Amines

Amines constitute an important class of organic compounds derived by replacing one or

more hydrogen atoms of ammonia molecule by alkyl/aryl group(s).
In nature, they occur among proteins, vitamins, alkaloids (eg. Morphine) and hormones.
Synthetic amines : polymers, dye stuffs and drugs.
Two biologically active compounds, namely adrenaline (hormone from adrenal gland) and
ephedrine ( obtained from plant Ephedra, used as medication and stimulant), both
containing secondary amino group, are used to increase blood pressure.
Novocain, a synthetic amino compound, is used as an anaesthetic in dentistry.
Benadryl, a well known antihistaminic drug (prevents action of histamine. Histamine is
secreted by immune cells of body as a response to any foreign agent) also contains tertiary
amino group.
Quaternary ammonium salts are used as surfactants (in detergents).
Diazonium salts are intermediates in the preparation of a variety of aromatic compounds
including dyes.

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Nature :
The lower aliphatic amines gases fishy odour.
Primary amines (three or more carbon atoms) liquid
Higher ones solid
Colour :
Aniline and other arylamines are usually colourless but get coloured on storage due to atmospheric oxidation.
Solubility in water :
Lower aliphatic amines Soluble in water
High molecular mass amines Solubility decreases
Why lower amines are soluble in water ? because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

why solubility decreases with increase in molar mass of amines ?

Ans. due to increase in size of the hydrophobic alkyl part. Higher amines are essentially insoluble in water.

electronegativity of nitrogen of amine 3.0

Electronegativity of oxygen of alcohol 3.5

Out of butan-1-ol and butan-1-amine, which will be more soluble in water and why?

O of butanol (an alcohol) forms stronger hydrogen bond with water molecules than N of butanamine (an
amine), and hence butanol is more soluble in water as compared to butanamine. (electronegativity)
Solubility in organic solvent :
Amines are soluble in organic solvents like alcohol, ether and benzene.
Polarity : alcohols > amines and form stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds than amines.
Amines are less polar than alcohols, i.e. more non polar than alcohols.

Primary and secondary amines are engaged in intermolecular association due to hydrogen bonding between
nitrogen of one and hydrogen of another molecule. (see image)
This intermolecular association is more in primary amines than in secondary amines as there are two hydrogen
atoms available for hydrogen bond formation in it.
Tertiary amines do not have intermolecular association due to the absence of hydrogen atom available for
hydrogen bond formation.
Intermolecular association : primary amine > secondary amine Ques. Write IUPAC names of the
following compounds and classify
them into primary, secondary and
tertiary amines.
(i) (CH3 )2CHNH2
(ii) CH3 (CH2 )2NH2
(iii) CH3NHCH(CH3 )2
(iv) (CH3 )3CNH2
(v) C6H5NHCH3
(vi) (CH3CH2 )2NCH3
(vii) m–BrC6H4NH2

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Write chemical equations for the following reactions:
(i) Reaction of ethanolic NH3 with C2H5Cl.
(ii) Ammonolysis of benzyl chloride and reaction of amine so formed with two moles of CH3Cl.

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 Thus, there is a subtle interplay of the inductive effect, solvation
effect and steric hinderance of the alkyl group which decides
the basic strength of alkyl amines in the aqueous state.

Due to the electron releasing nature of alkyl

group, it (R) pushes electrons towards The substituted ammonium ion
nitrogen and thus makes the unshared formed from the amine gets
electron pair more available for sharing with stabilised due to dispersal of the
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Due to the electron releasing nature of alkyl
group, it (R) pushes electrons towards
nitrogen and thus makes the unshared
electron pair more available for sharing with
the proton of the acid.
The substituted ammonium ion
formed from the amine gets
stabilised due to dispersal of the
positive charge by the +I effect of
the alkyl group.

the basic nature of aliphatic amines should increase with increase in the number of alkyl groups. This trend is followed in the gaseous phase.

In the aqueous phase, the substituted ammonium cations get

stabilised not only by electron releasing effect of the alkyl group (+I)
but also by solvation with water molecules. The greater the size of
the ion, lesser will be the solvation and the less stabilised is the ion.
The greater the stability of ion, stronger is the basic nature. The
order of stability of ions are as follows:

In aniline or other arylamines, the -NH2 group

is attached directly to the benzene ring. It
results in the unshared electron pair on
nitrogen atom to be in conjugation with the
benzene ring and thus making it less available
for protonation. (can be seen in resonance
structures) Hence, weaker base.

Arrange the following in decreasing order of

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 Arrange the following in decreasing order of
their basic strength:
C6H5NH2 , C2H5NH2 , (C2H5 ) 2NH, NH3

Ques. Arrange the following in increasing order of their basic strength:

Ques. Arrange the following:
(i) C2H5NH2 , C6H5NH2 , NH3 , C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5 ) 2NH
(i) In decreasing order of the pKb values:
(ii) C2H5NH2 , (C2H5 ) 2NH, (C2H5 ) 3N, C6H5NH2
C2H5NH2 , C6H5NHCH3 , (C2H5 )2NH and C6H5NH2
(iii) CH3NH2 , (CH3 ) 2NH, (CH3 ) 3N, C6H5NH2 , C6H5CH2NH2 .
(ii) In increasing order of basic strength:
C6H5NH2 , C6H5N(CH3 )2 , (C2H5 )2NH and CH3NH2
(iii) In increasing order of basic strength:
(a) Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine
(b) C6H5NH2 , C6H5NHCH3 , C6H5CH2NH2 .
(iv) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas phase:
C2H5NH2 , (C2H5 )2NH, (C2H5 )3N and NH3
(v) In increasing order of boiling point:
C2H5OH, (CH3 )2NH, C2H5NH2
(vi) In increasing order of solubility in water:
C6H5NH2 , (C2H5 )2NH, C2H5NH2 .

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 1°-Amines + HONO (cold acidic solution)

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 1°-Amines + HONO (cold acidic solution)
Nitrogen Gas Evolution from a Clear Solution

2°-Amines + HONO (cold acidic solution)

An Insoluble Oil (N-Nitrosamine)

3°-Amines + HONO (cold acidic solution)

A Clear Solution (Ammonium Salt Formation)

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