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Chapter 1: Introduction: Waves and Phasors

Lesson #1
Chapter — Section: Chapter 1
Topics: EM history and how it relates to other fields

Highlights:
• EM in Classical era: 1000 BC to 1900
• Examples of Modern Era Technology timelines
• Concept of “fields” (gravitational, electric, magnetic)
• Static vs. dynamic fields
• The EM Spectrum

Special Illustrations:
• Timelines from CD-ROM

Timeline for Electromagnetics in the Classical Era

ca. 900 Legend has it that while walking 1752 Benjamin Franklin
BC across a field in northern Greece, a (American) invents the
shepherd named Magnus experiences lightning rod and
a pull on the iron nails in his sandals demonstrates that
by the black rock he was standing on. lightning is electricity.
The region was later named Magnesia
and the rock became known as 1785 Charles-Augustin de
magnetite [a form of iron with Coulomb (French) demonstrates that
permanent magnetism]. the electrical force between charges is
proportional to the inverse of the
ca. 600 Greek philosopher Thales square of the distance between them.
BC describes how amber,
after being rubbed 1800 Alessandro Volta
with cat fur, can pick (Italian) develops the
up feathers [static first electric battery.
electricity].
1820 Hans Christian Oersted
ca. 1000 Magnetic compass used as (Danish) demonstrates the
a navigational device. interconnection between
electricity and magnetism
through his discovery that an electric
current in a wire causes a compass
needle to orient itself perpendicular to
the wire.

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2

Lessons #2 and 3
Chapter — Sections: 1-1 to 1-6
Topics: Waves

Highlights:
• Wave properties
• Complex numbers
• Phasors

Special Illustrations:
• CD-ROM Modules 1.1-1.9
• CD-ROM Demos 1.1-1.3

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100 CHAPTER 2

Solution:
(a)
ZL Z0 50 j100 100 50 j100
Γ       0 62e j82 9


ZL Z0 50 j100 100 150 j100

The time average power dissipated in the load is:
1 2
Pav  IL RL
2
2
1 VL
 RL
2 ZL
1 VL 2 1 50
 RL   122  0 29 W
2 ZL 2 2 502 1002

(b)
Pav  Pavi 1 Γ 2
Hence,
Pav 0 29
i
Pav    0 47 W
1 Γ2 1 0 622

(c)
r
Pav  Γ 2 Pav
i
 0 62  2
 0 47  0 18 W


Problem 2.63
l1 = 3λ/8 l2 = 5λ/8
C B A
Bl Br

Zin Z01 = 100 Ω Z02 = 50 Ω ZL = (75 - j 50) Ω

Use the Smith chart to determine the input impedance Z in of the two-line
configuration shown in the figure.

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200 CHAPTER 4

|R'
| = z2 + b2
l/2
dz
R'
l z
V(b)
y
b

-l/2

Figure P4.31: Line of charge of length .

Solution: From Eq. (4.48c), we can find the voltage at a distance b away from a line
of charge [Fig. P4.31]:

V b 
1 ρl

ρl l 2 dz

ρl l


l 2 4b2

4πε l R
dl
4πε  l 2
z2

b2 4πε
ln

l
l 2 4b2

Problem 4.32 For the electric dipole shown in Fig. 4-13, d  1 cm and E  4
(mV/m) at R  1 m and θ  0  . Find E at R  2 m and θ  90  .
Solution: For R  1 m and θ  0  , E  4 mV/m, we can solve for q using Eq. (4.56):
qd
E θ sin θ 
R̂2 cos θ θ̂
4πε0 R3
Hence,

qd
E 
4πε0

2  4 mV/m at θ  0 

10  3  8πε0 10  3  8πε0
q   0 8πε0 (C)
d 10  2
Again using Eq. (4.56) to find E at R  2 m and θ  90  , we have

0 8πε0  10  2 1
E R̂ 0  θ̂θ  θ̂θ (mV/m)
4πε0  23 4

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400 CHAPTER 8

Problem 8.46 A parallel-polarized plane wave is incident from air at an angle

θi = 30◦ onto a pair of dielectric layers as shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the angles of transmission θ 2 , θ3 , and θ4 .
(b) Determine the lateral distance d.

θi
Air

5 cm µr = 1
θ2 εr = 6.25

θ3 µr = 1
5 cm εr = 2.25

Air
θ4
d

Solution:
(a) Application of Snell’s law of refraction given by (8.31) leads to:
r r
εr1 1
sin θ2 = sin θ1 = sin 30◦ = 0.2
εr2 6.25
θ2 = 11.54◦ .

Similarly,
r r
εr2 6.25
sin θ3 = sin θ2 = sin 11.54◦ = 0.33
εr3 2.25
θ3 = 19.48◦ .

And,
r r
εr3 2.25
sin θ4 = sin θ3 = sin 19.48◦ = 0.5
εr4 1
θ4 = 30◦ .

As expected, the exit ray back into air will be at the same angle as θ i .

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450 CHAPTER 10

At f  12 GHz, λ  c  f  3  108  12  109  2 5  10  2 m. With ξt  ξr  1,

4πAt 4π πdt2  4  4π  π  1
Gt  Dt     15
791 37

λ2 λ2 4  2 5  10  2  2
4πAr 4π πdr2  4  4π  π 0 2  2
Gr  Dr     631 65
λ2 λ2 4  2 5  10  2  2

Applying Eq. (10.11) with ϒ θ  1 gives:

 
103  15
791 37  631 65 2 5  10  2
2
Pt Gt Gr λ 2
Sn 

 298
KTsys B 4πR 1 38  10  23  103  6  106 4π  4  107

Sections 10-5 to 10-8: Radar Sensors

Problem 10.5 A collision avoidance automotive radar is designed to detect the
presence of vehicles up to a range of 0.5 km. What is the maximum usable PRF?
Solution: From Eq. (10.14),

c 3  108
fp    3  105 Hz
2Ru 2  0 5  103

Problem 10.6 A 10-GHz weather radar uses a 15-cm-diameter lossless antenna. At

a distance of 1 km, what are the dimensions of the volume resolvable by the radar if
the pulse length is 1 µs?
Solution: Resolvable volume has dimensions ∆x
∆y, and ∆R.

λ 3  10  2
∆x  ∆y  βR  R  103  200 m

d 0 15
cτ 3  108
∆R    10  6  150 m
2 2

Problem 10.7 A radar system is characterized by the following parameters:

Pt  1 kW, τ  0 1 µs, G  30 dB, λ  3 cm, and Tsys  1
500 K. The radar
cross section of a car is typically 5 m 2 . How far can the car be and remain detectable
by the radar with a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 13 dB?

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