Water

WHY DO WE NEED TO DO THIS

AGAIN!!!
 Properties of water

• Very polar

• Oxygen is highly electronegative

• H-bond donor and acceptor
• High b.p., m.p., heat of vaporization, surface
tension
 Water dissolves polar
compounds

solvation shell
or
hydration shell
Non-polar substances are insoluble in water

Many lipids are amphipathic

How detergents work?
 Hydrogen Bonding of Water

One H2 O m ol
e cul
e c a
n
associate with 4
other H2 0m olecules

• Ice: 4 H-bonds per water molecule

• Water: 2.3 H-bonds per water molecule

Crystal lattice of ice

Biological
Hydrogen
Bonds
non-covalent interactions
 Relative Bond Strengths

Bond type kJ/mole

H3C - C
H 38 8
H-H 104
Ionic 40 to 200
H-bond 2 - 20
Hydrophobic interaction 3 -10
van der Waals 0.4 - 4
Ionization of Water
 Ionization of Water
H2
0
+H
0
H
O+
+-
O
H
23
H2
0H+
+
O-
H
+ - Ke
=
1.
8
X1-
1
6
0
M
Ke=
q [
H
][
O
H] q
[H2
O
] [H2
O
]
=5
5.
5
M
[H2
O
]
K=+
[
H
][
O
H-
]
e
q

(1.8 X 10-16M)(55.5 M ) = [H+] [OH-]

1.0 X 10-14 M2 = [H+] [OH-] = Kw

If [H+]=[OH-] then [H+] = 1.0 X 10-7

 pH Scale
 Devised by Sorenson (1902)
 [H+] can range from 1M and 1
X 10-14M
 using a log scale simplifies notation
 pH = -log [H+]
Neutral pH = 7.0
 Weak Acids and Bases Equilibria
•Strong acids / bases – disassociate completely
•Weak acids / bases – disassociate only partially
•Enzyme activity sensitive to pH
• weak acid/bases play important role in
protein structure/function
 Acid/conjugate base pairs
HA + H2
O-
A+
+
H
O
3
HA A- + H+
HA = acid ( donates H+)(Bronstad Acid)
A- = Conjugate base (accepts H+)(Bronstad Base)

+-Ka
&p
Kv
a
l
u
ed
es
c
r
i
b
et
e
nd
e
n
c
yt
o
Ka
=
[H
]
[A
] a
+ l
o
o
se
H
[HA]
large Ka
=
st
r
o
ng
e
r
a
ci
d
pKa
=
-l
o
gKsmall Ka
=
we
a
ke
r
a
c
i
d
a
pKa values determined by titration
Phosphate has three ionizable
H+ and three pKas
 Buffers

• Buffers are aqueous systems that resist changes in pH

when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added.
• A buffered system consist of a weak acid and its
conjugate base.
• The most effective buffering occurs at the region of
minimum slope on a titration curve
(i.e. around the pKa).
• Buffers are effective at pHs that are within +/-1 pH
unit of the pKa
 Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

+- HA = weak acid
1)Ka
=
[H
]
[A
]
[HA] A- = Conjugate base
2) [H+] = Ka [
HA]
[A-]
3) -log[H+] = -log Ka
-
l
og
[
HA
]
[A-] * H-H equation describes
the relationship between
4) -log[H+] = -log Ka
+
l
og
[
A-
]pH, pKa and buffer
concentration
[HA]
5) pH = pKa+
l
o
g-
[
A]
[HA]
Case where 10% acetate ion 90% acetic
acid

• pH = pKa
+
lo
g[
0
.
1]
1
0
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.9]
• pH = 4.76 + (-0.95)
• pH = 3.81
Case where 50% acetate ion 50% acetic
acid

• pH = pKa
+
lo
g[
0
.
5]
1
0
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.5]
• pH = 4.76 + 0
• pH = 4.76 = pKa
Case where 90% acetate ion 10% acetic
acid

• pH = pKa
+
lo
g[
0
.
9]
1
0
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.1]
• pH = 4.76 + 0.95
• pH = 5.71
 Cases when buffering fails

• pH = pKa
+
lo
g[
0
.
9
9]
1
0
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.01]
• pH = 4.76 + 2.00
• pH = 6.76

• pH = pKa
+
lo
g[
0
.
0
1]
1
0
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
[0.99]
• pH = 4.76 - 2.00
• pH = 2.76