The authentication mechanism used is
based on the One Time Password (OTP), a one-time
password, defined in RFC 2289 [28] and RFC 4226 [29], as
well as on the challenge / response principle described by
RFC1994 [30]. Indeed, an OTP is a password that is only
valid during a single authentication operation. The reason
why, it represents a very resistant authentication mechanism
against replay attacks and cryptanalysis attacks [31].
The authors propose Crypto-ECC, a new secure routing
protocol for generating and managing cryptographic keys
for wireless sensor networks deployed in the Internet of
Things, which consists of accelerate calculations based on
the parallelism [32]. This is because a calculation task is
divided into several independent parts, which can be
processed at the same time by different member nodes. The
protocol saves a lot of computation time with reduced power
consumption [33-34].
III. Proposed protocol BSI
We are going to propose a decentralized authentication
mechanism, based on blockchains that allows the secure
mobility of objects and to have a global view on the different
networks. Most protocols provide basic security services.
Our proposed protocol BSI can handle:
Mobile nodes: a base station (BS) that move from
one cluster or networks to another for the collection
of cluster head (CH) data
Node migration: each round, a new cluster
formation with new nodes, clustering-based
protocols like LEACH [35], HEED [36], TL-
LEACH [37], O-LEACH reference protocol [38].
One of the solutions that can be carried out is to put the keys
of the n clusters at the level of each mobile node, so that the
latter can authenticate and associate with these n clusters and
m networks, using the appropriate key. However, this
solution is not optimal because it saturates the memory of
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objects. In addition, it limits the mobility of nodes by a
preconfigured number of possible clusters and networks.
When adding nodes, a new network appears, so you have to
update the node with the key corresponding to this new
network. So, to overcome this problem, we must design a
decentralized authentication system, transparent and
scalable, which does not negatively impact the performance
of objects or that of clusters and new networks. This system
must provide complete freedom to move from one node to
another cluster and also from one network to another, as long
as one is working in a heterogeneous network, to ensure the
security of the latter [39- 42].
3.1 Mobile nodes in different networks:
In the first case, more and more applications will require the
presence of sensors on moving parts. The interest of
mobility in wireless sensor networks is multiple insofar as
mobile sensors can extend the coverage of a network or even
obtain more precise results. These mobile nodes can be used
in applications such as animal monitoring.
The security of sensor mobility is absent in most of the
protocols proposed in the literature. Indeed, if a sensor Si
belonging to a cluster X managed by CH wants to move to
another network managed by cluster Y, then Si will not be
able to authenticate and join the network of cluster Y
because it does not have not the correct key, show in figure
1.
Cluster X Cluster Y
Mobility
Figure 1. Mobility of sensors
The base station is responsible for collecting data directly
from static nodes. The CH wait for a mobile device to pass
by to send their messages to it so that communication takes
place nearby (directly or at most with a limited number of
hops). Therefore, the CH can save energy because path
length, contention and diffusion overheads are reduced. In
addition, the mobile device can visit the network in order to
evenly distribute the energy consumption among the
different CHs at the time of communication (CH away from
BS).
 3.2 Nodes migration one node from one cluster to another
The blockchain guarantees the integrity, reliability and in the same network
availability of the information stored. We have a sensor Si In the second case, the clustering technique allows the
belonging to the network managed by cluster X. The first network to be divided into sets of locally close nodes.
secure associations of Si with cluster X and takes place as However, it presents an effective solution to facilitate and
explained in figure 2. reduce network functions and services. In addition, it allows
. Once the sensor is authenticated, the network X sends a the routing protocol to operate more efficiently by reducing
transaction, signed by its private key, to the blockchain with power consumption in the network. Many clustering
the information "CHX: Si_Authentication", which means algorithms have been developed and evaluated. These
that the CHX network is the guarantor that Si is trusted, and algorithms have different parameters and metrics and are all
that CHX has the symmetric keys of Si. This transaction is designed to meet certain goals (routing, coverage, energy
stored in a new block validated by the CHX. When Si moves conservation, connectivity, etc.). There are several criteria
to the Y network managed by a CHY, it sends an association for classifying WSN. Indeed, at each turn a new CH will be
request to the CHY. The latter sends a request to the elected, new nodes will be integrated into another cluster.
blockchain in order to verify whether Si was authenticated Nodes can change from one cluster to another depending on
before or not. the position of CH, new nodes cannot identify with the new
Network X Network Y
3 CH, Figure 3 and 4.
Nœud Si Nœud Si
Secure round i+1
Association Resp_Auth Req_Auth
CH i+1
Key Security of Si 9 4 CH CH
1 CHX 7 CHY
Si is trustworthy
CH i+1
Is Si trustworthy
2
5 8
6
a
n1 CHX : CHY :
n2 Si_Authentication Si_Authentication
… … Figure 3. Formation of the round i cluster
…
…

CH
Block Block n+i Block m
n … … CH
The Blockchain
…

Figure 2. The operating mechanism

When the CHY is informed by the blockchain that Si is

Figure 4. Formation of the round i + 1 cluster
reliable and that it has been authenticated by the network X,
it requests the CHX via a secure channel for Si secret
Cluster X with its CHX identifies these members. CHX sends
information. The CHY sends an association response
a transaction, signed by its private key, to the blockchain
containing the key of dissemination of its network. Finally,
with as information all the members are authenticated "CHX:
the Y network associates the sensor, and sends the "CHY:
all Authentication", which means that the CHX cluster is the
Si_Authentication" transaction after a successful encryption
guarantor that all the nodes are trusted, and that CHX owns
/ decryption operation with Si. If Si wants to move again to
the symmetric keys of all nodes. This transaction is stored in
the Z network or another network, the latter asks the
a new block validated by the CHX. When one of the Si nodes
blockchain information about Si, and the result will be
moves to the Y cluster managed by a CHY, it sends an
["CHX: Si_Authentication", "CHY: Si_Authentication"], in
association request to the CHY indicating its old CHX cluster.
this case CHZ takes the last authentication from CHY to get
The latter sends a request to the blockchain in order to check
symmetric keys from Si and so on as in the case of a mobile
whether Si was authenticated before CHX or not. When the
base station moving from one cluster to another in the same
CHY is informed by the blockchain that Si is trusted and that
network or from one network to another.
it has been authenticated by cluster X. The CHY sends an

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 association response containing the broadcast key for its
network. Finally, the cluster Y associates the sensor, and 40
sends the transaction "CHY: Si_Authentication" after a
successful encryption / decryption operation with Si. 35

IV. PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION 30

We carried out 10 tests of without security, classical No Security
25 Classic Security
association and association blockchain. In order to properly
Blockchain Security IoT

T im e(m s )
assess our system, study the security needs, and define the
20
necessary protective countermeasures, we have created a
protocol, which represents a procedure for analyzing a
15
security protocol in order to identify its objectives and its
objectives vulnerabilities.
10
First, in the without security mode, a device exchanges only
2 messages with a CH to be associated with its network. It 5
sends an association request and receives a response,
without any calculations. Then, in the classic secure 0
association, a device exchanges 4 messages with the CH. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of tests performed for mobile nodes
The two entities authenticate each other using One Time
Password (OTP), and generate symmetric keys. The average Figure 5. Blockchain security IoT for mobile node
value of the "No secure" execution time is equal to 0.6 ms
According to figure 6, for the association of a node from one
as long as the "classic Security" disk is equal to 35ms.
cluster to another, the average value of the “classic Security”
Therefore, the execution time of this mode is almost 58.3
execution time is equal to 35 ms as long as the protocol
times the time of the unsafe mode. The validation time of a
“Blockchain security IoT” is equal to 13 ms. The execution
transaction using a local copy of a private blockchain takes
time is optimized, it represents only 21 times the execution
on average 0.250 ms, because in this case we do not use a
time in the unsecured mode, and saves us 62.8% of the time
validation mechanism, compared to the public blockchain
used by the classic security association. This time represents
which takes 14 S to validate a transaction.
the duration of the exchange of 2 messages, between the
From Figure 5, for the mobile node association, the average
device and the CH (without security), plus the duration of
value of the "classic Security" execution time is equal to 35
validation of the CH transaction by the blockchain and the
ms while the protocol "Blockchain security IoT" is equal to
duration of device decryption through the key of cluster X.
18 ms. the execution time is optimized. It represents only 30
The figure 7 show the total energy consumed during the
times the execution time in the unsecured mode, and saves
association time of the device, which represents the sum of
us 48.6% of the time used by the classic security association.
the energy consumed during the treatment and that of the
This time represents the duration of the exchange of 2
communication. From the three curve results, we can see
messages, between the device and the CH (without security),
that the total energy consumed by the device in non-secure
plus the duration of validation of the CH transaction by the
mode is low because the device only sends an association
blockchain and the duration of device decryption through
request and receives an association response without
the key of network X.
performing any security processing.

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 40 1.4

35
1.2

30
1
No Security
25 No Security
Classic Security
Classic Security

E nergy (m J )
T im e(m s )

0.8 Blockchain Security IoT

Blockchain Security IoT
20

0.6
15

10 0.4

5 0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0
Number of tests performed for moving a node from one cluster to another 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of tests performed for moving nodes
Figure 6. Blockchain security IoT for moving a node in another cluster
Figure 8. The energy consumption for moving nodes

1.4
CONCLUSION
1.2 To overcome these problems, after a study, our BSI protocol
provides all basic security services with good performance,
No Security and also, offers much more flexibility and optimization of
1
Classic Security
Blockchain Security IoT
energy and time for constrained objects. All the scenarios
presented the mobility of devices, the movement of a device
E nergy (m J )

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 2 3 4
Number of tests performed for mobile nodes
Figure 7. The energy consumption for mobile nodes
Figure 8 shows the total energy consumed during the
association time of the device at the time of moving node.
The two classic association curves and blockchain
association consume more energy than a network without
security.
The energy consumption of the moving nodes association
based in clustering is lower than the energy consumption of
the mobile nodes association. this is since the mobile node
has enough processing, especially when it comes to mobility
between several networks. The energy consumption of the
moving nodes association does not exceed 0.6 mJ.
from one cluster to another and the mobile nodes allow
transactions to be managed from one network to another or
from one cluster to another in a completely transparent way
and without any human intervention. The CHs have a global
vision of all the nodes participating in the cluster.
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