4.6.

3 Wind Spectrum

NatHaz On-line Wind Simulator (NOWS) [31] is used for on-line

simulation of stationary Gaussian multivariate wind fields on-the-fly.
NOWS [31] enables user to simulate stationary random wind fields at
any time/space through network-enabled computer system and general web
browser. In addition, intuitive user-friendly interface and result interface
makes user easy to input any terms and to check simulation results such as
display of simulated wind histories.
NOWS [31] features supporting both Metric (SI) and English units as
input/output with on-line unit converter, location inputs for vertical, horizontal
or arbitrary coordinates, ASCE 7-based mean wind calculation considering
terrain roughness to minimize user's input, offering to download simulation
results necessary for structural dynamic analysis under wind loads.
NOWS [31] have four methods for Wind simulation schemes. The first
one, Discrete frequency function with Cholesky decomposition and FFT (max
200 locations), was chosen for fluctuating component wind simulation. This
technique is based upon generating discrete frequency functions which
correspond to the Fourier transform of the desired random processes, and then
using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm to obtain the actual random
processes.
The main advantage of this method of simulation over other methods is
computation time; it appears to be more than an order of magnitude faster than
present methods of simulation. One of the main uses of multi-correlated
simulated random processes is in solving nonlinear random vibration
problems by numerical integration of the governing differential equation.
This technique is very useful because it overcomes some of the limitations of
the other techniques. For example, problems where the nonlinearities involve

149
velocities as well as displacements and problems involving correlated exciting
forces.
The following figure will show the NatHaz on-line Wind simulator
(NOWS) [31] input interface in approximately 7 steps:

Figure 4.59: NatHaz on-line Wind simulator (NOWS) input interface

x Step 1—Select the Metric (SI) unit for the input parameters;
x Step 2—Input all chimney sections heights for the wind simulation, for
example the top section of chimney is at height 148.81m;

150
 x Step 3—Input the total number of frequency (N), and the cut-off
frequency (fc); here N=100, fc=0.5 Hz, so the time increment
(ǻT)=1/2(fc) shall be every 1 sec;
x Step 4—Select the Exposure category, here category “C”;
x Step 5—Input the 3-sec gust speed, here 37.5 m/sec (135 km/hr);
x Step 6—Select the wind simulation schemes, here “Discrete frequency
function with Cholesky decomposition and FFT” is selected;
x Step 7—Click on the “Submit” button.

Then, the following figure will show the Result interface:

Figure 4.60: NatHaz on-line Wind simulator (NOWS) result interface

151
 The result interface will show on top the method used for wind
simulation, and then a table summarizing the input parameters such as
“Number of locations” which represents the number of sections taken along
the chimney height, other parameters like “Exposure category”, “Total
number of frequency”, “Cut-off frequency [Hz]”, “3-sec gust wind speed
[m/sec]”, “Input unit” and “Output unit” are discussed before in the input
parameters.
The lower part of the result interface will show the wind simulation
spectrum. It’s the relation between the Wind speed in (m/sec) and Time (sec).
The Time is ranging from 0 to 200 sec, with 1 sec increment (ǻT). As shown
in the previous figure, the wind speed is fluctuating around its datum by an
approximate value of (+/- 10 m/sec). The velocity datum here represents the
mean wind speed at the specified height.

NOWS [31] theoretical backgrounds are based on Power spectral

density matrix of longitudinal wind velocity fluctuation [33] which is defined
according to the following equation:

ଵ ଶ଴଴ ௭ ଵ
ܵ௥௥ (‫ݖ‬, ߱) = . . ‫כݑ‬ଶ . . ഘ೥ ఱ/య (4-13)
ଶ ଶగ ௎(௭) [ଵାହ଴. ]
మഏೆ(೥)

Where;
z = height;
Ȧ= circular frequency (rad/s);
u* = friction velocity;
U(z) = mean wind speed at height z

The Simulation schemes of wind velocity fluctuations by using the

“Discrete frequency function with FFT” are based on the following equations:

152
 1 2Skn
¦k
N
y p (nC ) 0
Y p (k'f ) exp( j ) (4-14)
N N

¦i H pi (k'f )H ik 2 f c N
p
Y p (k'f ) 0
(4-15)

Where;
Hpi(kǻf) : a lower triangular matrix by Cholesky decomposition of one-sided
power spectral density function S(f);
H ik ] ik  jKik Complex Gaussian random number with zero mean and 0.5
variance;
1
't ;
2 fc
fc = Nyquist frequency

The simulator simulates the wind speed m/sec in 24 locations matching

the locations of the mean wind speeds applications (static component) starting
from the ground level to the chimney top, then its transferred to Force
function by using NOWS [31] equations:

F (t ) U uC D u A u U u u (t ) (4-16)
Where;
F (t) = fluctuating wind force;
ȡ = air density;
CD = drag coefficient;
A = tributary area;
U = mean wind speed;
u(t) = fluctuating wind speed

Wind speed and Force Function simulated from NOWS [31] at different
chimney heights using the “Discrete frequency function with Cholesky
decomposition and FFT” are shown in the following figures
153
 Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

20.00
5 10.00

Force (kN)
0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-30.00
-10 -40.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.61: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 148.81m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

20.00
5 10.00

Force (kN)
0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-30.00
-10 -40.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.62: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 142.44m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 20.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00
Force (kN)

0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.63: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 136.06m

154
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 20.00

5 10.00

Force (kN)
0 0.00

-5 -10.00

-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.64: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 129.69m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 20.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00

Force (kN)
0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.65: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 123.31m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 20.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00
Force (kN)

0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.66: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 116.94m

155
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 30.00

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.67: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 110.56m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.68: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 104.19m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

20.00
5
Force (kN)

10.00
0 0.00
-10.00
-5
-20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.69: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 97.81m

156
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 30.00

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.70: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 91.44m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 20.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00

Force (kN)
0.00
0
-10.00
-5 -20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.71: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 85.06m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 20.00
Force (kN)

10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.72: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 78.69m

157
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 30.00

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.73: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 72.31m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

20.00
5

Force (kN)
10.00
0 0.00
-10.00
-5
-20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.74: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 65.94m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 20.00
Force (kN)

10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.75: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 59.56m

158
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 30.00

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.76: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 53.19m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

20.00
5

Force (kN)
10.00
0 0.00
-10.00
-5
-20.00
-10 -30.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.77: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 46.81m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 30.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 20.00
Force (kN)

10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.78: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 40.44m

159
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 30.00

5 20.00

Force (kN)
10.00
0
0.00
-5 -10.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.79: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 34.06m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 20.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00

Force (kN)
0 0.00

-5 -10.00

-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.80: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 27.69m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 15.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

10.00
5 5.00
Force (kN)

0.00
0
-5.00
-5 -10.00
-15.00
-10 -20.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.81: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 21.31m

160
 Wind Speed Force Function

Wind Speed (m/sec) 10 20.00

15.00
5 10.00

Force (kN)
5.00
0
0.00
-5 -5.00
-10.00
-10 -15.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.82: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 14.94m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 15.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

10.00
5

Force (kN)
5.00
0 0.00
-5.00
-5
-10.00
-10 -15.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.83: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 8.56m

Wind Speed Force Function

10 15.00
Wind Speed (m/sec)

5 10.00
Force (kN)

5.00
0
0.00
-5 -5.00
-10 -10.00
0 50 100 150 200
Time (sec)

Figure 4.84: Wind Speed & Force Function at chimney height 2.19m

161