Pak Study Notes For First Semester Examination of Mechanical Engineering F-16 Batch

PAK STUDY NOTES FOR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING F-16 BATCH.
Evolution and growth of Muslim society in the Sub-continent
Although Islam spread rapidly in the world as soon as it surfaced in the world,
but it established its foothold in the Indo-Pak Sub-continent in the beginning
of 8th Century A.D.
It was during the rule of sixth Umayyad caliph, Walid bin Abdul Malak (705-
715 A.D), when an overarching incidence of ship looting occurred near Debal, a
sea port. The ships, carrying widows and children of deceased Arab soldiers,
sent by the king of Ceylon (present day Sri-Lanka) to the Umayyad Governor,
Hajjaj bin Yousef, of Baghdad were ransacked by a contingent of ferocious
Hindu pirates. Hajjaj sent his emissary to the Rajput king, Raja Dahir under
whose jurisdiction the pirates carried out the loot. The raja bluntly turned
down the Governor’s claim said the pirates were not under his sway. Hajjaj
decided to send the young Imaduddin Muhammad bin Qasim to teach the raja
a lesson and release the prisoners. Muhammad bin Qasim was the ruler of
Faris when he was called back by the Governor.
Muhammad bin Qasim then led a glorious Muslim army and invaded Sindh in
712 A.D. During his short stay in Niran he was reinforced by four thousands
Jats who were long subdued by the self-righteous king. Raja Dahir came with
his 40,000 soldiers along with contingents of elephants. However, the Raja
killed in the battle field and his demoralized army retreated. Muhammad bin
Qasim not only released the prisoners along with the looted ships but also
established Islamic society/rule in Sindh. Qasim continued to expand the
Muslim society beyond Sindh. He marched up to Multan where he defeated
Raja Gor Singh.
During this time several changes occurred that made his expeditions slow
down and finally put a halt. Hajjaj bin Yousef had been died in 714 A.D and,
within months administrative changes wrought in Damascus. Walid bin Abdul
Malak was replaced by his brother Suleman bin Abdul Malak (715-717 A.D).
The new ruler was extravagantly luxury loving and quite incompetent for the
accession to the throne. Suleman called off the best Generals from around their
respective destinations and through intrigues executed them one by one. These
Generals brought laudable victories to Walid. They included Qutaiba bin
Muslim, the conqueror of Turkistan; Tariq bin Ziad, the conqueror of Andalus;
Musa bin Nasir, the conqueror of North Africa; and Muhammad bin Qasim, the
conqueror of Sindh. Muhammad bin Qasim was died languishing in the prison
at the age of just 22. He was replaced by Yazid bin Kabashi.
Qasim’s rule, though short, is marked by the historians as marvelous and
magnificent. He gave relieved the local population scourged by the extra
judicious rule of the erstwhile rajas in general and Raja Dahir in particular.
Furthermore, he espoused inter-religious harmony and brought prosperity and
good governance in the areas under his domain. Italian scholar F. Gabrieli
said: “Present day Pakistan, holding the values of Islam in such a high esteem,
should look upon the young Arab conqueror, Muhammad bin Qasim, almost as
ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 1

a distant Kistes (founding father), a hero of South Asian Islam”.

With the passage of time rule of Umayyads finally evaporated in 750 A.D. They
were succeeded by the Abbasids. The Abbasid rulers time after time sent their
governors in the Sub-continent. According to Ibn Haukal, who traveled
extensively through the Arab domains around the middle of the 8th Century,
particularly mentioned the affluence of the people of Sindh. Moreover, during
the rule of Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur (754-775 A.D), scholars from the Sindh
were welcomed at the court of Baghdad. In the north Islam was making inroads
from Afghanistan into the north-western region of Pakistan. Islamic
missionaries were actively spreading their faith among the tribes.
Due to weak Abbasid ruler, who acceded to the throne later on, lost sway over
the territories of the Sub-continent at the end of 9th Century. In the 10th
Century Turks invaded the Sub-continent through renowned Khyber Pass. The
most important of them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of Sabuktagin the
great General. Mahmud ruled the sub-continent from 997 A.D. He wanted to
expand his rule across India and attacked seventeen times in this regard. He
was a great warrior. He reduced the influence Hindushahi Kingdom being
prevalent in India. He became known as an Idol Breaker after the destruction
of Somnath temple. However, he died in 1030. Mahmud appointed Khusru
Malik as the governor of Lahore. However, Khusru Malik was killed by the
Ghoris headed by Muhammad Ghori and paced their empire around 1185.
Muizz-ud-din Muhammad bin Sam, known as Shahab-ud-din Muhammad
Ghuri is among the one who played a paramount role in the establishment of
Muslim rule, especially in North India. He defeated the fearsome army of Prithvi
Raj Chauhan in 1192 in the second battle of Tarain. He had has the credit to
establish the first Muslim in Delhi.
In 1206, Ghori had to travel to Lahore to crush a revolt. On his way back to
Ghazni, his caravan halted at Damik near Jehlum. He was killed while offering
his evening prayers.
From 1206 to 1526 A.D Delhi Sultanate rose to power. It is believed, however,
that the period of Delhi Sultanate was politically turbulent but the Muslim
society under the Sultanate period flourished at a great length. Sufism also
made it way during this era. He is aptly called as the founder of Muslim Empire
in Indo-Pak Sub-continent.
Mughals, led by Zaheer-ud-Din Babar entered India in 1526 A.D and remained
in power, though nominally, till 1857. The Mughal epoch is particularly known
as the period of Muslim architecture, literature and gave a boost to religious
reformists and saints such as Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Walliullah, Sheikh
Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar, Nizam-ud-Din Chishty, etc.
Islam left profound effects on minds of people of the Sub-continent. Islam

completely changed the living standard and style of thinking of the people of
the Sub-continent. The Muslim society gave a welcome fillip to the cultural,
economic and, social development in the Sub-continent and boosted inter-

religious harmony as well. Turks introduced Persian language which

intermingled with Arabic and other local languages gave birth to several new
languages including Urdu. Though the Muslim society experienced ups and
downs through out the history, yet it yielded positive effects on the minds of
people at large in Indo-Pak Sub-continent.
ROLE OF HAZRAT MUJADID E SANI (R.A)
Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi – 1564 - 1624

Mujaddid Alf Sani
1. Introduction
History
2. Tribulations of Society at his time
Religious
Social
Spiritual
Political
3. Results of Tribulations
Belief in Karamat
Denial of Shariah
No referral to Qur’an and Hadith
Promotion of Hinduism
4. Role of Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi as a reformer
Preaching of Religion
Emphasizing on Sunnah
Resistance of Mysticism
Wahdat ul shahud & Wahdat ul wajud
Successful Jihad against Deen-e-Elahi
Opposition of Akbar's concept and Imprisonment.
Maktubat-e-Imam Rabbani (Writing Letters)
Books and Magazines (Risala)
Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi & Two Nation Theory
5. Conclusion
Brief Note
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi,
was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that
claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a
well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His
initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind
and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and
philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life
was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was
not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya
Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
During this period the Muslims in India had become so deficient in the knowledge of
true Islam that they had more belief in Karamat or miracles of the saints than Islamic
teachings. The Ulema and theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the Quran

and Hadith in their commentaries, and considered jurisprudence the only religious
knowledge. Akbar, the Mughal king had started a series of experiments with Islam,
propagating his own religion Din-i-Ilahi, an amalgamation of Hindu and Muslim
beliefs. In these circumstances, Sheikh Ahmad set upon himself the task of purifying
the Muslim society. His aim was to rid Islam of the accretions of Hindu Pantheism. He
was highly critical of the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wujud, against which he gave his
philosophy of Wahdat-ush-Shuhud.
He entered into correspondence with Muslim scholars and clerics and laid stress on
following the true contours of Islam. To him, mysticism without Shariah was
misleading. He stressed the importance of Namaz and fasting. Through preaching,
discussions and his maktubat addressed to important nobles and leaders of religious
thought, he spread his message amongst the elite in particular. As he and his
followers also worked in the imperial camp and army, he was soon noticed by
Jehangir. Jehangir, unlike his father, was a more orthodox Muslim. But he still
insisted on full prostration by all his subjects. Sheikh Ahmad refused to prostrate
before him, as result of which he was imprisoned at Gwalior Fort for two years until
the Emperor realized his mistake. Jehangir then not only released Sheikh Ahmad, but
also recalled him to Agra. Jehangir thereafter retracted all un-Islamic laws
implemented by Akbar.
Sheikh Ahmad’s greatest contribution was undoubtedly the task of countering
unorthodox Sufism and mystic beliefs. He organized the Naqshbandiya order to reform
the society and spread the Shariah among the people. He wrote many books, including
his famous works, Isbat-ul-Nabat and Risal-i-Nabuwat. His greatest work on Islamic
philosophy was the Tauheed-i-Shuhudi. Sheikh Ahmad continued preaching Islam till
the end of his days. He urged people to adhere to the accepted and clearly laid down
path of Islam. He passed away in 1624. The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad
Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He
belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq
(RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad
received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran,
Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of
his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in
Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to
become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he
went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja
Baqi Billah.
During this period the Muslims in India had become so deficient in the knowledge of
true Islam that they had more belief in Karamat or miracles of the saints than Islamic
teachings. The Ulema and theologians of the time had ceased to refer to the Quran
and Hadith in their commentaries, and considered jurisprudence the only religious
knowledge. Akbar, the Mughal king had started a series of experiments with Islam,
propagating his own religion Din-i-Ilahi, an amalgamation of Hindu and Muslim
beliefs. In these circumstances, Sheikh Ahmad set upon himself the task of purifying
the Muslim society. His aim was to rid Islam of the accretions of Hindu Pantheism. He
was highly critical of the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wujud, against which he gave his
philosophy of Wahdat-ush-Shuhud.

He entered into correspondence with Muslim scholars and clerics and laid stress on
following the true contours of Islam. To him, mysticism without Shariah was
misleading. He stressed the importance of Namaz and fasting. Through preaching,
discussions and his maktubat addressed to important nobles and leaders of religious
thought, he spread his message amongst the elite in particular. As he and his
followers also worked in the imperial camp and army, he was soon noticed by
Jehangir. Jehangir, unlike his father, was a more orthodox Muslim. But he still
insisted on full prostration by all his subjects. Sheikh Ahmad refused to prostrate
before him, as result of which he was imprisoned at Gwalior Fort for two years until
the Emperor realized his mistake. Jehangir then not only released Sheikh Ahmad, but
also recalled him to Agra. Jehangir thereafter retracted all un-Islamic laws
implemented by Akbar.
Sheikh Ahmad’s greatest contribution was undoubtedly the task of countering

unorthodox Sufism and mystic beliefs. He organized the Naqshbandiya order to reform
the society and spread the Shariah among the people. He wrote many books, including
his famous works, Isbat-ul-Nabat and Risal-i-Nabuwat. His greatest work on Islamic
philosophy was the Tauheed-i-Shuhudi. Sheikh Ahmad continued preaching Islam till
the end of his days. He urged people to adhere to the accepted and clearly laid down
path of Islam. He passed away in 1624.
ROLE OF SHAH WALIULLAH (R.A)

● INTRODUCTION:
Shah Wali Ullah was born on 21 February 1703 during the reign of
Aurangzeb his real name was Qutub-ud-din but became famous as
Shah Wali-Ullah his father was Shah Abdul Rahim who founded
Madrassa Rahimiya in Delhi his father died in 1718.In 1724 Shah
Wali Ullah went to Arabia to perform Hajj. He studied under famous
scholar Sheikh Abu Tahir bin Ibrahim and returned to Delhi in
1732. During the course of his education, he learned many of his
books from his father and was inducted in the tradition of bayath
(sacred vows) by his father and by the age of 17 was permitted by
his father to provide spiritual guidance and reform his fellow
Muslims. After 14 months of stay in Arabia, two hajj pilgrimages
and learning the books of hadith from the scholars of the holy
cities, Shah Waliullah finally returned to India in early 1145 H.E.
the journey home lasted six months and he reached Delhi on Friday
14 Rajab 1145 H.E. on reaching home, he started teaching again
and writing until his death three decades later.

● BELIEFS:
He believed that the Muslims were facing decline not because of

weak leadership but because of Muslim community itself. He
believed that many Muslims did not have complete knowledge of
Quranic teachings. A major problem was that Muslims were divided
into Shias and Sunnis and fought with themselves. It was necessary
to follow Islamic teachings into every aspect of life.
● WORK:
He worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for every

Muslim. He translated Quran into Persian because many people
were unfamiliar with Arabic. Later his sons, Shah Abdul Qader and
Shah Rafi, translated Quran into Urdu so more and more people
could gain Islamic knowledge. He wrote fifty one books in Persian
and Arabic. Amongst the most famous were Hujjatullah-ul-Baligha
and Izalat-Akhfa. He also wrote an account of the first four caliphs
of Islam in a way that was acceptable to both Shias and Sunnis. In
economics he emphasised the need for social justice and for
peasants and craftsmen to be truly valued for their contribution to
the economy. His most important contributions to the Muslim
community was his organization of opposition to the Marathas, who
were threatening to over-run the Mughal Empire from the south. It
was to call together the divinities among Muslims and unite them
for Jihad. He wrote a letter to Afghan King Ahmad Shah Abdali and
joined local forces with local Muslim leaders and defeated the
Marathas in the Battle of Panipat in 1761. However, despite
encouragement from Shah Wali Ullah, the Muslim leaders did not
unite to take advantage of the defeat of the Marathas. Perhaps if
they had done so, the Muslims would not have soon found
themselves under Non-Muslim rule.
● IMPORTANCE:

Shah Wali Ullah was one of the first thinkers to state that the
decline of Mughal Empire and the vulnerable position of the
Muslims were due to a neglect of the principles of Islam. He showed
how this regeneration might take place. The Madrassa continued to
play a vital role in teaching Islamic principles and researching
Islamic thought. He believed that Muslims could prosper if they
followed proper Islamic customs and did not indulge in social evils.
His writing gave large number of Muslims a chance to study their
religion and understand its teachings. He gave Muslims inspiration
to lead a pure simple Life. He showed that Muslims had to
concentrate more on basic principle rather than finding the
difference which would lead them in the conflict among them. He
tried to oppose Maratha and unite the Muslim under a common
enemy. Many future leaders were inspired by his teachings. And
fight for the good of Muslim community.
Introduction
The efforts of Shah Waliullah for the spread of Islam were the first step towards the
establishment of free Islamic Society as well as the establishment of Pakistan.
Early Education
Shah Waliullah was a great saint, scholar and reformer. He was born in a pious family in
Delhi on 21st February 1703. His father’s name was Shah Abdul Rahim. Shah Abdul
Rahim was the founding member of the Madrasa Rahimiya in Delhi. Shah Waliullah
received his early education in Madrassa Rahimiya.
As A Teacher
After finishing his education at the Madrassa Shah Waliullah taught there for twelve years.
He then went to Saudi Arabia in 1724 for Hajj and higher studies. He returned to Delhi in
July 1732.
Preaching of Islam
He advocated the Quranic education for the welfare of the Muslims of subcontinent. He
urged the people to live simple life. Shah Waliullah recognized that the tenets of Islam
could not be followed properly unless the Holy Quran itself was understood. In order to
spread teachings of Islam, he translated the Holy Quran into Persian. His work was
appreciated. Later on his sons, Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Abdul Aziz translated the Holy
Quran in Urdu.
Role in Politics
Shah Waliullah led the Muslims to struggle for their political rights. He wrote many letters
to the great Afghan ruler Ahmed Shah Abdali to retrieve Muslim rule in India. Shah
Waliullah clarified the importance of “Jihad” to the soldiers. He knew that the Sikhs,
Marhattas and the Jats were the enemies of the Muslims. So he urged the Muslims to
strive for Allah because they had already suffered a lot by fighting with one another.
Author of Many Books
Shah Waliullah was the writer of many books which are as follows:
1. Hajjatullah-ul-Balighah
2. Izalat-Al-Akhfa
3. The explanation of the Holy Quran
Two Nation Theory
Shah Waliullah played a vital role in establishing the personality and identity of Muslims.
He said that the Muslims are one nation according to Kalma and belief and there is no
importance of their colour and any geographical existence.
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857

In 1857 British faced a serious challenge to their rule in India. This war is
called war of Independence. There are many causes for this war which are:
Political
As British extended their control they introduced many ways of grabbing
land like the use of Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie
was very unpopular. The mistreatment of Mughal Emperor was also
another cause and when Lord Dalhousie moved the capital from Delhi. It
angered many people. English was replaced by Persian as an Official
language.
Religious and Social
As the rule of British grew so did its culture. The British thought that
they were Superior Culture and Disrespected the Indian culture they also
did not get mixed with the Indians as they thought that Indians are
uneducated and uncivilized people. This arrogant attitude and the
introduction of new ways of life with railways, roads and telegraph were
not accepted to many Indians. Indians thought that their religion was ay
threat by foreigners was sent Christian monks to spread their religion.
These monks insulted the religion of the Indians. This angered many
Indians.
Economic
We have learnt that how British merchants traded with India which was
very profitable for them. The British imposed high taxes on Indians and
the tax collectors were corrupt and kept some money for themselves the
resentment grew when the British filled Indian market with cheap mass
produced goods and many families were unable to sell their goods thus
this made most of the Indians poor. British also made the salary of their
army (Infantry) low.
Military
There were many Indian soldiers in the British army but not even a single
one of Indian was made an officer. The British used their army to fight
other countries and this was not accepted to Indians who wanted to leave
their mother land. They were also rumors that The Indians were forced to
convert into Christianity before they could be made the Officers.
The Events Of 1857

● In January 1857 the British announced that they would introduce a new
rifle with a paper cartridge covered with grease to keep the powder dry
and before the cartridge would be loaded the end had to be bitten off.
However a rumor spread that the grease was made up of Cow and pigs fat.
The Sepoys were so angry that they refused to use the new rifle.
● In March a Sepoy named Mangal Pandey defied his British officer and
was executed.
● In May Sepoys of Meerut refused to touch the new cartridge so they
were put to prison but their fellow Sepoys freed them and killed all the
British then the soldiers marched to Delhi and captured it. The Mughal
emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II wined the support of Hindus and Muslims.
The War spread and British lost control of Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and
Allahabad as well as Delhi and Lucknow. This area is now known as Uttar
pardesh. However British proved to be too powerful and quickly regained
the areas they had lost.
● In September Delhi was regained and Bahdur Shah was put into life time
prison. In august 1858 the war was officially over.
Reasons For Failure Of War of Independence 1857
1.Lack of Unity
Although the whole Indian nation faced resentment against the British
but the aims were different. The Muslim wanted to regain control and
again set up the Mughal Empire. Their was no general plan or a Leader.
The princes did not want the Imperial power once again. There was no
sense of patriotism and India was too dived for such a feeling.The only
uniting force was Islam but the other groups opposed them which were
Hindus and Sikhs as they did not want the rule of Muslim once again on
the India. These were the reasons as British considered this as “Muslim
Revolt”.
2.British Strength:
The most powerful country of that time and because of Industrial
Resolution they had High tech weapons. The British army was well trained
and was much disciplined and they were provided with large weapons and
Funds by the British government. The Perhaps the major reason for the
failure of this uprising was the strength of the British.The Britain was
Indians were still fighting with each other and in the mean time the
British use it clever techniques and weapons to crush the rebellion
furthermore it had the support. of some loyal states like Kashmir who
sent 2000 troops to support the British win the war.
The Effects of the War
The failure of the war conformed the British masters of India. The war did
not loosen control but rather tightened it. The East India Company was
abolished and the Britain took full control of the Indians affairs. In 1877
the Queen Victoria was given the title as Empress of India and the Mughal
royal family decade away. There were very cruel acts in the war as in the

town of Cawnpore the Indians had murdered several British women and
children to avenge their deaths the British killed anyone who was
sympathetic to Indians. They also introduced Viceroy who was known
responsible for all the acts in the country. He had over thousand civil
servants to help him administer the country. These ranged from highly
paid judge to lowly paid junior administer. After the War the British
stopped funding Muslim schools and because Muslims still were not ready
to accept the British rule so they did not go in the British schools and
became uneducated. This was not the case with Sikhs and Hindus and
they became friendly with the British and very quickly learned to speak
English. After 1857 British did not trust the Indians and thus they were
not taken in the army and the British did not allow Indians to have their
own weapons and thus making the further rebellions less effective. The
Control of the British in India was now unchallenged.
The Achievements of Aligarh Movement
The war of independence of 1857 ended the Muslim rule in South Asia. The
British had taken over the leadership of the sub-continent. They blamed
Muslims for the outbreak of the war of independence. Thus, Muslims became
their victims and were denied of their religious, social, political and economic
rights. In these circumstances, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan came forward to rescue
Muslims. He started a movement, which is commonly known as the Aligarh
Movement. The main objectives of this movement were:-
 To create general awareness among the Muslims that they are no more
the rulers of South Asia. They should accept this reality.
 To create goodwill relations with the British. Sir Syed Ahmed tried to
convince British that Muslims alone were not responsible for the war of
independence. The Hindus and other non-Muslims of South Asia also
fought it. Now Muslims are equally loyal to them like other Indians.
 Sir Syed was fully convinced that unless Muslims received modern and
scientific education they would remain backward. This was the reason
that he established a Scientific Society in 1862.
Achievements of Aligarh Movement:

Aligarh Movement worked to awaken the Muslims of South Asia. A number of

keynote Muslim leaders like Nawab Viqar ul Muluk, Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,
Moulana Shibli Naumani, and Moulana Altaf Hussain Hali played an important
role in the success of Aligarh Movement. Following are the main features of
the movement.
Social Services: War of Independence of 1857 brought sufferings and miseries

for the Muslims. They were destroyed politically, socially and economically.
Whereas, the Hindus took advantage of that situation and hold important
positions in the British Govt. Sir Syed wrote his famous books “The Causes
of the Indian revolt” and “The Loyal Mohammedans Of India”. Through these
books he tried to bring an understanding between the Muslims and British.
With his efforts, the ban on the employment of Muslims was relaxed. Muslim
properties, which were confiscated after the war, were returned to them.
Educational Services: Sir Syed was of the view that only modern education
would help in the progress & development of Muslims. He established Scientific
Society with a purpose to translate western books in Urdu. Sir Syed also
established a school in Aligarh on the model of Cambridge University
London. Later, that school was raised to the level of a college named M.A.O
College Aligarh.
Conclusion: The Aligarh Movement became the source of revival and strength
for the Muslims of South Asia. It led the Muslims to reshape their future. It
also provided the foundation for the Two-Nation Theory.
The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British
chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the anti-British
uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and
merciless vengeance. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their
adversaries because they had ousted them from power. With the rebellion of
1857, this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and
suppress the Muslims forever. Their efforts resulted in the liquidation of the
Mughal rule and the Sub-continent came directly under the British crown.

After dislodging the Muslim rulers from the throne, the new rulers, the British,
implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy banned
Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English not only
the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835. This spawned
a negative attitude amongst the Muslims towards everything modern and
western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under
the new regime. This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven
disastrous for the Muslim community.
Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his
attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of India.
He was convinced that the Muslims in their attempt to regenerate themselves,
had failed to realize the fact that mankind had entered a very important phase
of its existence, i.e., an era of science and learning. He knew that the
realization of the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the
British. Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for
regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook
from a medieval one to a modern one.
Sir Syed’s first and foremost objective was to acquaint the British with the
Indian mind; his next goal was to open the minds of his countrymen to
European literature, science and technology.
Therefore, in order to attain these goals, Sir Syed launched the Aligarh
Movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in
mind: to remove the state of misunderstanding and tension between the
Muslims and the new British government, and to induce them to go after the
opportunities available under the new regime without deviating in any way
from the fundamentals of their faith.
Keeping education and social reform as the two planks of his program, he
launched the Aligarh Movement with the following objectives:
 To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British

government and the Muslims.
 To persuade Muslims to learn English education.
 To persuade Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation.
 To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community.
Fortunately, Syed Ahmad Khan was able to attract into his orbit a number of
sincere friends who shared his views and helped him. Among them were well-
known figures like Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli,

Maulvi Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, Mohammad Hayat, and Zakaullah. Above all,
his gifted son Syed Mahmud, a renowned scholar, jurist and educationist, was
a great source of help to him.
Syed Ahmad also succeeded in enlisting the services of a number of

distinguished English professors like Bech, Morison, Raleigh and Arnold who
gave their best in building up the Aligarh College into a first-rate institution.
A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad’s efforts is given below:
1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.
1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.
1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. This society was involved in the
translation of English works into the native language.
1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient

and modern science of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and
advanced mathematics.
1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims. 1875:

Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern
of English public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and
university in 1913.
1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year

to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them
to get modern education and abstain from politics. It later became the political
mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the forerunner of the Muslim
League.
Meaning of Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the
cultural,political,religious,economic and social dissimilarities between the two
major communities.Hindus and Muslims of the Sub Continent.These difference
of out look ,in fact,were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct
political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two
independent states.

THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan
which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations.They in spite of
living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and
civilization.Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book
"Kitab-ul-Hind" as:
"The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries.The
two socities,Hindus and Muslims,like two streams have sometimes touched but
never merged,each following its separate course."
There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into
two Nations.Let us examine each of them separately.
1.Religious Differences
The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions.Islam preaches Tawheed
(oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law.Muslims are the
believers of God,The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold a
cohesive approach towards life.
Hinduism,on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods.Their
society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and have a very
narrow approach towards life.
2.Hindu Nationalism
A number of Hindu nationalist movements,which emerged from time to time in
the Indian history ,added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and
antagonism which already existed between the two communities.
The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by
the Muslims in the indian society by way of promoting education and other
social activities.Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord
between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.
3.Cultural Differences
Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build
culture.The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred
them.Hindus considered the 'Mother cow' as a sacred animal and worshiped it
while Muslims slaughtered it.they performed 'sati' while Muslims abhorred this
tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.
4.Social Differences
The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well.The
clothes,the foods,the household utensils,the layout of homes,the words of
salutation,the gestures and every thing about them was different and
immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.
5.Economics Differences
After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were
framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were
thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties were
confiscated,while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to
progress economically.

6.Educational Differences
The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and
readily took the english education.While Muslims did not receive modern
education which heavily affected their economic conditions.
7.Political Differences
The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an
important role in the developement and evolution of Two Nation Theory.
(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy
In 1867,Hindus demande that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead
of Persian script.This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.
(ii) Congress Attitude
The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all
communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the
Hindus.
(iii) Partition of Bengal
In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the
Muslims,but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and
partition was annulled in 1911.
8.Language
The Muslimsand Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The
language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script.On the
other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in
Sanskrit.Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing,thoughts of
poetry,arts,painting and words of music.Even this small difference lead to a
stirring conflict between the two nations.
Sir syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan,the pioneer of two nation theory,used the word 'two
nation' for Hindus and Muslims after being concinced of the Hindus and
Congress hatred,hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.
The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was
introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.He considered all those lived in India as
one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.Speaking at the
meeting of Indian Association he said:
"I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as
my own eyes.By the word 'Nation' I mean only Hindus and Muslims and
nothing else,We,Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the
same government.Our intrests and problems are common,and therfore,I
consider the two factions as one nation."
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their
differences ewith the Hindus with regard to religions,social and language
national and international identity and for this purpose he diverted attention of
the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of "Two Nation" or "Two entities."
After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus
and Muslims to progress as a single nation.He said:

" I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation
as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other."
TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL

Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of
separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory.He firmly believed in the
separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be
no possibility of peace in the country unless and untill they were recognized as
a nation.In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930,he said:
"India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and
professing different religions...I,therefore,demand the formation of a
consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and
Islam."
QUAID-E-AZAM'S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY
The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah's statement and
speeches.He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most
Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth.He declared:
" Muslims are not a minority,They are one nation by every definition of the
word nation.By all canons of international law we are a nation."
Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common
nationality was on idle dream.They are a totally different nation .They have an
unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in regards to their
ideals,culture and religion.In 1973,he said:
"Hindustan is neither one country,nor its inhabitants one nation.This is Sub
Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are
two major nations."
CONCLUSION
The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained
a part of Hindu society.They also came to realize the above mentioned
differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded separate
electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.
Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the
creation of Pakistan because without this as a base,Pakistan would not come
into being on 14th August ,1947,and we would not be breathing freely in this
open air of Pakistan.
ROLE OF RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES The
Background
The Western policy makers, intellectuals and scholars have focused
the Religious Education Institutions (REIs) of Pakistan since the
last over three decades. This is the same period that witnessed
major developments on the international political horizon that
always had something to do with the REIs in Pakistan. First, it was
the Soviet threat in 1980s. The strategy prepared by the Western
policy makers to counter the emerging challenge of Communist

expansionism revolved among others, round the REIsstudents in
Afghanistan and adjoining areas. The REIs had already started
resisting Soviets, viewing them a threat not only to their
independence but also to their ideology. The Western policy-makers
were aware of these students’ love for Islam, their spirit
of Jihad and determination to fight against the forces of evil. It was,
therefore, decided to lend support to the Mujahideen and
the Taliban (REIs students).1
Soon after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989

the United States started looking at Mujahideen as a threatand
withdrew its support. US approach towards Taliban government in
Afghanistan and the present US pressure on Pakistan to crackdown
on madaris can also be viewed in the same context. In fact, it
started to pressurize Islamabad in this regard even well before the
incident of September 11, 2001. According to Jessica Stern of the
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: “The United
States has asked Pakistan to crack down on the militant groups
and to close certain Madressas, but America must do more than
just scold. After all, the United States, along with Saudi Arabia,
helped create the first international ‘jihad’ to fight the Soviet Union
during the Afghan war.”2
Then follows the incident of September 11, 2001 which is viewed as

one of the most horrific events in the US history. Usama Bin Laden
and his Al-Qaeda Organization are held responsible for this tragedy
because of his call for Jihad against US and the Western countries
and their eviction from the holy land of Saudi Arabia. With this
perspective, all acts of terror in the world are being viewed today in
the religious context and the Muslims and their concept of Jihad
are being held responsible for the growing anti-US and anti-West
sentiments.3 As to the causes for the phenomenal rise in anti-
American and anti-West sentiments, the accusing fingers rose at
once towards the REIsof the Muslim countries, whose basic
objectives remain promotion of religious learning. 4

In the same context, the targets of the US attack of Oct. 7, 2001 on

Afghanistan as part of its International War against Terrorism were
defined as to launch direct military action against Islamic Militants
and Jihadi Organizations to decimate them once for all, and
simultaneously put pressure on the Muslim countries through a
policy of carrot and stick to close REIsnoted for their anti-US
character. These REIswere seen as centers of military training
where the students were brain-washed to fight as Jihadis.5
Interest in Academic Reforms
Finding it impossible to totally eliminate the institutions of religious

learning spread throughout the length and breadth of the Muslim
World, it was stressed to introduce far-reaching reforms in their
operation. The purpose was to alter the education system in such a
way that the REIs may remain neither religious nor ‘extremist’ in
character, but become modern, liberal and secular. That is how it
was decided to forestall the growing anti-US and anti-West threat.
Apparently, the principal objectives of these reforms were: 1) to

modernize the Muslim societies in a way that these no more remain
a threat to the West and the Western systems 2) to bring the West
and the Muslims closer, and eventually 3) to assimilate them into
the Western culture in such a way that, according to some
Orientalists, the ‘Civilizing Mission’ of the West may be achieved.
This reforms’ strategy was put in action on two levels. Firstly, to pay
special attention to help strengthen Pakistan Government’s
educational system on secular grounds and set up new schools.
And secondly, to make efforts to deal with religious extremism and
introduce reforms in Madaris through government as well as non-
government intervention. At the same time, efforts are being made
to make it impossible for any financial, administrative, manpower
and ideological support from Madaris to reach the Muslim
resistance groups.6 In addition, various donor agencies are making
large sums available for educational reforms in REIs.7
Recommended Reforms Program
As to the demands for reforms in REIs, the International Crisis

Group’s 8 Asia Report No. 36 may be of special interest. For any real
transformation and its desired results, the report submits its

recommendations and demands calling upon the Government of
Pakistan, international donor agencies, Britain, Saudi Arabia, Gulf
States, G-8 countries and the US to take practical steps. The ICG
recommendations are given separately as recipes for the
government of Pakistan, for the international donors, to the Middle
Eastern countries and to the G-8 countries, especially the UK and
the USA.
For the Government of Pakistan, the set of suggestions briefly

included: establishing a madrasa regulatory authority to be headed
by the interior minister; Instituting curriculum reforms for REIs
within six months; immediately closing down REIs affiliated with
banned militant organizations and prosecuting their leaders if
involved in incitement; Requiring all REIs at the time of registration
to come up with their annual income, expenditure and audit reports
while declaring their assets and sources of funding; creating a
nation-wide Financial Intelligence Unit to prevent money
laundering; keeping strict tabs on foreign instruments to seek
admission in Pakistani Madrasas; ensuring that Madrasa Reform is
not confined to urban areas but also covers small towns and
villages.
The recommendation for the International donors were to hold the

Pakistani Government to its commitments to Madrasa Reform; to
provide financial assistance to help Pakistan upgrade its secular
education sector at all levels; to provide financial assistance to
government Programs to reform the madrasa education sector only
if the government closes madrasas affiliated with banned groups;
training new Madrasa teachers to teach a wide range of secular
subjects; producing Madrasa textbooks for modern subjects; and
supporting civil society monitoring of document performance in
madrasa reform and on other education issues.
To the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf States,
the ICG proposal was to publicly identify charities and NGOs
suspected of links with militants. The G-8 countries, especially the
United Kingdom and United States were asked to implement fully
the eight special anti-terrorist financial recommendations of the

internal governmental Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money
Laundering and urge Pakistan to adopt legislation that meets these
standards. They were advised to launch, with the help of domestic
Islamic Organizations, a public awareness campaign to dissuade
expatriate Muslims from funding Jihadi Madrasas and to dispel
misperceptions that Islamic Education per se is a target of the anti-
terror financing laws.9
The tone and tenor of these recommendations and the nature of the
desired steps reveal how the West is looking at Madaris in Pakistan
and the exact nature of their concerns. They are keen to ensure
that the Government of Pakistan should be put under so much
pressure as to make its approach towards these Madaris as rigid
and hard as they would like it to be.
The situation demands looking deeper into the root causes and the
main factors behind such Western apprehensions. Such a review is
needed not merely in the context of the current political
developments, but also in the overall historic and civilizational
perspective.
Western Apprehensions: Causes and Concerns
Apart from the apparent cause of the alleged involvement of REIsin

terrorism, as also extremism, any attempt to understand the West’s
apprehensions in a wider perspective, leads in discovering three
major causes. The first is the basic difference between the Islamists
and the secularists in their concept and vision towards life.
Islamists seek guidance for their objectives in life and overall

conduct from their religion, which they regard not merely as a set of
rituals, but also a way of life. According to this approach, no sphere
of life, both individual and collective, is free from the Islamic
guidance. Religious education has, therefore, been an obligatory
requirement for their society in which intervention of any sort,
especially from external quarters, at once becomes an extremely
sensitive matter. It seeks to define the role of man in the context of
his relationship with his Lord the Creator.
On the other hand, religion occupies a secondary place in the

largely secular Western society. The life has been divided into two
separate compartments; the individual and the community, and the
role that religion has to play, if at all, has remained confined to
personal spheres of the individual. This Western approach towards
religion has its roots in the Europe of Middle Ages. when the religion
in the form of Papacy emerged as a strong institution and in
collusion with the feudal system of the day tried to promote
coercion, suppression and extremism in the society. In reaction to
this, various strong movements arose in Europe, somewhere in the
name of ‘Renaissance’, at another place as ‘Reformation’, and
somewhere else as ‘Modernism.’ The religion and its role in human
society and for the human potentials were regarded as ‘deadly.’
According to the men of learning and intellectuals in the West, God
has long been dead and if any society or a nation talked of
remolding their lives and the lives of the coming generations in the
light of religious injunctions and the Divine Guidance, it posed a
grave threat to the future of the world and the humanity, and it has
to be countered either by waging war or reforming that particular
society and the nation.
FORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1885

From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by 65 individuals with
the active help by A.O Hume, a retired British officer, until the time
of independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Indian National
Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent
Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of
the Indian Independence Movement. Founded upon the authority of
British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume, the Congress was created
to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated
Indians with the British Raj. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and
the transfer of India from the East India Company to the British
Empire(the Raj), it was the goal of the Raj to support and justify its
governance of India with the aid of English-educated Indians, who
would be familiar and friendly to British culture and political
thinking. Ironically, a few of the reasons the Congress grew and

survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony, was through

the patronage of British authorities, Anglo-Indians, and a rising
Indian, English language educated, class.
Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started by
reaching-out to selected alumni of the University of Calcutta,
writing in his 1883 letter that, "Every nation secures precisely as
good a Government as it merits. If you the picked men, the most
highly educated of the nation, cannot, scorning personal ease and
selfish objects, make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for
yourselves and your country, a more impartial administration, a
larger share in the management of your own affairs, then we, your
friends, are wrong and our adversaries right, then are Lord Ripon's
noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary, then, at
present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India
truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she
enjoys.
On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded
at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates
in attendance. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary,
and Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected
President. Besides Hume, two additional British members (both
Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding
group, William Wedderburn and Justice (later, Sir) John Jardine.
The other members were mostly Hindus from
the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. Many Muslim community
leaders, like the prominent educationalist Syed Ahmed Khan,
viewed the Congress negatively, owing to its membership being
dominated by Hindus. Orthodox Hindu community and religious
leaders were also averse, seeing the Congress as supportive of
Western cultural invasion.
The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned
about its existence on the whole, for the Congress never attempted
to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social
oppression, and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns
by British authorities. The perception of bodies like the Congress
was that of an elitist, then educated and wealthy people's
institution.
Events like the passage of the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 and the
Ilbert Bill of 1882, as well as the reduction of the age limit for the
Civil Services Exams in 1876 resulted in a wave of opposition from
the middle class Indians. Consequently some of them came together
and formed a number of small political parties that came out in the
streets for protests and rallies. The British foresaw the situation
resulting in another rebellion on the pattern of the War of
Independence of 1857. To avoid such a situation, the British
decided to provide an outlet to the local people where they could
discuss their political problems. In order to achieve this goal, Allan
Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, had a series of
meetings with Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy. He also visited England
and met people like John Bright, Sir James Caird, Lord Ripon and
some members of the British Parliament. Hume also had the
support of a large number of Englishmen in India, including Sir
William Wedderbun, George Yule and Charles Bradlaugh.
On his return from Britain, Hume consulted the local Indian leaders
and started working towards the establishment of an Indian
political organization. He invited the convention of the Indian
National Union, an organization he had already formed in 1884, to
Bombay in December 1885. Seventy delegates, most of whom were
lawyers, educationalists and journalists, attended the convention in
which the Indian National Congress was established. This first
session of Congress was presided over by Womesh Chandra
Banerjee and he was also elected as the first president of the
organization.
To begin with, Congress acted as a 'Kings Party'. Its early aims and
objectives were:
1. To seek the cooperation of all the Indians in its efforts.
2. Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices

and try to form national unity.
3. Discuss and solve the social problems of the country.
4. To request the government, give more share to the locals in

administrative affairs.
As time went by, the Congress changed its stance and apparently
became the biggest opposition to the British government.
Muslims primarily opposed the creation of Congress and refused to

participate in its activities. Out of the 70 delegates who attended
the opening session of the Congress, only two were Muslims. Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, who was invited to attend the Bombay session,
refused the offer. He also urged the Muslims to abstain from the
Congress activities and predicted that the party would eventually
become a Hindu party and would only look after the interests of the
Hindus. Syed Ameer Ali, another important Muslim figure of the
era, also refused to join Indian National Congress.
ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE AND ITS
ACHEIVEMENTS
On December 30 1906, the annual meeting of Muhammadan

Educational Conference was held at Dhaka under the chairmanship
of Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk. Almost 3,000 delegates attended the
session making it the largest-ever representative gathering of
Muslim India. For the first time the conference lifted its ban on
political discussion, when Nawab Salim Ullah Khan presented a
proposal for establish a political party to safeguard the interests of
the Muslims; the All India Muslim League.
Three factors had kept Muslims away from the Congress, Sir Syed’s
advice to the Muslims to give it a wide berth, Hindu agitation
against the partition of Bengal and the Hindu religious revivalism’s
hostility towards the Muslims. The Muslims remained loyal to Sir
Syed’s advice but events were quickly changing the Indian scene
and politics were being thrust on all sections of the population.
But the main motivating factor was that the Muslims’ intellectual
class wanted representation; the masses needed a platform on
which to unite. It was the dissemination of western thought by

John Locke, Milton and Thomas Paine, etc. at the M. A. O. College

that initiated the emergence of Muslim nationalism.
The headquarters of the All India Muslim League was established in

Lucknow, and Sir Aga Khan was elected as its first president. Also
elected were six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint
secretaries for a term of three years. The initial membership was
400, with members hailing proportionately from all provinces.
Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar wrote the constitution of the
League, known as the “Green Book”. Branches were also setup in
other provinces. Syed Ameer Ali established a branch of the League
in London in 1908, supporting the same objectives.
Following were the objectives of the Muslim League:
 To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to the

government and to disabuse their minds of misunderstandings
and misconceptions of its actions and intentions.
 To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the
Muslims of India and to represent their needs and aspirations
to the government from time to time.
 To prevent the growth of ill will between Muslims and other
nationalities without compromising to it’s own purposes.
Many Hindu historians and several British writers have alleged that
the Muslim League was founded at official instigation. They argue
that it was Lord Minto who inspired the establishment of a Muslim
organization so as to divide the Congress and to minimize the
strength of the Indian Freedom Movement. But these statements
are not supported by evidence. Contrary to this, the widely accepted
view is that the Muslim League was basically established to protect
and advance the Muslim interests and to combat the growing
influence of the Indian National Congress.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 AND ITS MAIN

Introduction
Govt of India Act 1935 was a mixed reaction among the major
Political parties after the failure of the 3rd round table conference
with the passage of time, their resentment and bitterness increased.
In such situation, major Indian parties demanded more
participation in central Government. Consequently, British
Parliament has to pass Govt of India Act in 1935. The bill was
discussed in House of Commons for 43 days and 13 days in
the House of Lord and finally, after sign of King it was enforced.
Follow are Silent Feature of Indian Act 1935
Written Act
The Govt India Act 1935 was in written form which consisted of 14
Parts and 10 Schedules.
Provincial Autonomy
The Govt of India Act 1935 introduced the Provincial autonomy. All
the Ministers were responsible to the legislature.
Direct Election
Method of direct elections was introduced one third Muslim
representation in central legislature. 1/3rdMuslim representation in
central legislature was guaranteed.
Separation of Burma and Adden

Burma and Adden were separated from India.
Governor Provinces
The Govt of India act 1935 also introduced the eleven Governor
Provinces.
5 Chief Commissioner Provinces

Another important feature of the Govt of India Act 1935 was that it
created 5 Chief commissioners Provinces.
Responsible Govt

The Govt of India Act 1935 provided a reasonable govt which had to
be accountable for its acts.
Separate & Communal Electorates

Separate electorate was retained. However, its scope was enlarged
by giving separate electorate to Anglo-Indians and Indo-Christians.
Finance Bill
Without permission of Governor General, no finance bill could be
placed in Federal Legislature. It was another defect of this act.
Conclusion
To conclude, it can be stated that provincial part of this act was
introduced while its federal part was never introduced. Even both
Muslim and Hindu political leadership criticized this act. However,
reality is that Indian Independence Act and Government of India Act
provided interim constitution for Pakistan after independence.
The most important features og GoI Act 1935 are as follows:
1.The real powers as usual remained in British hands.
2.Establishment of All Indian Federation based on union of British
Indian provinces and Princely states.
3.The representatives of the states to the federal legislature were to
be appointed directly by the Princes.
4.The franchise was limited to about one-sixth of the adults.
5.Defence and foreign affairs were to remain outside of the federal
legislature.
6.Viceroy would retain special control over the other subjects.
7.The provinces were to be governed under a new system based on
provinial autonomy.
8.Colonialism remained intact.
ELECTIONS OF 1937 AND ITS ROLE OF CONGRESS MINISTRIES
Even though Muslim League and Congress were against the
Government of India Act 1935, yet it was implemented in the winter
of 1937. Now, what lay before them was the task of persuading their
concerned masses to support them in the upcoming elections. But
Muslim League, which stood for separate electorates, was

unfortunately divided in several factions owing to personal and

ideological differences. Congress, on the other hand, was raising
slogans of joint electorates. Congress also wanted Hindi to be
declared as the official language in the Deva Nagri script, while
Muslims were in favour of Urdu in Persian script to be officially
declared as the national language of the Indian sub-continent.
The result of elections came as a huge shock to both the parties.

Congress, who claimed to be representing 95% of the total Indian
population, could not even secure 40% of the seats. It won almost
750 seats out of 1,771 in 8 out of 11 provinces. Its success was
restricted to Hindu-majority provinces only. As for the results for
the Muslim League, they were greatly disappointing. Out of 491
Muslim seats, it could only capture 106 and 26 of them were taken
by Congress. Hence, the final success of the elections was named in
the favour of Congress, which gained majority in Bihar, Orissa,
Madras and U.P and other regions.
The Congress didn’t set up ministries for about four months

demanding British government to not interfere in its legislative
affairs. Discussions between them took place, and at last, the
British agreed without making any formal amendment to the
Government of India Act 1935. As a result of which, Congress
ministries were formed in July 1937 but with bitter policy against
Muslims: Hindi became the national language, Congress flag
became the national flag, and Bande Matram became the national
anthem. A strict prohibition was laid on cow slaughter and singing
of Bande Matram, taken from the novel of Chandra Chatterji, was
started in schools. Construction of new mosques was banned and
Muslims were harassed while they offered prayers.
Twenty-seven months of Congress rule were characterized by rising

political Hinduism, which seemed to be working only for the welfare
of Hindu community and revenging the previous 700-year Muslim
rule over them, as stated by some Congress leaders. Educational
reforms were introduced that were purely anti-Muslim in spirit. The
purpose of Warda Taleemi Scheme was to displace the idea of two
nation theory from minds of Muslim children, while Vidya Mandar
Scheme aimed at promoting Hindu culture by making Mandar

education necessary at elementary level. Muslims were also kept
back in economic circle. They were expelled from government offices
and career opportunities were closed for them. Their trade and
agriculture was a target of Hindu’s harm, and they couldn’t appeal
justice which already had Hindu imprints upon it. As a result, and
to nobody’s surprise but huge dismay, massive Hindu-Muslim riots
took place.
Several reports such as “Pirpur Report”, “Muslim Sufferings under

Congress Rule”, and “The Sharif Report” were issued by Muslims
leaders to give word and voice to the injustice and cruelty they were
receiving under Congress reign, and they found expression in
newspapers.
LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940 AND ITS EFFECTS ON MUSLIMS OF

SOUTH ASIA
The Resolution
On March 23, A.K. Fazul Haq, the Chief Minister of Bengal, moved
the historical Lahore Resolution. The Resolution consisted of five
paragraphs and each paragraph was only one sentence long.
Although clumsily worded, it delivered a clear message. The
resolution declared:
“While approving and endorsing the action taken by the Council
and the Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, as
indicated in their resolutions dated the 27th of August, 17th and
18th of September and 22nd of October, 1939, and 3rd of February
1940, on the constitutional issue, this session of the All-India
Muslim League emphatically reiterates that the scheme of
Federation embodied in the Government of India Act, 1935 is totally
unsuited to, and unworkable in the peculiar conditions of this
country and is altogether unacceptable to Muslim India.
It further records its emphatic view that while the declaration dated
the 18th of October, 1939, made by the Viceroy on behalf of His
Majesty’s Government is reassuring in so far as it declares that the
policy and plan on which the Government of India Act, 1935 is

based will be reconsidered in consultation with the various parties,
interests and communities in India, Muslim India will not be
satisfied unless the whole constitutional plan is reconsidered de
novo and that no revised plan would be acceptable to the Muslims
unless it is framed with their approval and consent.
Resolved that it is the considered view of this session of the All-
India Muslim League that no constitutional plan would be workable
in this country or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on
the following basic principle, namely, that geographically
contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so
constituted, with such territorial readjustments as may be
necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in a
majority, as in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India,
should be grouped to constitute ‘Independent States’ in which the
constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.
That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be
specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in these units
and in these regions for the protection of their religious, cultural,
economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them; and in other parts of India where
Mussalmans are in a minority, adequate, effective and mandatory
safeguard shall be specially provided in the constitution for them
and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural,
economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them.
This session further authorizes the Working Committee to frame a
scheme of constitution in accordance with these basic principles,
providing for the assumption finally by the respective regions of all
powers such as defence, external affairs, communications, customs
and such other matters as may be necessary”.
Besides many others, the Resolution was seconded by Chaudhary
Khaliquzzam from UP, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sardar
Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P, Sir Abdullah Haroon from Sindh,
and Qazi Muhammad Esa from Baluchistan. Those who seconded
the resolution, in their speeches declared the occasion as a historic
one. The Resolution was eventually passed on the last day of the
moot, i.e. March 24.
Controversies
The name Pakistan was not used in the resolution and the official
name of the resolution was Lahore Resolution. It was the Hindu
newspapers including Partap, Bande Matram, Milap, Tribune etc.,
who ironically coined the name Pakistan Resolution. However, the
idea was appreciated by the Muslim masses and the Resolution is
more known as Pakistan Resolution. Secondly, the Government and
people of Pakistan wrongly celebrate March 23 as a national day in
Pakistan. The actual day when the resolution was passed was
March 24. It was only presented on March 23. Lastly, it the word
“states” and not “state” was mentioned in the Resolution. It means
that the authors of the Resolution were foreseeing two separate
states in the north-western and eastern zones of India. But if one
has a good look at the developments that followed, he or she would
come to the conclusion that either the word “states” was included
as a mistake or the League leadership soon had a second thought to
their idea. A Resolution passed at the 1941 Madras session of the
League stated, “Everyone should clearly understand that we are
striving for one independent and sovereign Muslim State.” In all the
speeches that Quaid delivered, he also used the word “an
independent homeland” or “an independent Muslim state”.
Hindu Reaction
The Hindu reaction was, of course, quick, bitter and malicious.
They called the “Pakistan” demand “anti-national.” They
characterized it as “vivisection; above all, they denounced it as
imperialist – inspired to obstruct India’s march to freedom.” In
denouncing the demand outright, they, however, missed the central
fact of the Indian political situation; the astonishingly tremendous
response of the Pakistan demand had elicited from the Muslim
masses. They also failed to take cognizance of the fact that a
hundred million Muslims were now supremely conscious of their
distinct nationhood and were prepared to stake everything to
actualize their self-perceived destiny – the creation of an
independent Muslim state in the sub-continent.
British Reaction
The British were equally hostile to the Muslim demand for at least
two important reasons. First, they had long considered themselves
as the architects of the unity of India and of an Indian nation.
Second, they had long regarded the super-imposed unity under tax
Britannica as their greatest achievement and lasting contribution in
history. And the Pakistan demand threatened to undo these
presumed achievements on which the British had long prided.
However, despite the Hindu denunciation and the British alarm, the
course of Muslim, indeed Indian, politics was from now on firmly
set towards Pakistan.
Conclusion
The All India Muslim League Resolution of March 1940, commonly
known as the Pakistan Resolution, is undoubtedly the most
important event that changed the course of Indian history and left
deep marks on the world history. With the passage of this
Resolution, the Muslims of the sub-continent changed their
demand from “Separate Electorates” to a “Separate State.” This
Resolution rejected the idea of a United India and the creation of an
independent Muslim state was set as their ultimate goal. It gave
new energy and courage to the Muslims of the region who gathered
around Quaid-i-Azam from the platform of the Muslim League to
struggle for their freedom. The dynamic leadership of the Quaid and
the commitment and devotion of the followers made it possible for
them to achieve an independent state within seven years of their
struggle, and that too when the odds were against them.
LAHORE RESOLUTION
The Resolution repudiated the concept of United India and
recommended the creation of an independent Muslim state
consisting of Punjab, N. W. F. P., Sindh and Baluchistan in the
northwest, and Bengal and Assam in the northeast. The Resolution
was seconded by Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab,
Sardar Aurangzeb from the N. W. F. P., Sir Abdullah Haroon from
Sindh, and Qazi Esa from Baluchistan, along with many others. It
further reads, “That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards
shall be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in the
units and in the regions for the protection of their religious,
cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights of the
minorities, with their consultation. Arrangements thus should be
made for the security of Muslims where they were in a minority”.
ELECTIONS OF 1946 AND 3RD JUNE PLAN

The 1945-46 elections were, by far, the most critical at all levels in
the annals of the history of Indian sub-continent. The first Simla
Conference had broken down on 14th July 1945 on the
controversial issue of the representative culture of the All India
Muslim League (AIML). Also, once World War II was over the new
government in Britain took control. The new government gave some
new instructions to the Viceroy of India. So, on 21st August 1945
the Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that elections to the central and
provincial legislatures would be held in the coming winter. As for
the first phase it was decided that election to the central legislative
assembly would be held to be followed by the election to the
provincial assemblies.
The Muslim League announced that it would fight the elections on
the two clear-cut issues –
Pakistan is the national demand of the Muslims of India and the
Muslim League is their sole representative organization. Soon after
the announcement regarding the general election the Muslim league
started preparation to contest them. The League’s position in 1945
was entirely different from what it had been at the time of the
previous election held in1937.It was now well established as a mass
organization with branches in every provinces, districts, tehsils and
villages. To cope with the finance of the election Quaid-i-Azam
asked the Muslims in his characteristic style “give us the silver
bullets and we will finish the job.”
For Jinnah and the Muslim League election campaign was urgent
and also extraordinarily hectic and brisk. He suffered bouts of
serious illness at the time. However, Quaid-i-Azam did not slacken
his pace and in a mere 24 weeks, between mid-July and end of
December 1945 “addressed thousands and had talks with
hundreds,” as he himself stated. During this short period he spoke
at more than twenty-six gatherings across the provinces of Bombay,
Sindh, Baluchistan and the Frontier, gave out thirty-two press
statements and interviews, met several delegations and received
and answered a great deal of political correspondence. In this
endeavor, Jinnah was helped by a team of highly committed
deputies. He had formed the All India Muslim League Committee of
Action in December 1943 and later the Central Parliamentary Board
whose proceedings are also printed in this volume. These small
bodies of dedicated office-holders selected Muslim League

candidates, settled differences and appeals over the award of
League tickets, distributed funds, coordinated elections work from
their Delhi head office and travelled and supervised election activity
all over India. In this they were supported admirably by the All
India and Provincial Muslim Students Federations whose members,
especially at Aligarh, set examples of selflessness, sacrifice and
dedication.
Elections for the Central Legislature were held in December 1945.
Though the franchise was limited, the turnover was extra ordinary.
Leagues performance was even more impressive as it managed to
win all the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims. The results of the
provincial election held in early 1946 were not different. Congress
won most of the non-Muslim seats while Muslim League captured
approximately 95 percent of the Muslim seats. On the other hand
League celebrated January 11, 1946 as the Day of victory and
declared that the election results were enough to prove that Muslim
League under the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam was the sole
representative of the Muslims of the region.
All said and done, it was the last variable made Pakistan possible.
Indeed, the massive electoral verdict in Pakistan’s favour during
1945-46 was the most important development between 1940 and
1947 between the adoption of the Lahore Resolution and the
emergence of Pakistan. By all standards, this verdict represented
the most critical step in the establishment of Pakistan. It was clear
to the Congress that the Muslim League was the authoritative
representative of an overwhelming majority of the Muslims in India,
but it neither accepted it openly nor challenged its position.
For both the Congress and the League, the prime issue in the 1945-
46 elections was the creation of Pakistan as opposed to the idea of
Akhand Hindustan. Hence, the elections represented a referendum
of sorts, as suggested by Gandhi, to ascertain the declared and
established will of Muslims on the nationhood and separation
issues. Once that will was given in Pakistan’s favour, its emergence
(in some form or another) could no longer be resisted or delayed.
When all of Mountbatten’s efforts to keep India united failed, he
asked Ismay to chalk out a plan for the transfer of power and the

division of the country. It was decided that none of the Indian

parties would view it before the plan was finalized.
The plan was finalized in the Governor’s Conference in April 1947,

and was then sent to Britain in May where the British Government
approved it. Mountbatten came back from London on May 31, and
on June 2 met seven Indian leaders. These were Nehru, Patel,
Kriplalani, Quaid-i-Azam, Liaquat, Nishtar and Baldev Singh. After
these leaders approved the plan, Mountbatten discussed it with
Gandhi and convinced him that it was the best plan under the
circumstances. The plan was made public on June 3, and is thus
known as the June 3rd Plan.
The following were the main clauses of this Plan:
 The Provincial Legislative Assemblies of Punjab and Bengal

were to meet in two groups, i.e., Muslim majority districts and
non-Muslim majority districts. If any of the two decided in favor
of the division of the province, then the Governor General would
appoint a boundary commission to demarcate the boundaries of
the province on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous
majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims.
 The Legislative Assembly of Sindh (excluding its European
Members) was to decide either to join the existing Constituent
Assembly or the New Constituent Assembly.
 In order to decide the future of the North West Frontier
Province, a referendum was proposed. The Electoral College for
the referendum was to be the same as the Electoral College for
the provincial legislative assembly in 1946.
 Baluchistan was also to be given the option to express its
opinion on the issue.
 If Bengal decided in favor of partition, a referendum was to be
held in the Sylhet District of Assam to decide whether it would
continue as a part of Assam, or be merged with the new
province of East Bengal.
THE CAUSES OF SEPERATION OF EAST PAKISTAN

Political system in Pakistan broke down in 1971 because of output

failure arising out of dissension and conflict among East and West
Pakistan.
Though separation of East Pakistan occurred in 1971, the

separation’s elements had begun to work with the emergence
of Pakistan in 1947. Following were the main causes of the
separation of East Pakistan.
1. Hindu Influence
The 14% Hindu population had full control over the economy
of East Pakistan. They were better educated than the native Bengali
Muslims. They owned press and mass media. At First, the Hindus
were the members of the Indian National Congress but after
partition they founded their own organization, Pakistan National
Congress (PAC). The members of PAC were, in fact, the political
agents ofIndia in East Pakistan.
2. Failure of Muslim League leadership in East Pakistan
The Cabinet did not pay due attention towards the problems of the
people, hence its capability became zero in the eyes of people. The
selfish politicians fought among themselves for the lust of chair.
The principal leaders and groups representing East Bengal in the

Muslim League came from upper-class, land-owning, Urdu
speaking families of Dhaka or the mercantile group of Calcutta.
Soon after the creation of Pakistan, the conflict between those who
claimed to represent popular and more radical factors
in Bengal and those more conservative elements, began.
3. The Conflict over Language
The Bengalis took processions in favour of their Bengali language

even in the life time of Quaid-e-Azam. Although, Bengali was
adopted as one of the two state languages, Governor Munim Khan
banned the broad cast of Tagots songs or poems over Dhaka Radio
and prevented the imports of the Bengali books from Calcutta.
4. Unity of Bengali Muslims and Hindus
To establish majority on Pak-legislature, they had to unite with

their fellow Bengali Hindus. Therefore, the man like H.S. Sehrwardy
was a consistent advocate of joint electorates.
5. The Delay in Constitution Making Process
The delay in Constitution making process gave rise to suspicions

and misunderstandings between the people of two halves. The
population of East Pakistan was 56%. The Bengalis demanded their
representation according to the percentage of population in the
national assembly.
6. Presidential Form of Government
A parliamentary system could have at least partially offset West

Pakistan dominance in the civil and military services. Again the
same mistake was made. Instead of opting for loose Confederate
Form of Government, the power elite decided in favour of highly
centralized presidential system. The opposition from East
Pakistan was intense and un-equivocal for progressive increase in
the amount of autonomy.
7. Six Point Formula of Sh. Mujeeb
The Awami League view was supported by 75% of the electorate

in East Pakistan who voted in the elections in 1970.
Pakistan shall be Federation grooming full autonomy on the basis of

6 Points to each of Federating units.
i. The character of Government shall be Federal and Parliamentary.

The representation in the Federal legislature shall be on the basis of
population.
ii. The Federal Government shall be responsible only for Defence
and Foreign Affairs.
iii. There shall be two separate currencies mutually or freely
convertible in each wing for each region.
iv. Fiscal Policy shall be the responsibility of the Federating units.
v. Separate accounts of foreign exchange earning of each of the
federating units.
vi. The units shall be empowered to maintain a Para-military fore in
order to contribute towards national security.
These were interpreted by West Pakistan as designed to bring about

the disintegration of the country.
8. Role of Ruling Elite
1) Civil Service
2) Military Hierarchy
Their clear ascendancy as a ruling group had long been established,

particularly since military coup of Ayub in 1958.
major decisions in terms of economic and

defence policies.
bitterly complained that there were few East
Pakistani officers at highest posts of the civil service. Until 1969 all
the higher officers were from West Pakistan or had emigrated from
Muslim minority areas of India.
Northern
Punjab (Rawalpindi, Cambellpur, Jehlum and Gujrat ) and two
districts of NWFP (Peshawar and Kohat). 60% Army consisted of
Punjabi and 35% Pakhtoon Jawans.
Bengalis were still considered non-martial race.
Pakistan bureaucratic and military elite were not only separated

from the majority of their population who lived in East Pakistan,
but they were also separated in both social and regional terms even
from the people of regions like Sindh, Balochistan and Frontier.
9. Economic Disparity Between East and West Pakistan
West Pakistan elite favoured the policies of economic growth

of the West Pakistan.
private sector dates back to 1948.

West
Pakistan.
East Pakistan was about 26% of total investment
(Public and Private) during the First Five Years Plan (1955-1960).
Total revenue expenditure in East Pakistan was 2.5 billion as
compared to 8.9 billion in West Pakistan.
since 1954 elections. But no drastic and significant change was

made in policies. This resulted into bitter-opposition and
resentment towards the central government.
East
Pakistan was agriculture.
ecessary for rapid
economic growth of the country.
Pakistan could not cope with the stresses and

strains generated by native economic policies and so eventually
broke down.
10. The Failure in the Enforcement of Legal Framework Order

of 1970.
the creation of National and Provincial assemblies and for the

drafting of a constitution.
constitution within 120 days.

modifications were introduced into LFO, relieving the assembly of

the responsibility of framing a constitution but conferring powers to
amend constitution.
and the result was the political unrest between the 2 parts of the
country.
11. The War of Power Between Bhutto and Mujeeb
The Awami League, by virtue of its over-whelming majority in

election, was entitled to establish its government, but Mr. Z.A.
Bhutto having the patronage from General Yahya Khan boycotted
the session of National Assembly at Dhaka, which was postponed
by General Yahya Khan. Mr. Mujeeb-ur-Rehman alleged Yahya
Khan with partiality and began to agitate the people for civil war.
12. Military Operation in East Pakistan
Islamabad.
became centre of all policies and administrative affairs
of East Pakistan.
March 23, 1971, a lot of West Pakistanis were massacred
and Bangladesh Flag was hoisted instead of Pakistani Flag. The
Pakistan Day was celebrated as the Resistance Day.
ral Tikka Khan was made the Governor of East Pakistan.
He successfully crushed the anti-government elements, but could
not manage the affairs properly due to the non-cooperation of
Bengali bureaucracy who were responsible for the revolt.
ration brought inexpressible miseries and
sufferings to the Bengalis. The result was that Central Government
deprived herself of the public support and sympathies.
13. Hijacking of Indian Plan to Lahore on Jan 30, 1971
Ganga was arranged by the Indian

Intelligence Agencies as the culmination of a series of actions taken
by the Indian Government.
the leaders of Awami League and PPP for the resolution of

differences.
banned Pakistani flights over its territory to disrupt
communications between two halves and strengthened the
separatist tendencies.
14. The Intrigues of the Super-Powers
Pakistan was an intimate friend of China but the super powers

like America and Russia wanted to terrorize China by surrounding
it on all sides. This was not possible in case of united Pakistan.
TheUSA not only encouraged Israel, provided arms to India but also
forbade Saudi Arabia and Jordan to supply arms to Pakistan.
The USA did not care for the defence treaty of 1959 (SENTO), by
whichAmerica was bound to help Pakistan in case of foreign
aggression.
15. Indra Gandhi’s Successful Tour of Europe and USA
Before military invasion, Mrs. Indra Gandhi, the then Prime

Minister if India, toured Europe and America, got aid for the
rehabilitation of refugees from East Pakistan and surety from US
not to aid Pakistan in case of Indian invasion. She further tarnished
the image of military dictatorship of Pakistan by doing propaganda
against it.
16. Military Invasion of India
After winning political battle, the Indian Government began to send

sabotagers into East Pakistan under the title of Mukti Bahni. The
insurgents created a situation favourable to the Indian invasion.
Pakistan Army fought gallantly but due to poor supply line,
Pakistan Army had to surrender.
17. Misbehaviour of Pakistani Delegation at UN
Poland presented a resolution in UN for the cease-fire but it was

torn into pieces by Mr. Zulifqar Ali Bhutto, and he refused to accept
cease-fire proposal. This paved the way for the separation of East
Pakistan.
Pakistan After Dismemberment
When military action was being taken out in East Pakistan, the
leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party demanded that the power
should be transferred to the elected representatives in the
Western Wing. This demand was repeated time and again, but
the military leadership did not accept it. However, the fall
of East Pakistan accounted for President Yahya Khan’s ouster
and before that he transferred power to the Pakistan Peoples
Party. The military junta might have acted otherwise but
country-wide demonstrations left no other choice.
General public in Pakistan accused the Generals of causing the

dismemberment of the country. Therefore, PPP came out as the
custodian of the democratic process. As a result of public
demands, some 43 high military officers were sacked.
In March 1972, General Gul Hamid, the Chief of the Army Staff
and Air Marshal Rahim Khan, Chief of the Air Staff were
removed. Main accusation against them was that they
interfered the Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission inquiring into
the Fall of Dhaka.
The PPP Government introduced a number of reforms including

educational reforms. During PPP rule, Simla Agreement (1972)
was signed between India and Pakistan which on one hand
settled the issue of POW’s and occupied territories and on the
other hand, it helped normalizing India-Pakistan relations. But
the greatest of all, the achievements of the first PPP
Government was the framing of 1973 Constitution; the First
Constitution which enjoyed popular appraisal

FOREIGN POLICIES OF PAKISTAN AND ITS PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION
No country today can think of a life independent of other
nations.Every country has to develope relations with other
countries so as to meets its requirements in economical,industrial
and technological fields.It is thus necessary for every country to
formulate a sound foreign policy.Pakistan is an important third
world country in its developmental stage.It also has formulated her
foreign policy keeping in mind its geoghraphy ,politics and
economics.
DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY

Foreign Policy can be defined as :
"Relations between sovereign states.It is reflection of demestic
politics and an interraction among sovereign states.It indicates the
principles and preferences on which a country qant to establish
relations with another country."
PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN LIGHT OF QUAID-E-AZAM'S

WORDS
The father of the nation,Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy
towards other countries of the world in 1948,as follows:
" Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all
the nations of the world.We do not cherish aggressive designs
against any country or nation.We believe in the policy of honesty
and fair play in national and international dealings and are
prepared to make our outmost contribution to the promotion of
peace and prosperity among the nations of the world.Pakistan will
never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support
to the oppressed and suppressed of the United Nations Charter."

BASIC GOALS OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY

1.Maintenance of territorial integrity.
2.Maintenance of its political independence.
3.Acceleration of social and economic development.
4.Strengthening its place on the globe.
5.Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.
GUIDING PRINCPLES OF PAKISTAN'S FPREIGN POLICY

Following are the principles of Pakistan's Policy:
1.Protection of freedom and soveregnity
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of million of Muslims
,like any other country,she also considers with deep regard the
need for preservation of its independence and does not allow any
country to harm its freedom .Therefore,the principle of protection of
independence and sovereignty is the corner stone of Pakistan's
Foreign Policy.
2.Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries
Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with
Muslim countries.It has always moved its concern against
Israel,India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine,Kashmir and
Afghanistan respectively.She has shouldered high responsibilities
and used her influence for safeguarding the rights of the
Muslims.Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic
Conference.
3.Non Interference in Internal Affairs of Other ountries
Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with
all countries especially its neighbouring countries,on the basis of
universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignty,non
use of force,non-interference in the internal affairs of state.

4.Implementation of U.N Charter

Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN Charter and to support all
moves by the UN to implwmwnt it.Pakistan has been the member of
UN since the year of its birth.
5.Promotion of World Peace
Pakistan policy is to promote peace among nations.It has no
aggresive designs against any country.Neither does it support any
such action.Pakistan has always held that the international
disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-
battlefield.
6.NON-ALIGNMENT
Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i,e to keep away from
alignment with any big power bloc and avoids taking sides in the
cold war.It has also given up its association with SEATO and
CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.
7.Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial
Discrimination
Pakistan is a staunch supporter of the right of self-determination
and has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colorialism.It
has advocated the right of self determination of Kashmir.
CONCLUSION
The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the
country's Islamic ideology,its rich cultural heritage and historical
experience.As an Islamic and non-aligned country,Pakistan
supports Islamic caouses and firmly upholds the above mentioned
principles,which hold out the promose of a just and equitable world
order in which nations can live in peace and security.
A country frames its foreign policy in the light of its domestic

policies. Foreign policy of a country does not remain static but it

changes according to time and circumstances Pakistan’s principles

of foreign policy are its ideology and national integration.
Pakistan came into being on 14th of August 1947 and it inherited

the legacy of foreign policy from the British India. However it made
some adjustments in accordance with its ideology and objectives
of Pakistan movement. Its foreign policy was determined by three
factors (i) Security (ii) Development (iii) Ideology. Its security has
remained the core stones of its foreign policy, because of its
geographical location and historical background. Its relationship
with super powers and regional powers have been fluctuating
according to political weather, injecting a permanent feelings of
uncertainty in their friendship. Thus Pakistan’s foreign policy
underwent changes to exigencies of time and requirement of
international situation; However Pakistan evolved some basic
principles of foreign policy which are as under.
1. National Security: National Security occupies first place in the

foreign policy ofPakistan since its independence Pakistan’s national
security is being threatened by theIndia because British left
the Kashmir issue unsolved and three wars have been fought by
both countries. As for as the Kashmir issue is there Pakistan needs
to maintain its national security or independence. It is why the
main principle of its foreign policy is national security.
2. Economic Interest: Pakistan as a developing country is also

needed to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states
with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can
obtain maximum economic aid.
3. Islamic Solidarity: Pakistan would pursue its ideological objective

and would like to achieve the objective of Islamic Solidarity by
promoting its relations with Islamic world and by preserving its
Islamic ideology.

4. Peaceful Co-existence: Pakistan would believe in peaceful co-

existence and would respect the other countries territorial integrity
and sovereignty and non-interference in other’s internal affairs.
5. Non Alignment: Pakistan had followed the policy of neutrality and

had not aligned it self with any block. When non-aligned movement
was formed it joined it and remained active member of it.
6. Bilateralism: Pakistan has tried to settle its differences with

neighbouring countries including India through bilateral
negotiations.
7. United Nations: Pakistan has faith in the United Nations and has
extended full support to the United Nations actions by contributing
military as well as personnel for implementing its decision.
PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBOURS MUSLIM AND BIG

COUNTRIES
Pakistan is a muslim country located in South Asia. In the south of
Pakistan is 1200 km long Arabian Sea coastal line , on the east it
has border with India, on the west with Iran and Afghanistan and
in the north with China.
Pakistan is a trade corridor and has the potential to earn billions of

dollars with the trade transit fees alone. The gas pipelines passing
throughout the country can be vital to overcome the gas shortage in
the country. All these benefits can be reaped until and unless
Pakistan has friendly relations with its neighbors.
India and Pakistan are considered arch rivals and involved in 3

deadly wars because of the Kashmir issue (which according to me is
a non issue). Both India and Pakistan have achieved the status of
“Atomic Powers”. Billions of dollars are spent by both these
developing nations to procure latest traditional and non traditional
weapons.

Despite being rivals, both countries can complement each other in

trade as both countries are linked by extensive road and rail
infrastructure which could be utilized to transport goods
conveniently across the borders reducing freight costs significantly.
Formal trade between the countries is formally absent while
informal trade (smuggling) is significant which cause the
government to be on the losing side and smugglers to be on the
winning side.
Pakistan has to offer Afghanistan its transit facilities because

Afghanistan is a landlocked country. Pakistan offers the shortest
and cost efficient logistics facility to Afghanistan unlike any other
country could ever offer. Although Pakistan’s arch rival India is
currently developing Port of Chabahar in Iran which could link up
Central Asia via Afghanistan. The port of Chabahar can’t compete
with Gwadar port because of its efficiency. Gwadar port is likely to
become operational soon as government of Pakistan has handed
over its control to its friend and neighbour China which has
invested significant amounts into developing this facility.
It is unfortunate that this facility is being misused by elements

present in Pakistan and Afghanistan which often is leading to
problems in clearance of goods. Few critics believe that goods which
are imported by traders in Afghanistan, are hardly able to cross the
border. This in turn leads to dumping of goods into Pakistan which
is severely affecting the local industries in Pakistan.
It is also evident that after attack of Nato troops on Pakistan’s

check post, clearing of goods for the troops stationed at Afghanistan
was suspended. The facility resumed after the US authorities
offered formal apology. During this suspension period Nato tried
various routes but all in vain. Therefore, it is imperative on
Afghanistan and Pakistan to avoid movement of wrongly declared
goods. It is in the interest of Afghanistan that it formalizes trade
with Pakistan at the earliest.
Since the border between the two countries is highly porous, it is

very difficult to contain smuggling. Some experts say that eatables
are smuggled into Afghanistan and in return arms and drugs are
dumped into Pakistan. This allegation seems to carry some weight
because Afghanistan produces nearly 95% of total drugs produced
in the world and it has to reach United States and Europe. Some
analysts go to extent of alleging that Nato containers are being used
for drug shipments.
Historically, Pakistan and Iran have enjoyed very cordial

relationship. However, after the imposition of economic sanctions
on Iran trade between the two countries has gone down
substantially. Pakistan virtually stopped buying oil and Iran-
Pakistan-Iran (IPI) also faced very bleak outlook. India virtually
abandoned the project and in exchange got nuclear technology for
civilian use from the United States. While India has been granted
exemption by the United States, Pakistan is scared of completing
work on Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline.
Iran and Pakistan can reach an agreement leading to Iran supplying

crude oil to Pakistan and getting wheat, rice and other food items in
exchange. One could still recall that after the US-led attack on Iraq,
the country was allowed to export oil and buy food and medicines in
exchange. One completely fails to understand why Pakistan and
Iran can’t trade under ‘oil for food’ program.
Pakistan and China are often termed ‘time tested friends’ but have
also experienced some bad patches. This friendship was not liked
by the United States during ‘cold war era’. It is mainly because
United States wants to create Indian hegemony in the region and
trying to put it also against China. Handing over of Gwadar port by
the Government of Pakistan to China has offended both the United
Sates and India. They say, “Pakistan has virtually given China
access to warm water”. India is also accusing China of establishing
‘listening port’ facility at Gwadar, which is likely to prove a big
stumbling block in the creation of Indian hegemony in the region.
Some critics also say that Pakistan under the influence of United
States and Saudi Arabia is not allowed to develop strong trade ties
with Iran. While the barter deal between Pakistan and Iran fizzled
out, Saudi Arabia is still reluctant to supply crude oil to Pakistan

on deferred payment. It is believed that both Saudi Arabia and
United States want Pakistan to abandon gas pipeline project. No
one can deny the fact that Pakistan needs gas and it has two
available options:
1) Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and
2) import of LNG.
India has been importing LNG and some of the groups having
vested interest also want Pakistan to go for LNG terminal rather
than Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project. Some analysts say that
external powers are creating unrest in Baluchistan only to sabotage
the pipeline project. They also say that extension of pipeline to
China or India will enable Pakistan to earn substantial amount as
transit fee, which will effectively bring down the cost of gas being
bought from Iran.
First of all we will take up the first part and that is the foundations
of Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World and why Pakistan
attaches great importance to its relations with the Muslim World
that is the issue that will be dealt with in the first part of the
lecture. As I have said that Pakistan assigns prime importance to its
ties and relations with the Muslim World. Pakistan is an advocate of
Pan-Islamism in the International system that is greater unity,
greater cooperation amongst the Muslim states so that they can
affectively project and protect their interests.
Another consideration s support to Muslim causes at the

International level whether you are talking of international forums
or bilateral levels Pakistan has supported Muslim causes at any
level in the World. The Muslims of the sub-continent have deep-
rooted affiliation with the Islamic countries on the basis of religion.
They demonstrated this zeal of brotherhood on many occasions.
From the days of Pakistan movement, Muslims of India followed the
traditional policy with the Muslim World. Pan-Islamism and Islamic
values were the strongest motives behind the demand of a separate
Muslim state. So after the partition, they always preferred close
bilateral relations with the Muslim countries.

Another aspect relates to Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim

World on country to country bases or what we call bilateral levels,
when Pakistan conducts its relations with individual Muslim
country. If you look at the constitution of Pakistan you find that one
of the principles of policy urges the govt to maintain and pursue
close and cordial relations with the Muslim World. So in other
words it is imperative from constitutional perspective for the govt of
Pakistan to maintain and pursue close and friendly relations with
the Muslim World. Its not simply in the post independence period
that Pakistan started pursuing cordial relations with the Muslim
World, Pakistan heritage shows that Muslims of this region had
great interest in and concern for Muslims living in any part of the
World. You could find in the pre-independence period that the
Muslims of this region and the ML that led the independence
movement always supported the Muslim cause else where. After
independence this became a permanent and regular aspect of
Pakistan’s foreign policy.
So, we can say that the principles of policy in all the constitutions
carry special attachment for Muslims and their heritage. The love
for Muslim brotherhood continued during and after the
independence.
Multilateral Relations:
Now we move on to the second aspect of today’s lecture that deals

with multilateral relations that is the relations of Pakistan with
other countries that involve several countries at the same time. In
the multilateral domain, we can talk about Pakistan’s support for
the de colonization of the Muslim World.
Support for Independence:
After becoming independent Pakistan championed the cause of

liberation of those Muslim states that were under foreign control or
domination and in this connection we can talk about Pakistan’s full
moral support for the independence of Indonesia, Tunis, Morocco,
Algeria, Libya, Sudan and Eritrea. You would remember that

Algerian freedom movement went on for a long time and Pakistan

was a great supporter of their freedom movement and when Algeria
became independent Pakistan welcomed this positive change that
another Muslim country had become independent and sovereign.
Palestine:
Second issue that can be raised here is the Pakistan’s support for
the Palestinian cause. There is a consistency and continuity in
Pakistan’s support to the Palestinian cause. Pakistan, being a
Muslim state, always sided with the national rights of the
Palestinian people. It strongly supported the independent
Palestinian state. This support goes back to the pre-independence
period when ML passed resolution after resolution in support of the
Palestine issue and after independence the state of Pakistan has
been an ardent and an active supporter of the Palestinian cause at
all levels. Sharing grievous concern over the atrocities inflicted on
the Muslims, it condemned the Israeli policies. And Pakistan has
criticisized time and again quite bitterly the atrocities that Israel
commits against the Palestians from time to time. Pakistan
supported their right to have sovereign and independent state.
Organization of Islamic Conference:
Third we can talk about OIC which is a manifestation of the Muslim

World and a concept of Pan-Islamism. Organization of Islamic
Conference is the largest Muslim forum in the world. Pakistan was
very a\ctive in creating this forum and it had remained associated
with the OIC right from the beginning of this organization Pakistan
was among the 51 Muslim nations which attended the inaugural
session in Rabat (1969). Its second conference was held at Lahore
in 1974, its session held at the city chambers in the city of Lahore
which was a matter of great honour and pride for Pakistan that the
heads of states, govts and the top leaders of the Muslim World were
present in Pakistan for sometime. Pakistani desired to make it an
effective forum to address the political, economic, technical,
scientific matters. The OIC has repeatedly extended support to
Pakistan on Kashmir. It had passed resolutions demanding that the

people of Kashmir should be given their right to decide their

political future. One Pakistani had served as the secretary general
of OIC
RCD and ECO:
Fourth important area in the multi-lateral field is RCD (Regional

Cooperation for Development) and ECO (Economic Cooperation
Organization). RCD was set up in 1964 and this included Turkey,
Iran and Pakistan, It worked in the area of economic trade, cultural
and related fields. However, this organization became in active in
1979. In 1985-86 Turkey, Iran and Pakistan decided to set up ECO
its objectives were very similar to the RCD. However, a significant
development was that in 1992 6 other members were added to the
ECO when Afghanistan and five Central Asian Republics,
Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan joined it. This means that now ECO has 10 members 3
original and others who joined later on and these members are
trying to promote greater economic, trade technological and cultural
cooperation and exchanges amongst the members.
Economic Assistance and Investment in Pakistan from the Middle

East:
Some of the Middle East Countries had been extending economic

cooperation to Pakistan from the beginning, trade relations were
there from the beginning. From 1972 this relationship, economic
relationship, economic assistance, economic cooperation,
investment extended rapidly. Some of the Middle Eastern Countries
like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, UAE and Libya provided economic
assistance to Pakistan in the 70s and in the 80s. These countries
also made investment in Pakistan primarily in the 70s and some
assistance in the 80s. Their economic assistance and cooperation
contributed to Pakistan’s economic development and stabilization in
the 70s and the 80s.
Further more; Pakistan extends military training facilities to the

number of the Gulf States and other Middle Eastern States in

Pakistani institutions. Pakistan military personnel retired and

serving also go these countries for different trainings and staff
appointments. We all know another dimension of relationship
between Pakistan and the Middle Eastern States that is thousands
of thousands of Pakistanis are employed in different states of the
Gulf region and other Middle Eastern Muslim states and from these
states these Pakistanis working there send part of their earnings
back home and this becomes an important source of earning,
foreign exchange earning for Pakistani state. In this way Pakistanis
living abroad especially in the Middle Eastern region are playing a
significant role in Pakistan’s economy.
This relationship is very important for Pakistan and if there is a

crises in the Middle East this adversely affects the trade between
Pakistan and the ME and also those Pakistanis who are living and
working there and their dependents in Pakistan who get their
financial support from these countries from their own family
members.
Rights of Muslim Minorities in different counties:
There is another dimension at multilateral level that pertains to the

rights and issues of Muslim minorities in different countries of the
World. Muslims are living as minorities that is where majority
community is Non-Muslim. The rights and interests of Muslim
minorities living in other countries is a matter of interest for
Pakistan and its people. Usually Pakistan operated through the
organization of Islamic Conference which monitors the rights and
interests of the Muslims living in Non-Muslim majority areas.
Muslim World:
Now we move on to the third part of our lecture today which deals
with country to country relationship that is Pakistan’s bilateral
relations with individual Muslim countries. It is not possible to
discuss all the details of this relationship with all Muslim countries.
Pakistan has good relations with all the Muslim countries but we
will highlight Pakistan’s relations with some of the Muslim

countries so that you have a fair idea of the nature of relationship
and the kind of interaction that takes place between Pakistan and
different Muslim countries.
Saudi Arabia:
Let’s take up Saudi Arabia first, this has been an important

relationship which is characterized by continuity of cordiality going
back to the early years of Pakistan. The two countries Pakistan and
Saudi Arabia shared views on major international and regional
issues. Both countries consult each other on regional and
international issues from time to time. They work together on
Organization of Islamic Conference. Saudi Arabia supported
Pakistan in all its wars with India and its position on Kashmir is
supportive of Pakistan. Saudi Arabia being sacred country is a
centre of the Muslim ‘Ummah’.
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have an extensive economic relationship

that expanded rapidly after 1972. Saudia had always provided
economic assistance and loans to Pakistan and it had also invested
capital in Pakistan in various projects. An important aspect of
relationship is oil supply to Pakistan from Saudi Arabia. Since 1998
SA had been supplying crude oil to Pakistan on deferred payment
bases which mean that you get the oil now but you make the
payment of its price later on gradually. This has help to ease
economic pressure on Pakistan and Pakistan has been able to
obtain oil. SA is the biggest oil supplier to Pakistan at the moment.
This relationship is going to expand over the years because both
have been expanding the area of cooperation for example latest
addition to this cooperation is counter terrorism that is both are
cooperating to contain terrorism in the region.
UAE, Kuwait and other Gulf States:
The second important relationship is with UAE, Kuwait and other

Gulf States. As a matter of fact Pakistan maintains very cordial and
friendly relationship with all Gulf States and Pakistanis are based
in all these states. They are working there and contributing to the
economy of these countries. These countries and States have close
and cordial relations with Pakistan. The new era of economic
relations has set in after the Gawadar port was built. These
countries have been providing economic assistance and investment
in Pakistan. UAE had established hospitals and Islamic centers in
some of Pakistani universities where students get knowledge and
instructions about Islamic studies and related subjects. I may
mention here that the kingdom of Umman have a large no. of
Pakistanis living there, it recruits its people in Baluchistan from its
army from time to time. So there is a special relationship between
this kingdom and Baluchistan. The ruling families of these states
make official and personal visits to Pakistan. So far as QATAR is
concerned the relations are cordial and friendly. There is a plan
under consideration that a gas pipeline from Qatar to Pakistan and
if this project is implemented then the economic ties of both the
countries would deepen.
Iran
Pakistan maintains good and cordial relations with Iran. Iran is a

neighboring state with long historical and cultural ties. Iran had
another distinction. Iran was also the first country which extended
formal recognition to Pakistan that is Iran was the first that
recognized Pakistan. Iran’s King was also the first head of state who
visited Pakistan after it came into existence. Pakistan and Iran had
worked together in different organizations; both had joint
arrangements in regard to CENTO which was earlier called as the
BAGHDAD PACT, RCD, and ECO in addition to other global
organizations where they are partners. Iran supported Pakistan in
the wars with India. It stressed on liberty of the people of Jammu
and Kashmir. Pakistan welcomed the Iranian Revolution of
February 1979. However in the initial years of the revolution the
relations were rather at low key. Firstly because Iran was busy in
its internal affairs, secondly Iran had some reservations over the
strong ties of Pakistan with the United States at that time. However
since the mid 80s the relations have been revived and Iran and

Pakistan have gradually become close friends and partners with lot
of exchanges and visits at different levels. In fact, 3 Iranian
presidents have visited Pakistan since the revolution. In January
1986, president Khamani visited Pakistan later he became the
Rahber n Iran. The 2nd president who visited Pakistan was Ali
Akbar Rafsanjani who visited Pakistan in March 1997. The 3rd
Iranian president who visited Pakistan was president Khatmi who
visited Pakistan in December 2002. From Pakistan side there have
been similar important visits. Currently there is a project under
consideration for constructing a gas pipeline from Iran to Pakistan
and then from Pakistan it will go to India and if this project is
materialized naturally the relations would further expand in the
economic domain.
Turkey:
Turkey is another Muslim country with a long history of close and

cordial relations with Pakistan. Turkey had stood by Pakistan in all
kinds of situations in wars or in peace Turkey has supported
Pakistan. On Kashmir Turkey has supported Pakistan and called
for a peaceful resolution. If Turkey had been supportive of Pakistan
then Pakistan has also supported in all kinds of situations
especially on the Cyprus issue. In Cyprus people of Turkish origin
or you can say that Turkish Cypriotes were a minority and there
was a problem of their rights and interests in Cyprus. In 1974
Turkey landed its troops in Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriotes
established their own separate entity. Pakistan has been supportive
of Turkey and Turkish Cypriotes for this problem and Turkey had
appreciated that gesture. There have been high level civil and
military visits, in fact their top military leaders visited Pakistan and
Pakistani top military leaders responded to that and go back to
Turkey for similar visits. Both have great contribution in the
multilateral arrangements of CENTO, RCD, ECO, etc.
Egypt:
Egypt Pakistan relations are normal and cordial; currently they

exchanged views on regional and international issues. However in

the past in the 50s and 60s there was a problem in Pakistan’s
relation with the Egypt. Egypt under Nasser had some reservations
due to Pakistan’s ties with the West. Pakistan supported Egypt
when it was attacked by Israel in 1956, 1967, 1973. The relations
began to improve and the cordiality has increased since 1967 and
especially after the death of Nasser in 1970.
Libya:
Libya’s head of state Col. Qazzafi has been a great well wisher and
supporter of Pakistan. He and his govt extended valuable support to
Pakistan in the 70s, this support was not only diplomatic support
but also economic support and in the 70s Libya invested in
Pakistan. When in 1986 American army launched air raids on Libya
Pakistan despite its close ties with America condemned American
air raids on Libya, We can look Pakistan and Libya relations in
another dimension since the 70s Pakistani military and civilian
retired personnel have been doing job and employment in Libya and
this has been an important bond between the two countries. Now
the Libya is overcoming its problems with the United States Libya
Pakistan relations are becoming friendlier and activated.
Jordan:
Jordan is another example of cordiality and friendship. King

Hussein had special regard for Pakistan and throughout his rule he
supported Pakistan. He worked for close relation with Pakistan. He
supported us on India-Pakistan issues. Now his son King Abdullah
continued with this tradition, tradition of friendship, cooperation
and supportive to Pakistan on different issues. Both have an
arrangement of cooperation in the military relationship and since
the mid 60s Pakistani military personnel were based there in
different capacities for training purposes, which strengthened the
relationship between Pakistan and the state of Jordan. Both have
trade and diplomatic exchanges. Pakistan supported Jordan on all
international issues especially in its problems with Israel
Afghanistan:

Afghanistan is a neighboring state. At the moment Pakistan has

good and friendly relations with Afghanistan but if we go back
especially to the early years of independence we do find problems in
the relationship. It was mainly because of the govt of that time
questioned the legitimacy of the Durand Line that is the border
between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and laid claim Pakistani
territory on the name of Pakhunistan. It sided with the
‘Pakhtunistan’ issue and created problems for Pakistan, but as this
issue was pushed to the background with the passage of time,
relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan improved. No
matter what was the relationship between the govt of Pakistan and
Afghanistan in the early years the relationship at the common
person level or at the individual level was always cordial. Afghanis
are coming into Pakistan and Pakistanis are going into Afghanistan
that has always been the features. The Soviet military intervention
in Afghanistan in December 1979, Pakistan opposed the Soviet
intervention and supported the resistance against the Soviet Union
which gave birth to the Mujahideen groups, Taliban. Pakistan
supported the Taliban govt in Afghanistan but in Sept 11,
2001when the regional and international environment changed
Pakistan withdrew support to the Taliban, because incident in
America concluded major changes in the world diplomacy. Pakistan
got involved in global efforts to contain terrorism. After Taliban,
Karzai government took responsibility of Afghanistan’s
reconstruction. Pakistan extended all kinds of economic and
technological assistance to the Karzai govt for reconstruction and
rehabilitation of Afghanistan. The interest of Pakistan is that a
friendly neighboring country should stabilize, overcome its
problems so that the refugees that are there n Pakistan can go back
to their homes in security and they might have better future there.
Bangladesh:
Bangladesh came into existence in December 1971 in a situation

which created a lot of bitterness in Bangladesh against Pakistan
and in Pakistan against Bangladesh. So in the initial years there
was a lot of bitterness between the two countries. Bangladesh was
East Pakistan but the internal instability and external conspiracies

gave birth to Bangladesh. Pakistan had initially bitter relations but

recognized it in February 1974 and from that time its relation with
Bangladesh have gradually improved. Despite the fact that in the
initial years both the countries have complaints against each other.
In the present day context countries have cordial relations, trade
has improved and the visits of senior official and political leaders
has been there. Both worked together within the framework of
SAARC, OIC. With the passage of time the relations of both these
countries are going to expand. Other Muslim Countries:Then there
are other Muslim countries with which Pakistan has good and
friendly relations. I can mention some of the names Indonesia,
Malaysia, and then there are Muslim countries in Africa like
Algeria, Tunis, Morocco and Sudan. With all these countries I have
named Pakistan has close and cordial relations. This reflects
Pakistan’s effort to maintain close relations with the Muslim World
which is an important feature of Pakistan’ effort to maintain close
relations with the Muslim World which is an important feature of
Pakistan’s foreign policy.
ROLE OF PAKISTAN IN UNO ,WORLD BANK IMF OIC SAARC ECO
Pakistan joined the United Nations on September 30, 1947, just over a month
after its independence.
2. Pakistan is committed to a world in which upholding human

dignity is the highest value and maintaining global peace a sacred
duty. Pakistan envisages a world which is free of want, hunger and
deprivation. A world where justice and fair play govern the affairs of
human beings and inequality, oppression and war are abhorred.
3. Over the last 66 years, Pakistan has put this vision into practice by
making significant contributions to the principles and purposes of
the UN Charter, in particular the promotion and maintenance of
international peace and security, as a member of the Security
Council and through its contribution to UN Peacekeeping. It has
been an ardent advocate of multilateralism and the primacy of the
United Nations in international affairs.
4. Pakistan’s commitment and participation in the United Nations is

across-the-board. It has actively participated in discussions at the
United Nations on a host of issues including human rights,
development, environment and climate change, and international
law.
5. Pakistan is currently an elected member to the following UN bodies:
Human Rights Council (2013-15); Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf (2012-17); Commission for Social Development
(2013-2017); Commission on the Status of Women (2013-2017);
Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (2013-
2015); UNICEF Executive Board (2013-2015); UNDP/UNFPA
Executive Board (2013-2015); and United Nations Committee on
Contributions (2013-16).
6. Pakistan seeks resolution of the Kashmir dispute on the basis of
Resolutions adopted by the Security Council. Our principled
position on the dispute remains a bed-rock of our foreign policy. We
will continue to support the right of self-determination of the people
of Jammu & Kashmir and to choose their destiny in accordance
with UNSC resolutions.
7. As the largest troop contributing country to the UN peacekeeping
operations, Pakistan's commitment to international peace and
security is well established. It deployed its first ever contingent in
Congo in 1960. Pakistan has since participated in 41 peacekeeping
missions in 23 countries, with over 150,000 peacekeepers, some
deployed in most difficult and trying conditions. A total of 137
Pakistani peacekeepers have embraced martyrdom. Currently,
Pakistan is one of the largest troop contributors, with 8,230
peacekeepers, constituting over 9% of UN's total deployment.
Pakistan is also the sixth largest police contributor.
8. Pakistan is actively working with the global community in the
campaign against international terrorism. It has extended
maximum cooperation and support to the international community

to fight this scourge. No country in the world has suffered as much

as Pakistan because of this menace. The entire Pakistani nation is
determined to eliminate terrorism in all its forms and
manifestations.
9. Pakistan considers arms control, disarmament and non-
proliferation efforts as vital tools to promote the goals of peace and
security at the global and regional levels. Accordingly, Pakistan has
always advocated the need for inclusive forums for deliberations
and negotiations, taking into account the security interests of all
States.
10. As part of its efforts to contribute to the global discourse on
disarmament and non-proliferation, Pakistan presents four
resolutions annually in the United Nations General Assembly.
These resolutions are aimed at reinforcing the global norms on
conventional arms control, regional disarmament, confidence
building measures in the regional context and the continuing
importance of providing Negative Security Assurances to non-
nuclear weapon States.
11. Pakistan has been a leading voice for the reform of the
Security Council to make it more democratic, inclusive and
accountable through reform of its membership and improvement in
its working methods.
12. Pakistan assumed the membership of the Security Council for
a two-year term from January 2012 to December 2013. This was
the seventh time that Pakistan served on the Security Council.
Pakistan brought to the Security Council the aspirations of the
general membership, developing countries, OIC and Asia.
13. Pakistan delegation was engaged in the Council on the full
spectrum of the agenda ranging from Africa to the Middle East to
Central Europe to Latin America as well as a number of thematic
issues. Peace and stability in Afghanistan, counter-terrorism and
peacekeeping are the areas of special interest for Pakistan.

14. During our Presidency of the Security Council in January

2013, we convened two special thematic debates: (i) comprehensive
approach to counter-terrorism; and (ii) UN Peacekeeping: a
multidimensional approach. The latter led to adoption of a
landmark resolution on peacekeeping operations.
15. Pakistan continues to support the need for dialogue,
diplomacy and international cooperation to address existing and
emerging international challenges, in an effective and credible
manner on the basis of consensus and concerted collective actions.
16. The topic which I am going to write about is IMF and the World Bank. Though they
both play an important role in Pakistani economy, I am going to emphasize more on
IMF role in Pakistani economy. The International Monetary Fund was conceived in
July 1944 and came into existence in December 1945. The international financial
system has changed dramatically since its beginning. Its original purpose was to
maintain the stability of the world monetary system. It was created to encourage
worldwide economic growth. The Imf and the world bank provides for infrastructure
projects and loans to countries like Pakistan, however it still imposes harmful
conditions on countries in which in most cases results in weakening the economies,
therefore imf and world bank should look up to interests of the countries rather
than imposing harmful conditions on them. Countries receive assistance, in
accordance with the IMF Articles of Agreement they are often called as a
requirement of this assistance to take on economic reforms proposed by IMF staff.
17. IMF has an interesting relationship with an interesting country Pakistan. A country
facing problems like a rapidly growing population, sizable government deficits, a
heavy dependence on foreign aid, recurrent governmental instability, terrorism and
large military expenditures. Pakistan economy is extremely depended on foreign aid
agencies such as IMF. Since the new "democratic" government took over in 2007
the country's economy has gotten worse and is on the brink of becoming bankrupt.
Its external debt is about $53,620,000,000 in 2010.External debt today poses one
of the biggest barriers to development for Pakistan as well as other of the worlds
less developed countries (LDC's). Excessive external debt is often responsible for
negatively effecting economic growth which creates uncertainty and discourages the
private sector from investing in the economy for fear about the stability of the
government, and it also discourages public investment and reforms because they
are aware that any benefits would be likely to be transferred abroad in the form of
debt servicing.
18. Despite all these problems in Pakistani economy IMF still provides loans to
Pakistan. It is vital to consider that in spite of the trouble linked with excessive
debts, Pakistan have the obligation to accomplish the contractual terms to which it
committed to when they took loans from the IMF. Though it is a real brave move by
IMF to help a country in such problems and debt but the problem is that after IMF
gives out loans, many in Pakistan view that it fails in keeping in check on what is
done or where the loan is used. It is argued in Pakistan that the vast quantities of
loans that are provided to Pakistan are misused by corrupt governments and the

loans are used in bad projects that fail to turn out the required amount of profits
necessary to service their loans. And mostly in Pakistan, loans are used in non
developmental projects. Therefore IMF should also emphasize more to check
whether the loan is used for development projects which would help the economy or
whether they are used in corruption or in any other wrong uses.
19. It is argued that the conditions of IMF loans cause more harm than good. In the
Asian Crisis of 1997, many criticise the IMF's insistence on Spending cuts and tax
rises and higher interest rates and due to that the IMF turned a minor financial
crisis into a major economic recession with unemployment rates in countries like
Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia shooting up. Another policy that IMF follows is
that "One Size Fits All". The IMF often argues for the same economic policies not
considering that the situation is not the same everywhere and different policies
would be needed for different situations. For example, dropping of the exchange
rate may help many countries, but, it doesn't mean that this is always the solution.
Policies of privatisation and system disinvolvement may work better in developed
countries in the West, but, maybe more difficult to implement in the developing
world like Pakistan. The World Bank is also criticised for such policies but the
World Bank involves itself more in projects related to education and helping the
people of national disasters such as the recent floods and health sector rather than
just giving out the loan.
20. Even though IMF has many policies which caused problems for Pakistani economy
but IMF plays an important role in the modern day economy. It can be seen as
lender of last resort. When a Pakistan was on the edge of becoming bankrupt, the
IMF provided crucial loans to stabilise the economy and prevent a collapse of
confidence. It can be argued that the IMF can also impose necessary reforms on the
economy. Reforms such as privatisation, control of Money supply, and attacking
corruption. But for all these policies to work for the economy the Pakistani
government too has to coordinate and implement the policies. These policies may
cause short term pain, but, are important for preventing future crisis and long term
developments. It provides an external review of the economy, which helps the
government to implement popular ideas. Yet, despite the potential benefits of
having a monetary fund which can provide an effective counter to financial crisis,
the role of the IMF has proved very controversial. Another important role the IMF
plays is that it prevents international financial system from collapsing
21. Many critics attack the IMF for making its loans conditional. Making loans
conditional on a package prevents real economic recovery and crushes the hope of
the people of the country. The IMF takes away political autonomy from the Pakistan
government. It takes away the ability to decide their own national policy and
instead they have to follow the policies of IMF such as reduction of government
spending, rising taxes etc which usually causes increase in unemployment and
increase in poverty rate and inflation. A recent example for this would be when IMF
extended Pakistan loans as the Pakistan government has to pass an economic bill,
RGST (reformed generals sales tax) in order to get the next instalment of the IMF
loan. The IMF said that "The extension will provide time to the Pakistani authorities
to complete the reform of the general sales tax, implement measures to correct the
course of fiscal policy and amend the legislative framework for the financial sector"
but the bill which was planned for implementation in July, now seems unlikely to
be passed. Only due to this bill the government in Pakistan lost its majority as its

collation partners left the government due to this bill and the government is likely
to fall.
22. So is the IMF a saint or a sinner. I think that the IMF is something in between. It
should be remembered that IMF is called in the times of crisis and at times of crisis
there is no easy way to solve the situation. In this case corrupt government is also a
factor in the worsening of the economy. But this does not mean that the IMF is
spotless. The IMF sometimes does too much which creates moral hazard which
encourages the government to be reckless and it relies too much on the IMF. Yet,
while it is easy to criticise the doctor which prescribes a bitter pill, there is an
agreement that, now, we need an effective international organisation which can deal
with the many financial crisis that are occurring around the world.
23. Pakistan is located in South Asia. Other countries in this region include
Pakistan’s arch rival India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives and
Bhutan. These countries are also part of a bloc called SAARC (South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation) which was established in 1985. While
Afghanistan was included as full member in 2006, Iran, China and Myanmar
are seeking full member status in the bloc.
24. After Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia is the poorest region in the world with a
large percentage of the population living below the poverty line. Quarter of the
world’s poor population is living in Africa while half is in South Asia alone.
South Asia is amongst the least integrated region in the world according to a
World Bank report published in 2007. In South Asia, trade amongst the
countries is only 2% of the region’s combined GDP while on the other hand in
East Asia it is 20%.
25. These countries are still competing with each other globally, due to similar
mindset of the ruling elite, similar climatic conditions and soil composition.
These countries have however have hostilities against each other despite having
close proximity and common borders.
26. In this region the largest countries by population in the descending order are
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. These three countries are agriculture and
manufacturing based economies but don’t have good diplomatic relations with
each other. This ‘trust deficit’ hinders any economic cooperation between these
countries in agriculture and manufacturing sector.
27. Countries in this region are suffering from energy shortage which according to
me is a lifeline for any economy in the world. Inconsistent policies and
mismanagement is prime reason for the energy crisis in this region for the past
40 years or so. The power generation facilities in this region are running below
optimum capacity because of fuel shortage and poor cash flows.
28. The aggregate installed electricity generation capacity of Pakistan is around

30,000 mega watt but unfortunately the capacity utilization is around 50% i.e.
15,000 mega watt. Not only Pakistan, but its neighbor India, is also suffering

from the same problem. India, which happens to be the third largest economy
in the world, has installed generation capacity of 250,000 mega watt but
capacity utilization is around 60% i.e. 150,000 mega watt. While India is trying
to overcome the energy crisis, Pakistan on the other hand has often ignored the
important problem and appropriate steps or not taken to overcome the problem.
29. One can just forget two of the gas pipeline projects Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) and
Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI). Both the pipelines were
aimed at catering to Indian gas requirement but Pakistan was to benefit in two
ways: 1) getting millions of dollars transit fee and 2) also gas for meeting
domestic requirements. It was believed that after easing of economic sanctions
on Iran, Pakistan will succeed in completing portion of gas pipeline located in
its territory. However, it seems that Government of Pakistan (GoP) does not
wish to complete this project due to the US pressure. Fate of TAPI is also in
doldrums as NATO forces are likely to vacate Afghanistan in 2014. Therefore,
Pakistan will have to accelerate oil and gas exploration activities in the country
and also complete LNG project on war footings.
30. Pakistan is a natural corridor for energy supply because on one side are energy-
rich countries and on the other side are energy-starved ones. Pakistan can also
follow Singapore example and establish state-of-the art refineries on the coastal
belt. In this regards help can be sought from China, Russia and other Central
Asian countries. Pakistan already has a mid-country refinery and two pipelines
to carry black and white oil products up to Multan. This can pave way for
export of white oil products to Afghanistan and Chinese cities enjoying common
border with Pakistan. Realization of all these projects can help the country in
earning millions of dollars transit fee.
31. Ironically, Gwadar port project has been put on back bumper after the
departure of Pervez Musharraf. In fact the paraphernalia should have been
completed prior to transfer of management control to China. Though, India is
facilitating in the construction of Chabahar port in Iran, Pakistan will continue
to offer shortest and most cost effective route up to Central Asian countries
passing through Afghanistan.
32. Lately, some of the Middle Eastern countries have shown keen interest in
acquiring agriculture land in Pakistan but local feudal lords have emerged to be
the biggest opponents to leasing of cultivable lands to other countries. Pakistan
has millions of acres of land which is not cultivated, mainly due to shortage of
irrigation water. Leasing out land to other countries is not a bad proposal
because it would help in improving the infrastructure i.e. construction of farm
to market roads, and modern warehouses. Construction of water courses and
installation of tube wells would have helped in raising sub-soil water levels in
arid zones.
33. Pakistan produces huge quantities of wheat, rice, sugar, fertilizer but a
significant portion of these commodities is smuggled to neighboring countries.

Plugging of porous border and formalizing trade with India, Iran and
Afghanistan can increase Pakistan’s export manifold. It is estimated that nearly
one million tons wheat and half a million tons rice and sugar each is smuggled
to the neighboring countries.
34. The increase in lending to farmers has started yielding benefits with Pakistan
joining the club of wheat exporting countries. The recent initiative of State Bank
of Pakistan, Warehouse Receipt Financing and trading of these receipts at
Pakistan Mercantile Exchange is likely to improve earnings of farmers, though
reduction in wastages and better price discovery. It is encouraging that British
Government has offered assistance equivalent to Rs240 million to complete the
project at a faster pace. The key hurdle in the realization of this project is lack
of modern warehouses and absence of collateral management companies.
35. It is necessary to remind the GoP that nearly 1000 palm oil plants were grown
in Sindh near the coastal line. While a large percentage of plants have died due
to improper management, extracting oil is almost impossible because no
crushers have been installed. Achieving self sufficiency in edible oil can help in
saving over US$2 billion currently being spent on import of palm oil.
36. Pakistan often faces ban on export of seafood because to not abiding by
international laws. While local fishermen face starvation deep sea trawlers from
other countries intrude into Pakistan’s territorial waters and take away huge
catch. On top of all use of banned net results in killing of smaller fish that are
ultimately used in the production of chickenfeed. This practice going on for
decades deprives Pakistan from earning huge foreign exchange besides
‘economic assassination’ of poor fishermen.
37. Pakistan’s agri and industrial production has remained low due to absence of
policies encouraging greater value addition. Pakistan is among the top five
largest cotton producing countries but its share in the global trade of textiles
and clothing is around two percent. The country needs to establish industries
that can achieve higher value addition. Pakistan should export pulp rather than
exporting fruits which have shorter shelf life.
38. Pakistan has overwhelming majority of Muslims but still goods worth billions of
dollars are imported which are not Halal. Ideally, Pakistan should be exporting
Halal food products to other Muslim countries. The country need to focus on
breeding of animals (i.e. chicken, goat, cows) and export frozen meat and dairy
products. If countries like Australia, and Holland can produce Halal Products
what is stopping Pakistan.
39. Another example to follow is Bangladesh, which does not produces cotton but
its export of textiles and clothing is more than that of Pakistan. This is because
Bangladesh has focus on achieving higher value addition and Pakistan
continues to produce law quality and low prices items. This is waste of precious
resource and to be honest value addition is negative.

40. Pakistan has also not been able to benefit from being a member of
SAARC. Some of the analysts say it is difficult to compete with India but has
Pakistan really made any effort to achieve higher value addition? The reply is in
negative due to prevailing mindset of Pakistanis who want to lead ‘easy life
HUMAN RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN AND ITS VOILATIONS Pakistan was created by

the motive that everyone should live according to their will. The religion of Pakistan is Islam
and it is not the religion of force. it is the religion of will. Since, the inception of Pakistan, it
faced challenges regarding human rights, terrorism, tourism, internal and external security
threats and sectarianism. The situation of human rights in Pakistan is complex due to large
population, political uncertainty, feudalism etc.
The constitution of Pakistan provides fundamental rights to every citizen of Pakistan to,
freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of religion and freedom of every legal
activity. In Pakistan, an independent HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (HRC) is working for the
development of human rights for the general public. In addition to this, the people of the
country are facing some problems regarding their human rights. It is the era of electronic
media and no one has the right to abuse someone for its own interests and benefits. This piece
of writing will cover the challenges of human rights and also provide some remedial measures
to overcome the issue of human rights in Pakistan.
In Pakistan the feudal system has strong bases and they are not providing even the basic
rights to the people of their own country.
 Extremists activities are increasing day by day and these are violating the conditions of basic
human rights. Some religious extremists are molding the teachings of Islam for their own
interests and benefits.
 Political anarchy is the basic hurdle in the process of human rights. The political parties are
just fighting with each other and not providing the development to the people of country.
 Freedom of press is being suppressed through different means. The influential people are
trying to mold it for their benefits. They don’t want to see the reality.
 The major cause in the low human rights provision is the weak judicial system. the judiciary
is not fully independent. Similarly, few of them are the black sheep’s those are violating the
basic rights of the people and letting the rich people to vanish the needy.
 Furthermore, the main drawback in the human rights system of Pakistan is the case of
missing persons. No one knows where they gone. It is the duty of the government to find the
missing persons.
At least, the women harassment is an illegal activity. According to a survey report, Pakistan is
one of the 10 countries those are abusing women and not providing them basic rights. For
example, on 9 October, 2012, Taliban attacked the young activist Malala Yousafzai for the sake
of its work, betterment of women’s education.
To conclude, Pakistan is facing too many challenges regarding human rights internally and
externally. But there is always a way to solve the problems. The government is working for the

provision of better human rights. They are going to educate the masses so they help the others.
In this way, time is not far away, that people of Pakistan should meet the standards of the
international community regarding human rights and any other field of life. THE human
rights situation in Pakistan is a complex one as a result of the country’s
diversity, large population and its status as a developing country. Its
human rights record has improved since the reforms that took place after
the tenure of Ziaul Haq in 1988.
Even though the government has enacted measures to counter problems but
abuses remain. Furthermore, courts suffer from lack of funds, outside
intervention, and deep case backlogs that lead to long trial delays and lengthy
pretrial detentions.
Many observers contend that the country’s legal code is largely concerned with
crime, national security and domestic tranquillity, and less with the protection
of individual rights.
We often ignore abuses against children and religious minorities. Some

institutions and Muslim groups have persecuted non-Muslims and abused the
blasphemy law,
Violence in Pakistan and the extremist conflict with the government have
heightened humanitarian problems in the country.
On July 28, 1994, Amnesty International urged Pakistan’s prime minister

Benazir Bhutto to change the law because it was being used to terrorise
religious minorities. However, she modified the laws to make them moderate.
Her changes were reversed by the Nawaz Sharif administration, which was
backed by religious/political parties.
In Pakistan, 1.5 per cent of the population is Christian. Hindus in Pakistan

have declined from 23 per cent of the total population in 1947 to less than two
per cent today. Hindus are being hounded and humiliated to force them to
leave Pakistan.
Gender discrimination against women and harassment at workplaces is

common in almost every sector. Women have to face a series of physical and
verbal abuses every single day on their way from their home to their workplace
and back.Violence against women is a most urgent item of concern.
According to the latest statistics, women’s literacy in Pakistan stands at 28 per

cent, way below the Third World average of 66 per cent. Without literacy what
hope do our women have of pulling themselves out of the abyss.
The misinterpretation of religion and outdated, biased tribal and feudal

customs should be abolished. Furthermore, the social acceptance of many of

these problems hinders their eradication. One prominent example is honour

killings, known as karo-kari in Sindhi.
A major portion of the population consists of youths and children who are
highly exposed to smoking and taking drugs. At least two million of these are at
the risk of drug addiction, as its prevalence is extremely high in Karachi.
It is believed there are some 70,000 children living on the streets nationwide.
More than 25,000 such children are highly vulnerable to HIV/Aids, as they are
also involved in sexual activities. At least 74 per cent of these are addicts.
Today’s child is tomorrow’s leader. It is our duty to play a vital role to save our
future generation and society.
The UN Assembly had paid great tribute to former prime minister Benazir
Bhutto by giving her a Human Rights Award in 2008. The UN prize is awarded
every five years on Dec 10, the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.
Today we have an urgent need to eradicate human rights violations for the
sovereignty and prosperity of Pakistan.

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PAK STUDY NOTES FOR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING F-16 BATCH.

Evolution and growth of Muslim society in the Sub-continent

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 1

a distant Kistes (founding father), a hero of South Asian Islam”.

Islam left profound effects on minds of people of the Sub-continent. Islam

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 2

religious harmony as well. Turks introduced Persian language which

Sheikh Ahmed Sarhindi – 1564 - 1624

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 3

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 4

Sheikh Ahmad’s greatest contribution was undoubtedly the task of countering

ROLE OF SHAH WALIULLAH (R.A)

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 5

He believed that the Muslims were facing decline not because of

He worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for every

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 6

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 8

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 9

Achievements of Aligarh Movement:

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 10

Aligarh Movement worked to awaken the Muslims of South Asia. A number of

Social Services: War of Independence of 1857 brought sufferings and miseries

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 11

 To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 12

Syed Ahmad also succeeded in enlisting the services of a number of

A brief chronology of Syed Ahmad’s efforts is given below:

1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad.

1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur.

1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient

1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims. 1875:

1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year

Meaning of Two Nation Theory

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 13

THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 14

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 15

TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL

policy makers to counter the emerging challenge of Communist

Soon after the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989

Then follows the incident of September 11, 2001 which is viewed as

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 17

In the same context, the targets of the US attack of Oct. 7, 2001 on

Finding it impossible to totally eliminate the institutions of religious

Apparently, the principal objectives of these reforms were: 1) to

As to the demands for reforms in REIs, the International Crisis

transformation and its desired results, the report submits its

For the Government of Pakistan, the set of suggestions briefly

The recommendation for the International donors were to hold the

the eight special anti-terrorist financial recommendations of the

Apart from the apparent cause of the alleged involvement of REIsin

Islamists seek guidance for their objectives in life and overall

On the other hand, religion occupies a secondary place in the

FORMATION OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS 1885

ABDULREHMAN SOOMRO Page 21

survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony, was through

1. To seek the cooperation of all the Indians in its efforts.

2. Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial prejudices

3. Discuss and solve the social problems of the country.

4. To request the government, give more share to the locals in