Earth faults & two-phase faults

Short-circuit between different phases on two busbars

led to the blackout 23 September 2003

Olof Samuelsson
Outline

• Earthing
• Earth fault in ”non-effectively earthed system”
• Line-line fault current
• Li li
Line-line-ground d ffault
lt currentt

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 2

 Recap: Thévenin equivalents
Z0 I0
Zero- + • Voltage sources
sequence V0
network
t k • 0 and 2: none
–
• 1: VF prefault voltage
Z1 I1
• Symmetrical fault
Positive- + +
sequence • 0, 1, 2 uncoupled
VF V1
network – – y
• Unsymmetrical fault
Z2 I2 • 0, 1, 2 coupled at fault
Negative-
g + • Series/parallel depending
sequence V2 on fault
network –

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 3

Earthing (Sw. Jordning)

• Connects transformer/generator neutral to ground

• Affects
Aff t onlyl zero sequence – no impact
i t on normall operation
ti
• Earthing alternatives
– Isolated  Very low earth fault current but voltage increase
– Resistance  Controlled earth fault current
– Reactance  (Almost) no earth fault current
– Solid  No voltage rise but earth fault=short-circuit

• Textbook mainly uses solid earthing

– Typical
yp for transmission level

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Circuit example

• Transformer  Thévenin with explicit earthing

• Rn/Ln: 0 (solid),  (isolated), Rn/- (resistive), -/Ln (reactive)
• Lines/cables  -model with X=0 (OK for lines and short
cables)
bl )
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Earth fault

• Solid (400 kV, 130 kV, 400 V)

– Un0=0,0 maximum
i If
• Isolated
– Un0=Uph, minimum If
• Resistive
– Un00 small,
small Rn decides If
• Reactive (20 kV, 10 kV)
– Un0 small
– If zero if Ln tuned to Co

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Earth fault in reactance earthed network

• Tuned earthing (Petersen) coil

– Cancels
C l capacitive
iti earth
th fault
f lt
current (IC)
– Small Un00
• Almost as if no fault
– Vline-line
line line normal
– Operation allowed

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Measurements and protection

• I0=Ia+Ib+Ic
– Send
S d allll th
three phase
h currents
t ((reduced
d dbby
measurement transformer) through current transducer
– Rn gives resistive I0 component from faulted line
• Un0=Va+Vb+Vc
– Between terminals of open-delta
p transformer

• Residual overcurrent protection – primary protection

– Disconnected faulted feeder  selective fault clearing
• Neutral point overvoltage protection – backup
– Clears all feeders  non-selective fault clearing
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 Line to line fault

c
b
Ic
a Ib
Ia
+
+ ZF
+
Vag Vbg Vcg
– – –
g

Fault conditions in phase domain:

Vbg-V Vcg=Z
ZFIb
Ia=0
Ib=-IIc

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 Translate fault conditions

I 0  1 1 1  0   0 
Ia=0  I   1 1 a 2   a  a2  I  I0=0
 1 3 a  Ib    b  I1= – I2
Ib= – Ic 3
 I 2  1 a 2 a   I b   I b 

Vag  1 1 1  V0 
  
Vbg
b –V
Vcg=Z
ZFIb V
  
b
bg  1 a 2
a  V1 
Vcg  1 a a 2  V2 
 

a 2
 aV1  a 2  a V2  ZF a 2  a I1 V1–V2=ZFI1

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 10

 Line to line fault
Z0 I0
Zero- + •Fault conditions
sequence V0
•I0=0, I1= – I2
network
t k •V1–V2=ZFI1
–
Z1 I1
•Draw this!
•Solve!
Solve!
Positive- + + VF
sequence I1  I2 
network
VF V1 Z1  Z2  ZF
– – ZF •Transform
T f back
b k
Z2 I2
+ Ib 
a 2


 aVF
 j 3VF
Negative-
g
sequence Z1  Z2  ZF Z1  Z2  ZF
V2
network –

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 11

 Double line to ground fault

c
b
Ic
a Ib
Ia
+
+
+
Vag ZF Vbg=Vcg
– – –
g

Fault conditions in phase domain:

Vbg=Vcg=ZF(Ib+Ic)
Ia=0

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 12

 Translate fault conditions
Phase Sequence
domain  I a  1 1 1 I 0  domain
Ia=0  I   1 a 2 a   I1  I0+I1+I2=0
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I 2 

Vbg Vag  1 1 1  V0 

b =V
Vcg
   V1=V2
Vbg=ZF(Ib+Ic) V 
 bg   1 a 2
a  V1  V0–V1=3ZFI0
Vcgg  1 a a 2  V2 
 

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 13

 Double line to ground fault
Z0 I0
Zero- + •Fault conditions
sequence V0 •I0+I1+I2=0
network
t k 3ZF
– •V1=V2
Z1 I1 •V0–V1=3ZFI0
Positive- + + •Draw this!
sequence VF V1
network – – •Solve!
VF
I1 
Z1  Z2 //(Z0  3ZF )
Z2 I2
Negative-
g +
•Transform back
sequence V2
network –

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 14

Procedure

• Express fault conditions in phase domain

• Transform to sequence domain
• Draw corresponding sequence circuit
• C l l t sequence ffault
Calculate lt currents
t
• (Calculate sequence fault voltages)
• Transform to phase currents/voltages

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation L9 15