Lect-2 Measure of Central Tendency & Dispersion

COURSE:PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
MT-331
Lecture 2
Part (1)
SHUMAILA USMAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
METHAMATICS DEPARTMENT
Course: MT- 331 P&S
Teacher: Shumaila Usman
Objective
Descriptive Measure
• Measure Of Location
• Measures of central tendency
• Mean; Median; Mode
• A.M; G.M; H.M
• Quartiles; Percentiles , Decile
• Measures of Dispersion
• Range
• Interquartile range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
• Coefficient of Variation
NED University Of Engineering & Technology

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• Measures of Shape
• Skewness
• Kurtosis
• 5-number summary
• Box-and-whisker
• Ogive curve

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Descriptive Measure Or Summary Measure.

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MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
• A single expression representing the whole group, is selected which

may convey a fairly adequate idea about the whole group. This single
expression in statistics is known as the Average.
Average a generally the part of the distribution & therefore, they are
also called the Measure of Central Tendency

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Course: MT- 331 P&S
Arithmetic mean
UN GROUPED DATA
• Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers then their Averages is given by
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥=
𝑛
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 ΣXi = X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + … + Xn

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EXAMPLE 1:
Find the average wage of the ten laborer's working in a small industrial unit in
a village:
X: 88, 72, 33, 29, 70, 54, 86, 91, 57, 61

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EXAMPLE:2
Six men with high serum cholesterol participated in a study to examine the
effects of diet on cholesterol .At the beginning of the study, their serum
cholesterol levels (mg/dL) were:366, 327, 274, 292, 274, 230.
Determine the mean

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Example:3

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Arithmetic mean
GROUPED DATA
• Let 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 ----- 𝒙𝒏 be n numbers with corresponding their frequencies
𝒇𝟏 , 𝒇𝟐 ,----, 𝒇𝒏 then the A.M is given by
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥= 𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑓𝑖 )
𝑓1 𝑥1 :𝑓2 𝑥2 ;;;;𝑓𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑥 =
𝑓1 :𝑓2 ;;;;;;;;;;𝑓𝑛

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Course: MT- 331 P&S
POPULATION SAMPLE
MEAN 𝜇 𝑋
VARIANCE 𝜎2 𝑆2
SIZE N n

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PROPERTIES OF A.M
• If the mean of n observation 𝑥1 ,𝑥2 -----, 𝑥𝑛 is 𝑥, then
(𝑥1 -𝑥) + (𝑥2 -𝑥 ) + ------- + (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥 ) =0
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 )=0
xi (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙) =(𝒙𝒊 −8)

4 -4
6 -2
8 0
10 2
12 4
TOTAL 40 0
MEAN 40/5=8

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𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥 )=0
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑖 − (𝑥 ) 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥
𝑖<1 𝑖<1
𝑖<1
𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑛𝑥 −−−−−− 1
𝑛
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥= 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
𝑖<1
𝑛
𝑛𝑥 = 𝑖<1 𝑥𝑖 put in 1
𝑛𝑥 - 𝑛𝑥=0

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PROPERTIES OF A.M
𝑛
• − 𝑥 )2 < 𝑛𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴)2
𝑖<1(𝑥𝑖
where A is any arbitrary constant
Suppose values are
4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , 12
Mean =8
Assume A=4 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙)𝟐 = (𝒙𝒊 − 𝟖)𝟐 (𝒙𝒊 − 𝑨)𝟐 =(𝒙𝒊 − 𝟒)𝟐
(𝟒 − 𝟖)𝟐 =16 (𝟒 − 𝟒)𝟐 =0
40<120 (𝟔 − 𝟖)𝟐 =4 (𝟔 − 𝟒)𝟐 =4
(𝟖 − 𝟖)𝟐 =0 (𝟖 − 𝟒)𝟐 =16
(𝟏𝟎 − 𝟖)𝟐 =4 (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒)𝟐 =36
(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟖)𝟐 =16 (𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒)𝟐 =64
40 120

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• If 𝑛1 values have mean 𝑥1 , 𝑛2 values have mean 𝑥2 & −−− −, 𝑛𝑘 values have
mean 𝑥𝑘 .The mean of all values 𝑛1 𝑛2 ----- 𝑛𝑘 is called combined weighted
mean is given by
(𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑛2 𝑥2 ∙∙∙∙∙ 𝑛𝑘 𝑥𝑘 )
𝑥𝑐 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 +∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ +𝑛𝑘
Example: The mean marks of the students in different of final year class.
(43∗61):(40∗62):(37∗58)
𝑥𝑐 = SECTION NO OF STUDENTS MEAN MARKS
(43:40:37)
A 43 61
=60.4
B 40 62
C 37 58
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• If a constant is added or subtracted to each values of the variable xi, the

A.M will also be added or subtracted by the same constant.
• If y=ax---------𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
• if y=a ±b x--------𝑦 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
• if y= -------------𝑦 =
𝑐 𝑐

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𝒙𝒊 𝒚𝒊 𝒚 = 𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒙𝒊 )
• Calculate 𝑦 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 =2+3x
4 1 13
• 𝑦 =130/5 =26
6 2 20
8 3 27
• Y=2+3x
10 5 32
• 𝑦 =2+3 𝑥
12 4 38
• 𝑥=8
• Put 𝑥 value in above equation
• 𝑦 =2+3 (8)= 26

Course: MT- 331 P&S
The Geometric Mean

UNGROUPED DATA
• Let 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 ----- 𝒙𝒏 be n numbers, then none of them being zero, then the G.M is defined by
𝑛
𝐺. 𝑀 = (𝑥1 )( 𝑥2 )−−−−− (𝑥𝑛 )
Or
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑖 )
𝐺. 𝑀 =
𝑛

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Example 1
Calculate the geometric mean of the annual percentage growth rate of profits in business corporate from
the year 2000 to 2005 is given below
50, 72, 54, 82, 93

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The Geometric Mean

• GROUPED DATA
Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers with corresponding their frequencies
𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ,----, 𝑓𝑛 then the G.M is defined by
𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑓𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑖
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑓𝑖
𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑓1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥1 + 𝑓2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥2 + −− −𝑓𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑛
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛
𝑖<1(𝑓1 + 𝑓2 −−−−−−− −𝑓𝑛

Course: MT- 331 P&S
EXAMPLE 1 :
Find the GM of the observations 12, 18, 48 and 61 of a variable having their weights 5, 3, 2
and 8 respectively
Solution:
Let us prepare the data in the form of a table so as to calculate GM.

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Example :2

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The geometric mean cannot be computed if any item in the series is negative or
zero.
It is suitable for averaging ratios, percentages and rates.

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Harmonic mean
Ungrouped data
• Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers then their H.M is given by

𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀 =
𝑛 1
𝑖<1(𝑥 )
𝑖
𝑛
𝐻. 𝑀 =
𝑛 1 1 1
𝑖<1(𝑥 +
𝑥2
−− − + )
𝑥𝑛
1

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Example:1

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Harmonic mean
• Grouped data
• Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers with corresponding their

frequencies 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 ,----, 𝑓𝑛 then the H.M is
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
• 𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝑛 (𝑓 1 )
𝑖=1 𝑖∗ 𝑥
𝑖

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Example:1

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Example :3
An airplane covers a distance of 1000 Km in two phases. During the first phase it averaged a speed of
400 Km/hr and during the second phase the average speed was 600 Km/hr. Find the average speed for
the entire trip.
Solution:
Average speed of the trip is the Harmonic Mean of the average speeds of the two phases.
𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑓𝑖
𝐻. 𝑀 =
𝑛 1
𝑖<1 𝑖∗ 𝑥 )
(𝑓
𝑖
𝟐
Harmonic Mean of the two average speeds 𝟏 𝟏 =480 Km/hr
:
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎
The average speed of the plane for the entire trip = 480 Km/hr.

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Example: 4
A motor car covered a distance of 50 miles four times. The first time at 50
mph the second time at 20 mph the third at40 mph & the 4rth at 25
m.p.h.calculate the average speed?
Solution:
4
Harmonic Mean = 1 1 1 1 =29.63
: : :
50 20 40 25

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• Example :Find the AM, GM and HM of the four values 3, 6, 24 and

48. Verify AM > GM > HM
Solution:
Arithmetic Mean = (3+6+24+48)/4 = 814 = 20.25
4
Geometric Mean = 3×6×24×48 = 12
4
Harmonic Mean =1 1 1 1 =64/9=7.11
: : :
3 6 24 48
The computed values verify AM>GM>HM.

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Example : Calculate A.M,G.M,H.M of the following data
class interval fi
0 10 4
10 20 8
20 30 10
30 40 6
40 50 7

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class interval fi xi fixi (fi*1/xi) fi*log(xi)

0 10 4 5 20 0.8 2.79588
10 20 8 15 120 0.533333 9.40873
20 30 10 25 250 0.4 13.9794
30 40 6 35 210 0.171429 9.264408
40 50 7 45 315 0.155556 11.57249
total 35 915 2.060317 47.02091
𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ) 915
𝑥= 𝑛 (𝑓 ) = = 26.14
𝑖=1 𝑖 35

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𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑖 47.02091
𝐺. 𝑀 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑛 𝑓 = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 22.06
𝑖=1 𝑖 35
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 35
𝐻. 𝑀 = 𝑛 1 = = 16.987
𝑖=1 𝑖∗ 𝑥 )
(𝑓 2.060317
𝑖
A.M>G.M>H.M

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The selection of central tendency as a measure depends on the properties of

a dataset. For instance, mode is the only central tendency measure
of categorical data while a median works best with ordinal data.

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MEDIAN
The Median is the midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the
smallest to the largest.
• For an even set of values, the median will be the arithmetic average of the two
middle numbers.
• It is also known as the 50th percentile (P50), or 2nd quartile (Q2)
• The position of the median can be calculated as follows:

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When no of observation is EVEN :
When no of observation is ODD:
𝑛:1 𝑡𝑕
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( ) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2

Course: MT- 331 P&S
 Median for odd numbers

First, if you have an odd number of scores pick the middle
score.
 1 4 6 7 12 14 18
 1 4 6 77 12 14 18
ANS: Median is 7
 Median for even numbers
Second, if you have an even number of scores, take the
average of the middle two.
 1 4 6 7 8 12 14 16
 1 4 6 7 7 88 12 14 16
ANS: Median is (7+8)/2 = 7.5
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Median for odd numbers Median for even numbers

Example:2 Example:3
The ages for a sample of five The heights of four basketball

college students are: players, in inches, are:
21, 25, 19, 20, 22 76, 73, 80, 75
Arranging the data in ascending Arranging the data in ascending

order gives: order gives:
19, 20, 21, 22, 25. 73, 75, 76, 80.
Thus the median is 21. Thus the median is 75.5

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Median for Grouped Data

𝑕 𝑓𝑖
 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 + ( - C.f)----(GROUP DATA)
𝑓 2
L----lower class boundary
h---width of the class boundary
C.F---cumulative frequency of preceding class

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Example:1

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𝒉 𝒇𝒊
Median=𝒍 + ( - C.f)
𝒇 𝟐
𝒇𝒊 𝟏𝟒𝟎
= = 𝟕𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
L =49.5 ,h=10 ,f=30 ,c.f=65
𝟏𝟎
Median=𝟒𝟗. 𝟓 + (70-65)
𝟑𝟎
Median = 51.16

Course: MT- 331 P&S
• Example:
A survey was conducted to determine the age (in year) of 120 automobiles. The result of such
survey is as follows. What is the median age for the autos?
𝒉 𝒇𝒊
age of auto 0--4 4--8 8--12 12--16 16--20 Median=𝒍 + ( - C.f)
𝒇 𝟐
no of auto 13 29 48 22 8
𝒇𝒊 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Solution: = = 𝟔𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
L-C-B U-C-B F C.F 𝒍 =8 ,h=4 ,f=48
0 4 13 13 c.f=42
4 8 29 13+29=42
𝟒
8 12 48 42+48=90 Median=𝟖 + (60-42)
𝟒𝟖
12 16 22 112
16 20 8 120 Median = 9.5
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The Mode
• The mode is the value of the observation that appears most
frequently.
𝑓𝑚;𝑓1
𝑀𝑂𝐷𝐸 = (𝑙 + ∗ 𝑕)------------G.D
2𝑓𝑚;𝑓1;𝑓2
• l=lower class boundary of modal class
• Fm= frequency of modal class
• F1= frequency of preceding M.C
• f2 =frequency of following M.C

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 The most common observation in a group of scores.

 Distributions can be unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal.
 If the data is categorical (measured on the nominal scale) then
only the mode can be calculated.
 The most frequently occurring score (mode) is Vanilla.

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Example 1
-Which of the following scores is the mode?
3, 7, 3, 9, 9, 3, 5, 1, 8, 5
Ans:3
Example 2
-Similarly, for another data set (2, 4, 9, 6, 4, 6, 6, 2, 8, 2), there are two modes; What are they?
Ans:6,2
Example 3
-What is the mode for 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4 and 4
Ans:7,6,5,4
• A distribution with a single mode is said to be unimodal

• A distribution with more than one mode is said to be bimodal, trimodal,
etc., or in general, multimodal
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Example:
Calculate the mode using the graphical method for the following distribution of data:
𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏
𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝒍 + 𝟐𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏;𝒇𝟐 ∗ 𝒉)
𝒇𝒎=5 𝒍 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒉 = 𝟒
C -B f
52.5 56.5 2
56.5 59.5 4 𝒇𝟏=4
60.5 63.5 5
64.5 67.5 4
68.5 71.5 4 𝒇2=4
72.5 75.5 1 𝟓;𝟒
𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝟔𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟐(𝟓);𝟒;𝟒 ∗4)= 62.5

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frequency
Class boundaries
62.5

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𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏
𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝒍 + 𝟐𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏;𝒇𝟐 ∗ 𝒉)
L-C-B U-C-B f
0 10 5 𝟏𝟐;𝟖
𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝟐𝟎 + ∗ 𝟏𝟎)
10 20 8 = f1 𝟐(𝟏𝟐);𝟖;𝟕
20 30 12 =fm 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟒

30 40 7 = f2
40 50 5
50 60 3

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𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟒
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Ex : Find the mean, median, & mode of the following set of

numbers: 36, 39, 40, 34, 48, 33, 25, 30, 37, 17, 42, 40, 24.
• Mean - 445/13  34 .2
• Median – Put the numbers in order first!

17, 24, 25, 30, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 40, 42, 48
Mode – most frequent!

40 is the mode.

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• Example:
A survey was conducted to determine the age (in year) of 120 automobiles. The result of such
survey is as follows. What is the median age for the autos?
𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏
age of auto 0--4 4--8 8--12 12--16 16--20 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝒍 + ∗ 𝒉)
𝟐𝒇𝒎;𝒇𝟏;𝒇𝟐
no of auto 13 29 48 22 8
Solution: 𝒇𝒎 =48
𝒇𝟏=29
L-C-B U-C-B F 𝒇𝟐=22
0 4 13 𝒍 =8 ,h=4
4 8 29
𝟒𝟖;𝟐𝟗
8 12 48 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬 = (𝟖 + ∗ 𝟒)
𝟐 𝟒𝟖 ;𝟐𝟗;𝟐𝟐
12 16 22 𝑴𝑶𝑫𝑬=9.688
16 20 8
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𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ) 1132
𝑥= 𝑛 (𝑓 ) = = 9.43
𝑖=1 𝑖 120
Mean=9.43 median=9.5 mode =9.68

Mode > med >mean so the shape of the distribution is skewed to the left
L-C-B U-C-B F Xi=mid pt Fi xi

0 4 13 2 26
4 8 29 6 174
8 12 48 10 480
12 16 22 14 308
16 20 8 18 144
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Teacher: Shumaila Usman Quartiles
• Quartiles split a set of ordered data into four parts.

• Imagine cutting a chocolate bar into four equal pieces… How many cuts would you make? (yes, 3!)

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Q1 is the First Quartile

25% of the observations are smaller than Q1 and 75% of the observations are larger
Q2 is the Second Quartile
50% of the observations are smaller than Q2 and 50% of the observations are larger. Same as the
Median. It is also the 50th percentile.
Q3 is the Third Quartile
75% of the observations are smaller than Q3and 25% of the observations are larger

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UNGROUPED DATA GROUPED DATA

𝑛:1 𝑕 𝑖∗ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑖 ∗ ( ) 𝑄𝑖 = 𝑙 + ( − c. f)
4 𝑓 4
𝑖 = 1,2,3 𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑
𝑛:1 𝑕 1∗ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑄1 = 1 ∗ ( ) 𝑄1 = 𝑙 + ( − c. f)
4 𝑓 4
𝑛:1 𝑕 2∗ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑄2 = 2 ∗ ( ) 𝑄2 = 𝑙 + ( − c. f)
4 𝑓 4
𝑛:1 𝑕 3∗ 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑄3 = 3 ∗ ( ) 𝑄3 = 𝑙 + ( − c. f)
4 𝑓 4

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QUARTILE FOR UNGROUPED DATA
𝒏:𝟏
𝑸𝒊 = 𝒊 ∗ ( )
𝟒
𝒊 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
EXAMPLE :
Automobile Fuel Efficiency Thirty automobiles were tested for fuel

efficiency (in miles per gallon). This frequency distribution was
obtained. Calculate First second & Third Quartile of the given data?
CLASS BOUNDARIES FREQUENCY

7.5 12.5 3
12.5 17.5 5
17.5 22.5 15
22.5 27.5 5
27.5 32.5 2

Course: MT- 331 P&S
Calculation for first quartile
CLASS BOUNDARIES f F<
7.5 12.5 3 3
12.5 17.5 5 8 1st quartile group
17.5 22.5 15 23 𝒍 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
h=5
22.5 27.5 5 28
f=5
27.5 32.5 2 30 C.F =3
𝑓 30
= = 7.5
4 4
𝟓
Q1= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 + (𝟕. 𝟓 − 𝟑)=17
𝟓
Course: MT- 331 P&S
Calculation for Second quartile or Median

7.5 12.5 3 3
12.5 17.5 5 8
2nd Quartile group
17.5 22.5 15 23
22.5 27.5 5 28 𝑓 30
27.5 32.5 2 30 = = 15
2 2
𝑙 = 17.5
𝑕=5
𝑐. 𝐹 = 8
𝑓 = 15
5
𝑀 = 𝑄2 = 17.5 + (15 − 8)=19.8≈ 20
15
Course: MT- 331 P&S
Calculation for Third quartile

7.5 12.5 3 3
3( 𝑓𝑖 ) 90
12.5 17.5 5 8 = = 22.5
4 4
17.5 22.5 15 23 𝑙 = 17.5
22.5 27.5 5 28 𝑕=5
27.5 32.5 2 30 𝑐. 𝑓 = 8
𝑓 = 15
𝒉 𝟑∗ 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊 𝟓
𝑸𝟑 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝐜. 𝐟) 𝑸𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 + (𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟖)
𝒇 𝟒 𝟏𝟓
𝑸𝟑 =22.3
Course: MT- 331 P&S
PERCENTILE
• Percentile divide the data in to 100 equal part
𝑃1, 𝑃2,;;;;;;;;, 𝑃99
DECILE
• Decile divide the data in to 10 equal part.
𝐷1, 𝐷2,;;;;;;;;, 𝐷9
GROUPED DATA UNGROUPED DATA
𝒉 𝒊∗ 𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊 𝒏:𝟏
𝑷𝒊 = 𝒍 + ( − 𝒄. 𝒇) 𝑷𝒊 = 𝒊( ) i=1,2,3,---99
𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒉 𝒊∗ 𝒏 𝒇 𝒏:𝟏
𝑫𝒊 = 𝒍 + ( 𝒊=𝟏 𝒊 − 𝐜. 𝐟) 𝑫𝒊 = 𝒊( )
𝟏𝟎
i=1,2,3,---9
𝒇 𝟏𝟎

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
𝐷2 = 4𝑟𝑡𝑕 + 0.2 5𝑡𝑕 − 4𝑟𝑡𝑕

𝐷2 = 30 + 0.2 36 − 30
𝐷2 = 31.2
So therefor 2nd Decile is equal to 31.2

Course: MT- 331 P&S
𝒏:𝟏
𝑫𝟑 = 𝟑( )th value
𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟎:𝟏
𝑫𝟑 = 𝟑( )th value
𝟏𝟎
𝑫𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟑 th value
𝑫𝟑 = 𝟔𝒕𝒉 + 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟕𝒕𝒉 − 𝟔𝒕𝒉

𝑫𝟑 = 𝟑𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟑𝟕
𝑫𝟑 =37.6
So therefor 3rd Decile is equal to 37.6
Course: MT- 331 P&S
𝑫𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒𝒕𝒉 + 𝟎. 𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝒕𝒉 − 𝟏𝟒𝒕𝒉

𝑫𝟕 = 𝟔𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟕 𝟔𝟖 − 𝟔𝟕
𝑫𝟕 =67.7

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
Example 1:
Given the series 3,5, 7, 4 6,2 and 9.
Calculate the 2nd decile.
Solution:
To find the decile first we have to arrange the data in order.

2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 and 9.
Here n = 7
D₂ = value of 2[(n+1)/10]th item.

= value of 2x[(7+1)/10]th item
= value of 1.6th item.
= 1st value + 0.6 of the distance between 1st and
2nd value
= 2 + 0.6(3-2)
D₂ = 2.6

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
BOX PLOT
Box plots (also known as box and whisker plots) are a type of chart
often used in explanatory data analysis to visually show the
distribution of numerical data and skewness through displaying the
data quartiles (or percentiles) and averages.

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
QUARTILE COEFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS:
𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸𝟏 -------------(Symmetrical)
𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟐 > 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸𝟏 -------------(positively skewed)
𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟐 < 𝑸𝟐 − 𝑸𝟏 -------------(negatively skewed)

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 14: Draw a Box plot for the data below
Q1 Q2 Q3
4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12
Lower Upper
Median
Quartile Quartile
= 8
= 5½ = 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Course: MT- 331 P&S
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 15: Draw a Box plot for the data below
Q1 Q2 Q3
3, 4, 44, 6, 8, 88, 8, 9, 10,

10 10, 15,
Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 4 = 8 = 10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Course: MT- 331 P&S
Graphical method for Location of median

Median can be located with the help of the cumulative frequency curve or ‘ogive’.
The procedure for locating median in a grouped data is as follows:
Step 1 : The class intervals, are represented on the horizontal axis (x-axis)
Step 2 : The cumulative frequency corresponding to different classes is calculated.

These cumulative frequencies are plotted on the vertical axis (y-axis) against the
upper limit of the respective class interval
Step 3 : The curve obtained by joining the points by means of freehand is called
the ‘less than ogive’.
Step 4 : A horizontal straight line is drawn from the value N/2 and N+1 / 2on
the y-axis parallel to x- axis to meet the ogive. (depending on N is odd or even)
Step 5 : From the point of intersection, draw a line, perpendicular to the horizontal
axis which meet the x axis at m say.
Step 6 : The value m at x axis gives the value of the median.
Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

Course: MT- 331 P&S

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Lect-2 Measure of Central Tendency & Dispersion

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COURSE:PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

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Descriptive Measure Or Summary Measure.

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MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• A single expression representing the whole group, is selected which

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xi (𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙) =(𝒙𝒊 −8)

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• If a constant is added or subtracted to each values of the variable xi, the

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The Geometric Mean

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The Geometric Mean

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It is suitable for averaging ratios, percentages and rates.

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• Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers then their H.M is given by

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• Let 𝑥1 𝑥2 ----- 𝑥𝑛 be n numbers with corresponding their

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NED University Of Engineering & Technology

NED University Of Engineering & Technology

• Example :Find the AM, GM and HM of the four values 3, 6, 24 and

Arithmetic Mean = (3+6+24+48)/4 = 814 = 20.25

The computed values verify AM>GM>HM.

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Example : Calculate A.M,G.M,H.M of the following data

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class interval fi xi fixi (fi*1/xi) fi*log(xi)

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The selection of central tendency as a measure depends on the properties of

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When no of observation is EVEN :

When no of observation is ODD:

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 Median for odd numbers

class interval fi xi fixi (fi1/xi) filog(xi)