Sandip Foundation's

Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Nashik

Department of Computer Engineering
SYNOPSIS
Academic Year -2021-22

1. Group Id :

2. Team Members:
a.

b.

c.

d.

3. Project Title: Kidney Stone Diagnosis System System

4. Internal Guide:

5. Sponsorship and External Guide Name: Not applicable

6. Project Domain: Artificial Intelligence

7. Problem Statement :
Kidney stone disease is one of the major life-threatening ailments persisting worldwide. The stone
diseases remain unnoticed in the initial stage, which in turn damages the kidney as they develop. A
majority of people are affected by kidney failure due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
glomerulonephritis, and so forth. Since kidney malfunctioning can be menacing, diagnosis of the
problem in the initial stages is advisable.

8. Abstract :
Kidney stones is a renal disease with high prevalence and one of the major reasons for emergency room
visits. The prevalence of kidney stones is increasing, and the lifetime recurrence rate is estimated as
almost 50%. Thus, treatment of kidney stones becomes an increasingly important topic. However,
different types of kidney stones require specific treatments, which creates the need for accurate
diagnosis of the stone type prior to the intervention. Imaging techniques that are commonly used for the
detection of kidney stones, such as X-ray CT and ultrasound, are insufficient to differentiate the types
of kidney stones.
Ultrasound Imaging is one of the most widely used technique to provide information about renal
diseases in kidney such as cyst, tumor and calculi. This paper aims to extract features from the different
renal abnormalities to discriminate between the normal and abnormal conditions. Two filters, median
and wiener filter are used to remove the speckle noise in US (ultrasound) images. A picture quality
performance technique is implemented to identify the quality of the images. Peak to signal noise ratio
(PSNR) and Mean squared error (MSR) is used to verify the enhanced images. The preprocessed
images are then segmented using FCM (fuzzy c-means clustering technique) which yields better results
to find Region of interest (ROI). The statistical features along with scale invariant feature transform
(SIFT) features and Texture features are extracted and analyzed. It is found that features like Energy,
Variance and kurtosis are seen to be higher in the normal kidney images than the renal abnormalities.
The features can be used to discriminate between normal and abnormal renal conditions. The
developed system is expected to provide support for the medical practitioners for decision making to
provide an enhanced health care.
9. Keywords:
Kidney stone, GCLM, C-fuzzy method, PSNR,

10. Introduction:
 Kidney stone is formed when salts and certain minerals such as calcium and uric acid are accumulated
in urine. It is caused because of inadequate intake of water. It mainly occurs when our body lacks fluid
and accumulates a lot of waste. Diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity are some of the major causes
which leads to kidney stone in an individual.
There are various methods for the diagnosis of kidney stone such as urine test, blood test, CT scan,
MRI scan etc. By human inspection and operators, it is impossible to produce result for large amount of
data. Here an automated classification of kidney stone is processed using CT images through BPN.
Artificial intelligent techniques through neural networks techniques have shown great importance in
this field. In this paper feature extraction is processed using the feature extraction mechanism- Gray
level co- occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Fuzzy c- mean clustering algorithm which is used for
segmentation of the CT scan image to detect the kidney stone. BPN classifier performance is evaluated
to give better result in terms of training and the accuracy of classification.

Literature Survey:
PAPER 1) - In this paper, author explored quantification of mixed-type kidney stones using X-ray
dark-field tomography. A weighted total variation regularized optimization algorithm is applied to
recover information from noisy input. Experiments show that this approach can distinguish between a
struvite and a calcium oxalate stone.
PAPER 2) – In this paper , author researched the effect of change in angle parameter Ɵ in GLCM is
analysed along with distance parameter d for recognition of various patterns. It was observed that
minimum contrast angle and maximum correlation angle independently are sufficient enough in
determining the directionality of any image. This could also be applied on other texture images having
highly directional properties thus giving more significant texture information being rotationally
invariant.
PAPER 3) - This paper presents a novel adaptive fuzzy local information c-means (ADFLICM)
clustering approach for remotely sensed imagery classification by incorporating the local spatial and
gray level information constraints. The ADFLICM approach can enhance the conventional fuzzy c-
means algorithm by producing homogeneous segmentation and reducing the edge blurring artifact
simultaneously.

11. Need of Proposed System:

This system aims to solve the problem of one of the most life-threatening dieses prediction with the
help of several methods, The need here is all the existing are quite expensive therefore we aim to

12. Goals and Objectives:

● The main goal is to keep transparency of all food supply transactions between all the peers.
● To maintain all the transactions and supply records in an secure environment.
● To help the farmers, retailer’s and other peers to grow more.
● To provide the quality food supply chain and maintain the goods or crop in the best quality .

13. Facilities required for proposed work:

Software required for the development of the project.
● OS- Windows 7 onward
● Code Editor: - VS Code
● Language: - Python
● Frameworks: - Django
● Technology: - TensorFlow, Deep Learning , FCLM

Hardware required for the development of the project.

● Processor - i3 or i5
● RAM - 4GB (min)
● UPS, Mouse and Keyboard
● HardDisk-1TB
● LED or LCD

14. References :
 1. S. Hu et al., "Towards quantification of kidney stones using X-ray dark-field tomography," 2017 IEEE
14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), Melbourne, VIC, 2017, pp. 1112-
1115. doi: 10.1109/ISBI.2017.7950711
2. S. Singh, D. Srivastava and S. Agarwal, "GLCM and its application in pattern recognition," IEEE 2017
5th International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence (ISCBI), Dubai, 2017, pp.
20-25.
3. H. Zhang, Q. Wang, W. Shi and M. Hao, "A Novel Adaptive Fuzzy Local Information $C$ -Means
Clustering Algorithm for Remotely Sensed Imagery Classification," in IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 5057-5068, Sept. 2017, doi:
10.1109/TGRS.2017.2702061.
4. S. Aadhirai and D. N. Jamal, "Feature extraction and analysis of renal abnormalities using fuzzy
clustering segmentation and SIFT method," IEEE 2017 Third International Conference on Bio signals,
Images and Instrumentation (ICBSII), Chennai, 2017, pp. 1-5.
5. M. Ranjitha, "Extraction and dimensionality reduction of features for Renal Calculi detection and
artifact differentiation from segmented ultrasound kidney images," IEEE 2016 3rd International
Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, 2016, pp.
3087-3092.
6. Komal Sharma, jitendra virmani, “Classification of renal diseases using first and higher order
statistics”, international conference on computing for sustainable global development, IEEE, 2016.
7. Ranjith.M, “Extraction and Dimensionality reduction of features for renal calculi detection and artifact
differentiation from segmented ultrasound kidney images”, IEEE, 2016.
8. N. Thein, H. A. Nugroho, T. B. Adji and K. Hamamoto, "An image preprocessing method for kidney
stone segmentation in CT scan images“,IEEE:2018
9. P. T. Akkasaligar, S. Biradar and V. Kumbar, "Kidney stone detection in computed tomography
images,"2017 International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon),
Bangalore, 2017, pp. 353-356.doi: 10.1109/SmartTechCon.2017.8358395, IEEE 2017
10. I. Introduction Distinguishing Staghorn and Struvite kidney stones using GLCM and Pixel Intensity
Matrix Parameters, vol. 4, pp. 25, 2017 IEEE.
11. Verma, J., Nath, M., Tripathi, P. et al. Pattern Recognit. Image Anal. (2017) 27: 574.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661817030294
 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION

The kidney stone disease has an estimated prevalence of 13% for men and 7% for
women and often leads to emergency department (ED) visits. In U.S., about 1.3 million
kidney stone-related ED visits are recorded in 2009. Both the prevalence and ED visits are
increasing . Moreover, current estimates state that nearly half of the patients will have kidney
stones again in their lifetime . For a safe and efficient treatment of kidney stones, it is
critically important to know the actual type of the stone: for example, nonsurgical treatment
like lithotripsy and alkalinization can be applied to uric acid stones. Removal of struvite
stones oftentimes requires treatment with antibiotics prior to intervention. Various medical
imaging techniques have been investigated to classify the types of kidney stones.
Conventional CT and sonography are currently widely used for diagnosing kidney stones, but
neither of these two modalities provides good discrimination of the stone type. Dual-energy
CT is shown to be a better choice for distinguishing stone types . Recently, researchers
explored X-ray dark-field radiography as a new way of imaging and differentiating kidney
stones.
Komal Sharma [6] proposed a computer assisted classification for classification of
renal ultrasound images into a) normal b) medical renal disease (MRD),cyst, and the region of
interest is cropped from the cortex region of the kidney and from regions inside renal cyst. [7]
Detected the abnormalities in the kidney of renal calculi using a preprocessing method CANR
(combinational approach of noise removing) for removal of noise in the US images and
GLCM for the extraction of features. T. Mangayarkarasi et.al, developed a patient assistive
Tool for detection of Abnormalities in kidney. In this paper Ultrasound images for renal
abnormalities is taken and filters like Median and Wiener filters are applied as a
preprocessing tool to enhance the quality of the image. Then Fuzzy C means clustering is
applied to the segmented region of Interest and statistical features, texture features using
GLCM and SIFT features are extracted. These features are further analysed for variation in
the abnormalities and reported whether the image is normal or has renal abnormalities.
Kidney stone is formed when salts and certain minerals such as calcium and uric acid
are accumulated in urine. It is caused because of inadequate intake of water. It mainly occurs
when our body lacks fluid and accumulates a lot of waste. Diabetes, high blood pressure and
obesity are some of the major causes which leads to kidney stone in an individual.
There are various methods for the diagnosis of kidney stone such as urine test, blood
test, CT scan, MRI scan etc. By human inspection and operators, it is impossible to produce
result for large amount of data. Here an automated classification of kidney stone is processed
using CT images through BPN.
Artificial intelligent techniques through neural networks techniques have shown great
importance in this field. In this paper feature extraction is processed using the feature
extraction mechanism- Gray level co- occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Fuzzy c- mean
clustering algorithm which is used for segmentation of the CT scan image to detect the kidney
stone. BPN classifier performance is evaluated to give better result in terms of training and
the accuracy of classification.
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Sr.No Paper Title Author Seed Idea

.

1 Towards quantification S. Hu, F. Yang, M. In this paper, we explore quantification

of kidney stones using Griffa, R. of mixed-type kidney stones using X-ray
X-ray dark-field Kaufmann, G. dark-field tomography. A weighted total
tomography Anton, A. Maier, C. variation regularized optimization
Riess algorithm is applied to recover
information from noisy input.
Experiments show that this approach can
distinguish between a struvite and a
calcium oxalate stone.

2 GLCM and its S. Singh, D. The effect of change in angle parameter

application in pattern Srivastava and S. Ɵ in GLCM is analyzed along with
recognition Agarwal distance parameter d for recognition of
various patterns. It was observed that
minimum contrast angle and maximum
correlation angle independently are
sufficient enough in determining the
directionality of any image. This could
also be applied on other texture images
having highly directional properties thus
giving more significant texture
information being rotationally invariant.

3 A Novel Adaptive H. Zhang, Q. Wang, This paper presents a novel adaptive

Fuzzy Local W. Shi and M. Hao fuzzy local information c-means
Information $C$ - (ADFLICM) clustering approach for
Means Clustering remotely sensed imagery classification
Algorithm for by incorporating the local spatial and
Remotely Sensed gray level information constraints. The
Imagery Classification ADFLICM approach can enhance the
conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm by
producing homogeneous segmentation
and reducing the edge blurring artifact
simultaneously.

4 Feature extraction and S. Aadhirai and D. The statistical features along with scale
analysis of renal N. Jamal invariant feature transform (SIFT)
abnormalities using features and Texture features are
fuzzy clustering extracted and analysed. It is found that
segmentation and SIFT features like Energy, Variance and
method kurtosis are seen to be higher in the
normal kidney images than the renal
abnormalities. The features can be used
to discriminate between normal and
abnormal renal conditions.

5 Extraction and M. Ranjitha  As the number of features increase, the

dimensionality amount of computation also increases. A
 reduction of features good quality feature depends on the
for Renal Calculi statistical measures such as feature
detection and artifact variance, Inter class variation and Intra
differentiation from class variation. Principal Component
segmented ultrasound Analysis is used as a Feature reduction
kidney images technique in RCD-AD medical images.

6 An image N. Thein, H. A. Back Propagation Network (BPN) with

preprocessing method Nugroho, T. B. Adji image and data processing techniques are
for kidney stone and K. Hamamoto employed to implement an automated
segmentation in CT kidney stone classification. By human
scan images inspection and operators, it is impossible
to produce result for large amount of
dataset.

7 Kidney stone detection P. T. Akkasaligar, S. The proposed work is used to detect the
in computed Biradar and V. kidney stones by using Level set
tomography Kumbar segmentation method. Initially input
Images images are preprocessed and region of
interest is segmented. The level set
segmentation is a good method to solve
the problem of segmentation
successfully. 

Table 2.2: Literature Survey

PAPER 1) - In this paper, author explored quantification of mixed-type kidney stones using
X-ray dark-field tomography. A weighted total variation regularized optimization algorithm is
applied to recover information from noisy input. Experiments show that this approach can
distinguish between a struvite and a calcium oxalate stone.
PAPER 2) – In this paper , author researched the effect of change in angle parameter Ɵ in
GLCM is analysed along with distance parameter d for recognition of various patterns. It was
observed that minimum contrast angle and maximum correlation angle independently are
sufficient enough in determining the directionality of any image. This could also be applied
on other texture images having highly directional properties thus giving more significant
texture information being rotationally invariant.
PAPER 3) - This paper presents a novel adaptive fuzzy local information c-means
(ADFLICM) clustering approach for remotely sensed imagery classification by incorporating
the local spatial and gray level information constraints. The ADFLICM approach can enhance
the conventional fuzzy c-means algorithm by producing homogeneous segmentation and
reducing the edge blurring artifact simultaneously.
2.3 PROJECT UNDERTAKEN

2.3.1 Problem Definition

Kidney stone disease is one of the major life-threatening ailments persisting worldwide. The
stone diseases remain unnoticed in the initial stage, which in turn damages the kidney as they
develop. A majority of people are affected by kidney failure due to diabetes mellitus,
hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and so forth. Since kidney malfunctioning can be
menacing, diagnosis of the problem in the initial stages is advisable.

2.4 SCOPE STATEMENT

Project aims to build an diagnosis system which can be used in real life situation n with the
maximum output precision for this this system includes various methodologies like GCLM ,c-
fuzzy etc.
 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
3.1 DETAIL SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION (SRS)
3.1.1 Introduction

Purpose - The purpose of this document is to highlight and enlist the features, functional and non -
functional requirements of project Kidney Stone Diagnosis System. The requirements of proposed
Kidney Stone Diagnosis System are detailed as follows.

Document Conventions- The document follows the standard convention for system requirement
specification.

Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions - The developers of the project Kidney Stone
Diagnosis System System, the users and the Admin authority users can make this document useful.

Product Scope- Project Kidney Stone Diagnosis System is focused diagnosis of kidney Stone , for
this various techniques are followed through the whole process.

3.1.2 Overall Description

Product Perspective-
Kidney stone is formed when salts and certain minerals such as calcium and uric acid are accumulated
in urine. It is caused because of inadequate intake of water. It mainly occurs when our body lacks
fluid and accumulates a lot of waste. Diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity are some of the major
causes which leads to kidney stone in an individual.
There are various methods for the diagnosis of kidney stone such as urine test, blood test, CT scan,
MRI scan etc. By human inspection and operators, it is impossible to produce result for large amount
of data. Here an automated classification of kidney stone is processed using CT images through BPN.
Artificial intelligent techniques through neural networks techniques have shown great importance in
this field. In this paper feature extraction is processed using the feature extraction mechanism- Gray
level co- occurrence matrix (GLCM) and Fuzzy c- mean clustering algorithm which is used for
segmentation of the CT scan image to detect the kidney stone. BPN classifier performance is
evaluated to give better result in terms of training and the accuracy of classification.

Product Functions- In our proposed solution, we have presented a complete solution for Kidney
Stone Diagnosis. After the pre processing technique segmentation process was done to find the ROI in
the US Images and to reduce the complex time to extract the features. Quality measure performance is
done to know the quality of image, quality performance PSNR and MSE was calculated. It measures
the quality of image between the original image and the reconstructed image of filter used to remove
the noise and how much the noise is removed in the image is known with the help of quality
performance analysis. Features are extracted from the segmented images, for future extraction
statistical features, GLCM features techniques. An attempt has been made to apply SIFT algorithm to
the normal and kidney images. SIFT feature seems to discriminate the normal and kidney images.
Certain features discriminate normal images from renal tumor, renal calculi and renal cyst. The results
obtained show that the SIFT features and texture features could be used to classify renal
abnormalities. The results obtained further show that classification of kidney stones by texture
analysis method and SIFT method can be done.

User Classes and Characteristics-

User 1: Admin user - Authorized user This type of user will have privileges to oversee the
incoming/outgoing transactions of food supply and will be also responsible for monitoring the
transparency.
 User 2: End user - This type of user will be users who will be able to access the system and
interact with it but with a minimum set of operations will be available for them.
User 3: Unauthorized user- Those users who do not have credentials and trying to reach the
proposed system will be under this category.

Design and Implementation Constraints- The Incremental model is going to be used for the
implementation of proposed system. Before the actual implementation the phase there’s planning and
modeling phase, we’re the developers team has to be build all the static and dynamic UML diagrams
to get the better understanding of the proposed system.

Assumptions and Dependencies-

Assumptions
-Admin users are authorized by the appropriate Authority.
-The end users and admin users have minimum knowledge of using web applications and
technology.

Dependencies
- Only Administrators will be able to edit main configurations.
- End users will be dependent on native admin users for overseeing and monitoring incoming
and outgoing of food supplies and transactions.

Memory – Our system depends on memory as we have blockchain, tensorflow based operations that
are going to be executed hence we need memory to process smoothly.

3.1.3 External Interface Requirements

User Interfaces-
-Users will interact with the system using User Interface or web portal.
-User interface will provide good look and feel effect so that it will user friendly which will
make the process hassle free for them.
-User Interface will provide a set of operations to perform based on user privileges.

Hardware Interfaces-Hardware Requirements: -

•Processor - i3 or i5
•RAM - 4GB (min)
•UPS, Mouse and Keyboard
•HardDisk-1TB
•LED or LCD
Software Interfaces- Software Requirements: -
•Windows 7 onward
 •Code Editor: - VS Code,
•Language: - Python,
•Frameworks: - Django
•Technology: - TensorFlow, Deep Learning , FCLM

System Features- This part of the document enlists the features of the proposed prototype system.
Data Transparency –

1 Description and Priority

Data transparency is one the high priority requirement for this system.

2 Stimulus/Response Sequences

The data of diagnosis should be synchronized over all the system and users.

3 Functional Requirements

REQ-1: The statistical data of all diagnosis should be available to all users.
REQ-2: The data should be transparent through the system.

Data Accountability-

1 Description and Priority

Data accountability is one the high priority requirement for this system.

2 Stimulus/Response Sequences

The data of the diagnosis process should preserved for the records and future references

3 Functional Requirements

REQ-1: The data of the diagnosis process should preserved for the records and future
references
3.1.4 Other Non functional Requirements
Performance Requirements-
-The Prototype system is required to meet all the predetermined parameters to verify the
correctness and robustness of the proposed system.
-The functionalities of accountability and auditability should be precise without any factual or
mathematical errors.
- High Speed: System should process requested task in parallel for various action to give
quick response then system must wait for process completion.
- Interoperability: System should have the ability to exchange information and communicate
with internal and external applications and systems. It must be able exchange information
both internally and externally.
- Response Time: The response time of the system should be deterministic at all times and
very low, i.e. it should meet every deadline. Thus, the system will work in real time.

Safety Requirements-
-The database may get crashed at any certain time due to virus or operating system failure.
Therefore, it is required to take the database backup.

Security Requirements-
-To prevent any unauthorized user access to the system database.
-To prevent any unnecessary access to the admin module.

Software Quality Attributes-

-There are few software qualities attributes which describes the quality of proposed system
and they are as mentioned below
1. Adaptability: Proposed System can be adapted easily to various Windows OS versions.
2. Availability: The system should be available to user even if any part or module is in out of
working state.
3. Usability: A simplified GUI and ease of use is the second most important quality attribute.
4. Correctness: The system quality is depended on the correctness of the aggregation of
functionalities.
Database Requirements-
● The database is required to be created and maintained in SQLite Server.
● Stored procedures are also created to retrieve and operate on data.
● System will create periodic backup on periodic basis.
● Every registered user details will be stored on database.
 ● Dataset made by downloading Kaggle / GitHub websites it contains the whole information of
Hand Gestures (A-Z) Alphabets.

3.2 Project Process Modelling

Figure 3.2.1: Project Process Modelling

To develop this project, an evolutionary process model for software development is adopted.
Incremental Model is a process of software development where requirements are bro-ken down into
multiple standalone modules of software development cycle. Analysis design, implementation,
testing/verification, maintenance are the steps followed in incremental development.
 Figure 3.2.2: Incremental Model

When an incremental model is used, the first increment is often the core product. First increment most
of times consists of basic requirements without any supplementary features. The product of first
increment is then thoroughly reviewed and evaluated , based on that the plan for next increment is
created. The plan for second increment and further increments enhance the core product of first
increment and meet the needs of customer along with some additional features and functions.

Until the whole product is completed the incremental process is followed. This approach of iterations
is quite similar to prototyping. But the effective different is at the end of increment a delivery of
operational product occurs. Early increments are stripped down versions of the functional product, but
they do provide capability that serves the user and also provide a platform for evaluation by the user.
Incremental development is particularly useful when staffing is unavailable for a complete
implementation by the business deadline that has been established for the project. Early increments
can be implemented with fewer people.
If the product of early increments that is the core product is operationally correct and is meeting all
the working requirements then further increments can be additional features , this incremental
approach can also be used to plan the big technical risks.
3.3 Cost & Efforts Estimates

The constructive cost model is used for software cost estimation. The basic version is used to estimate
cost, duration and number of people required. A semi-detached type is considered which specifies that
the software project requires moderate level of complexity and team size and needs a mix of rigid and
no rigid requirements. According to COCOMO Model,

Effort Applied,

EA = ab(KLOC)bb

where,
ab = 4
b= 1.12
KLOC = 6
Therefore,
EA = 4 ∗ (6)1.12
= 26.88

Hence, Effort Applied = 26.88

Development Time (D),

D = cb(EA)db

where,

cb = 0.8
db = 0.35
EA = 26.88

Therefore,

D = 0.8∗ (26.88)o.35

= 7.5264

Hence, Development Time = 7.256

Staff Size (SS),

SS = EA / D
where,
D = 7.5264

EA = 26.88
Therefore,
 SS = 26.88 / 7.5264

=3.57142857

Hence, Staff Size = 3.57 =~4

Table 3.3.: Estimation

Effort Applied Development Time (in months) Staff Size

26.88 7.5 4
 CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS DESIGN

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

 Figure 4.1: Kidney Stone Diagnosis System Block Diagram

As you can see in the diagram the system comprises several system components out of which some of
are Ultrasound Images , preprocessing ,segmentation , feature extraction and classification etc.
● Ultrasound images-
The input images are ultrasound images which can be obtained through any CT scan or s-ray
etc.
● Preprocessing –
In this work we have implemented two filters for removing the speckle noise for smoothing
the images so that the clarity of the image is good. The performance metrics used to know
about the quality of the images are peak to signal to noise ratio(PSNR) and mean squared
error (MSE). PSNR is the quality measurement between the original image and denoised
image. Peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR) is the ratio between the maximum possible power
and corrupting noise that affect representation of image.
● Segmentation –
After the preprocessing technique segmentation is carried out to find the region of interest in
the images the features are extracted from the segmented images. Segmentation is the process
of partitioning an image into multiple segments, i.e. set of pixels, pixels in a region are similar
according to homogeneity criteria such as color, intensity or texture, so as to locate and
identify objects in an image. FCM is an iterative, unsupervised clustering algorithm and has
been applied for medical images for segmentation. It involves number of clustering and
subtractive clustering algorithm is used it is used to iterate by initialising optimization–based
FCM algorithm. FCM is based on minimizing an objective function as shown in equation,
with respect to fuzzy membership U, and set of cluster cancroids.
● Feature Extraction –
A. Statistical Features –
i. Mean
Mean is most basic of all statistical measure. Means are often used in
geometry and analysis; a wide range of means have been developed for these
purposes. In contest of image processing filtering using mean is classified as
spatial filtering and used for noise reduction

ii. Skewness
 The Skewness characterizes the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around
its mean. While the mean, standard deviation, and average deviation are
dimensional quantities, that is, have the same units as the measured quantities
xj , the skewness is conventionally defined in such a way as to make it no
dimensional. It is a pure number that characterizes only the shape of the
distribution

iii. Kurtosis
The kurtosis is also a no dimensional quantity. It measures the relative
peakiness or flatness of a distribution

iv. Variance
Variance finds the feature values are relatively high.

B. GLCM Features –
The gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is also known as the gray-level spatial
dependence matrix. It uses a statistical method for examining the texture, considering
the spatial relationship of pixels. The GLCM functions are used for finding texture
properties of an image by calculating the frequency of occurrence of pixel pairs with
specific values and in a specified spatial relationship. The GLCM can be calculated
on square matrix of relative frequencies in which two neighbouring pixels separated
by distance d at orientation q occur in the image, at two different gray levels. This
results into a square matrix having the size of the largest pixel value in the image. It
enables the representation of the relative frequency distributions of gray levels and
describes the frequency of how often one gray level will appear in a specified spatial.
The GLCM features – contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity are calculated.
The contrast measures the intensity contrast between a pixel and its neighbour on the
entire image. The correlation is used to find a measure of how a pixel is correlated to
its neighbour over the whole image. The energy is using the homogeneous region
from non-homogeneous regions. It is expected to be high if the frequency of repeated
pixel pairs is high. The normalized co-occurrence matrix is denoted by total number
of the occurrence of two neighbouring pixels between gray-intensity at vertical
direction and angle. The homogeneity measures the closeness of the distribution of
elements in the GLCM to the GLCM diagonal.
4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Figure 4.2.1: Data Flow Diagram Level 0

Figure 4.2.2: Data Flow Diagram Level 1

As you can see the data flow diagram shows the way in which the data will flow or pass in the
proposed system. First we look at the level 0 data flow diagram in which we just get the system at a
glance in which the user i.e. end user of our system or administrator user sends inputs to the
application and gets the appropriate response from the system . Now at the data flow diagram level
one we have more detailed flow of data here, the user is transferring and receiving data to Kidney
Stone Diagnosis in the form of ultrasound images . The other users i.e. administrator users are
communicating with Admin control panel. Then the Blockchain is receiving and sending appropriate
data as per requests. Then at last the data is getting store in database.
4.3 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Figure 4.3: Activity Diagram

As you can see here we have an activity diagram which gives us a better understanding of all
activities happening in the proposed system. As you can see this system has very easy flow activities
to understand.

4.5 DEPLOYMENT DIAGRAM

 Figure 4.5: Deployment Diagram

The deployment diagram is used to visualize all the present nodes of the system as well as all the
communication links. The given diagram shows the nodes present in our system and all kinds of
communication links.

4.5 CLASS DIAGRAM

The class diagram is the main building block of object-oriented modeling. It is used for general
conceptual modeling of the structure of the application, and for detailed modeling, translating the
models into programming code. Class diagrams can also be used for data modeling.

4.5 USE CASE DIAGRAM

As you can see in this diagram we have an actor user on the left side and an application or
system on the right hand side. Here we have several use cases like providing input,
binarization ,segmentation,feature extension , CNN application , generating result etc.

4.5 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

A sequence diagram simply depicts interaction between objects in a sequential order i.e. the order in
which these interactions take place. We can also use the terms event diagrams or event scenarios to
refer to a sequence diagram. Sequence diagrams describe how and in what order the objects in a
system function
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion

This work describes a method of identification of Kidney Stone Diagnosis and implementing an idea
which can bring several changes to the method of diagnosis in society and improvise the living has
always been a great thing to us aspiring engineers, through this project we aimed to use all of our
willpower to the cause.

This project based on artificial intelligence where it utilises the C-fuzzy , FCLM Segmentation
methodologies are used to have precision based diaganosis. . Certain features discriminate normal
images from renal tumor, renal calculi and renal cyst. The results obtained show that the SIFT
features and texture features could be used to classify renal abnormalities. The results obtained further
show that classification of kidney stones by texture analysis method and SIFT method can be done

We also use a well-defined phantom to study mixed-type kidney stones. Phantom results indicate that
the proposed method is able to differentiate different material phases and micro-structures within a
mixed-type stone. However, in the current work, isolated kidney stones have been investigated. In
future work, it is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for kidney stones
embedded in surrounding tissue.

6.2 Future Scope

The development on the points mentioned in future work is in progress.
In future work, the proposed method might be designed for real time implementation via interfacing it
with the scanning machines. The captured kidney photograph can be subjected to the proposed set of
rules to become aware of the affected vicinity and for accurate classification of kidney stone. For
accomplishing better accuracy, we are able to compare the effects of other neural networks except
Back Propagation algorithm.

REFERENCES

12. S. Hu et al., "Towards quantification of kidney stones using X-ray dark-field tomography,"
2017 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2017), Melbourne,
VIC, 2017, pp. 1112-1115. doi: 10.1109/ISBI.2017.7950711
13. S. Singh, D. Srivastava and S. Agarwal, "GLCM and its application in pattern recognition,"
IEEE 2017 5th International Symposium on Computational and Business Intelligence
(ISCBI), Dubai, 2017, pp. 20-25.
14. H. Zhang, Q. Wang, W. Shi and M. Hao, "A Novel Adaptive Fuzzy Local Information $C$ -
Means Clustering Algorithm for Remotely Sensed Imagery Classification," in IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 5057-5068, Sept. 2017,
doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2702061.
15. S. Aadhirai and D. N. Jamal, "Feature extraction and analysis of renal abnormalities using
fuzzy clustering segmentation and SIFT method," IEEE 2017 Third International Conference
on Bio signals, Images and Instrumentation (ICBSII), Chennai, 2017, pp. 1-5.
16. M. Ranjitha, "Extraction and dimensionality reduction of features for Renal Calculi detection
and artifact differentiation from segmented ultrasound kidney images," IEEE 2016 3rd
International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom),
New Delhi, 2016, pp. 3087-3092.
17. Komal Sharma, jitendra virmani, “Classification of renal diseases using first and higher order
statistics”, international conference on computing for sustainable global development, IEEE,
2016.
18. Ranjith.M, “Extraction and Dimensionality reduction of features for renal calculi detection
and artifact differentiation from segmented ultrasound kidney images”, IEEE, 2016.
19. N. Thein, H. A. Nugroho, T. B. Adji and K. Hamamoto, "An image preprocessing method for
kidney stone segmentation in CT scan images“,IEEE:2018
20. P. T. Akkasaligar, S. Biradar and V. Kumbar, "Kidney stone detection in computed
tomography images,"2017 International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart
Nation (SmartTechCon), Bangalore, 2017, pp. 353-356.doi:
10.1109/SmartTechCon.2017.8358395, IEEE 2017
21. I. Introduction Distinguishing Staghorn and Struvite kidney stones using GLCM and Pixel
Intensity Matrix Parameters, vol. 4, pp. 25, 2017 IEEE.
22. Verma, J., Nath, M., Tripathi, P. et al. Pattern Recognit. Image Anal. (2017) 27: 574.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1054661817030294