Kingsmead School

Q1.Crude oil is a mixture of many different chemical compounds.

(a)     Fuels, such as petrol (gasoline), can be produced from crude oil.

(i)      Fuels react with oxygen to release energy.Name the type of reaction that releases
energy from a fuel.

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(ii)     Fuels react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.

The reaction of a fuel with oxygen can produce a different oxide of carbon.

Name this different oxide of carbon and explain why it is produced.

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(b)     Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons with the smallest molecules are very volatile.

In this question you will be assessed on using good English,

organising information clearly and using specialist terms
where appropriate.

Describe and explain how petrol is separated from the

mixture of hydrocarbons in crude oil.

Use the diagram and your knowledge to answer this

question.

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(Total 9 marks)

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Q2.This question is about hydrocarbons.
(a)     Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are alkanes.
(i)      Large alkane molecules can be cracked to produce more useful molecules.
The equation shows the cracking of dodecane.

Give two conditions used to crack large alkane molecules.

1 ................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................ (2)

(ii)     The products hexene and ethene are alkenes.

Complete the sentence. When alkenes react with bromine water the colour changes

from orange to .................................................. .(1)

(iii)    Butane (C4H10) is an alkane. Complete the displayed structure of butane.

(1)

(b)     A group of students investigated the energy released by

the combustion of four hydrocarbon fuels.

The diagram below shows the apparatus used.

Each hydrocarbon fuel was burned for two minutes.

Table 1 shows the students’ results.

 
  Table 1

    After two minutes    

Name and Energy Energy Relative

Mass of Temperature
formula of released released amount of
  fuel used increase of
hydrocarbon by fuel in by 1.0 g of smoke in
in g water in °C
fuel kJ fuel in kJ the flame

very little
  Hexane, C6H14 0.81 40 16.80 20.74
smoke

some
  Octane, C8H18 1.10 54 22.68 20.62
smoke

Decane,
  1.20 58 24.36   smoky
C10H22

Dodecane, very
  1.41 67 28.14 19.96
C12H26 smoky

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(i)      Calculate the energy released by 1.0 g of decane in kJ.

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Energy released = ...................................... kJ(2)

(ii)     Suggest one improvement to the apparatus, or the use of the apparatus, that would make the
temperature increase of the water for each fuel more accurate. Give a reason why this is an
improvement.

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................................................................................................................... (2)

(iii)    The students noticed that the bottom of the beaker became covered in a black substance when
burning these fuels. Name this black substance. Suggest why it is produced.

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(iv)     A student concluded that hexane is the best of the four fuels. Give two reasons why the results in
Table 2 support this conclusion.

1 ................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................

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(c)     In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising
information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Most car engines use petrol as a fuel.
•        Petrol is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil.
•        Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
•        Sulfur is an impurity in crude oil.
Car engines could be developed to burn hydrogen as a fuel.
•        Hydrogen is produced from natural gas.
•        Natural gas is mainly methane.
Table 2 shows information about petrol and hydrogen.

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Table 2

    Petrol Hydrogen

State of fuel at room

  Liquid Gas
temperature

 
Word equation for petrol + oxygen → hydrogen + oxygen →
combustion of the fuel carbon dioxide + water water

Energy released from

  combustion of 1 g of the 47 kJ 142 kJ
fuel

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen instead of petrol in car engines.
Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to answer this question.

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................................................................................................................ (6) (Total 18 marks)

Q3.          The diagram shows an apparatus that

can be used to carry out cracking reactions
in a laboratory.

(a)     Why is aluminium oxide or broken

porcelain used?

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b ................................................................................

....................................................................... (1)

(b)     Paraffin contains decane. The cracking of decane can be represented by the equation
below. A decane molecule is split into two smaller molecules. Complete the equation by
adding the formula of the other product.

                   C H (l) →.................... (l) + C H (g)

10 22 2 4

decane
(1)
(c)     Would you expect C H molecules to collect at position A or B shown on the diagram?
2 4

          Position ............................

          Explain your answer.

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(d)     Cracking reactions involve thermal decomposition.

          What is meant by thermal decomposition?

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(e)     Explain, as fully as you can, why cracking is used in the oil industry.

          To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them
into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

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(f)      The cracking reaction produces a mixture of products. The mixture contains hydrocarbons
with different boiling points.

          Suggest a method of separating this mixture.

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q1.The figure below shows the displayed structures of five organic compounds, A, B, C, D and E.
 
  A   B   C

 
  D   E

(a)     Choose which organic compound, A, B, C, D or E, matches the descriptions.

You may choose each compound once, more than once or not at all.

Write the letter of the compound that:

(i)      is a saturated hydrocarbon                                                                 

(1)

(ii)     comes from a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n    

(1)

(iii)    has the empirical formula C2H6O                                                        

(1)

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(iv)    reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide                 

(1)

(v)     reacts with compound A to produce compound C.                            

(1)

(b)     Compound B (C2H4) and C8H18 are produced by cracking C14H30

C14H30         3C2H4 + C8H18

(i)      Give two conditions for cracking.

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(2)

(ii)     Explain why C8H18 has a lower boiling point than C14H30

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(2)

(c)     Compound B is a colourless gas.

Give a chemical test and its result to show that compound B is unsaturated.

Test ...............................................................................................................

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Result ............................................................................................................

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(2)

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(d)     Compound B is ethene.

Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.

(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Revision Guide
Hydrocarbons, Fractional Distillation & Cracking

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(a)     (i)      exothermic
accept combustion
allow burning or oxidation or
redox
1

(ii)     carbon monoxide / CO (is produced)

allow monoxide (is produced) ignore carbon oxide
1

because there is incomplete / partial combustion (of the fuel)

accept because there is insufficient oxygen / air (to burn the fuel)
1

(b)     Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking guidance.
0 marksNo relevant content.
Level 1 (1-2 marks)There is a statement that crude oil is heated or that substances
are cooled. However there is little detail and any description may be confused or
inaccurate.

Level 2 (3-4 marks)There is some description of heating / evaporating crude oil

and either fractions have different boiling points or there is an indication of a
temperature difference in the column.
Level 3 (5-6 marks)There is a reasonable explanation of how petrol is or fractions
are separated from crude oil using evaporating and condensing.

If cracking is given as a preliminary or subsequent process to fractional distillation

then ignore.
However, if cracking / catalyst is given as part of the process, maximum is level 2.
Examples of chemistry points made in the response could include:
•        Some / most of the hydrocarbons (or petrol) evaporate / form vapours or         
gases
•        When some of / a fraction of the hydrocarbons (or petrol) cool to their         
boiling point they condense
•         Hydrocarbons (or petrol) that have (relatively) low boiling points and are
collected near the top of the fractionating column or hydrocarbons with         
(relatively) high boiling points are collected near the bottom of the fractionating

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column
•         The process is fractional distillation
•         Heat the crude oil / mixture of hydrocarbons or crude oil / mixture is heated to
about 350°C
•         Some of the hydrocarbons remain as liquids
•         Liquids flow to the bottom of the fractionating column
•         Vapours / gases rise up the fractionating column
•         Vapours / gases cool as they rise up the fractionating column
•        The condensed fraction (or petrol) separates from the vapours / gases and
flows out through a pipe
•         Some of the hydrocarbons remain as vapours / gases
•         Some vapours / gases rise out of the top of the fractionating column
•        There is a temperature gradient in the fractionating column or the fractionating
column is cool at the top and hot at the bottom
6
[9]

(a)     (i)      high temperature
allow heating / hot / 250-900 °C
1

catalyst or steam
allow named catalyst eg zeolite, Al2O3, silica, ceramic
allow in the absence of air / oxygen
1
ignore any references to pressure

(ii)     colourless
allow decolourised
ignore clear / discoloured
1

(iii)     
1

(b)     (i)      20.3(0) (kJ)
if answer incorrect allow 1 mark for 24.36/1.2
2

(ii)     use a lid
allow insulate beaker or use draught shield
1

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reduce energy / heat loss
ignore references to thermometer or repeats or distance of flame
or loss of water vapour
allow stir (1) to distribute energy / heat (1)
allow use a metal can (1) as it’s a better conductor (1)
1

(iii)     carbon/soot
ignore tar, smoke
1

(produced by) incomplete combustion

allow from a limited supply of oxygen/air
1

(iv)     hexane gives out the greatest energy (per 1.0 g)

ignore more energy
1

hexane produces the least smoke / carbon / soot

allow has the cleanest flame
ignore less smoke / carbon / soot
1

(c)     Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
should also apply a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.
Level 3 (5 – 6 marks):
Descriptions of advantages and disadvantages that are linked to their own knowledge.
Level 2 (3 – 4 marks):
Descriptions of an advantage and a disadvantage with some use of their knowledge to
add value.
Level 1 (1 – 2 marks):
Statements made from the information that indicate whether at least one statement is an
advantage or a disadvantage
or a linked advantage or disadvantage
0 marks:
No relevant content
Examples of the added value statements and links made in the response could
include:
Note that link words are in bold; links can be either way round.
Accept reverse arguments and ignore cost throughout.
Advantages of using hydrogen:
•        Combustion only produces water so causes no pollution
•        Combustion does not produce carbon dioxide so this does not contribute to global
warming or climate change
•        Combustion does not produce sulfur dioxide so this does not contribute to acid rain
•        Incomplete combustion of petrol produces carbon monoxide that is toxic
•        Incomplete combustion of petrol produces particulates that contribute to global
dimming
•        Petrol comes from a non-renewable resource but there are renewable/other

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methods of producing hydrogen
•        Hydrogen releases more energy so less fuel needed or more efficient
Disadvantages of using hydrogen:
•        Hydrogen is a gas so is difficult to store or transfer to vehicles
•        Hydrogen gas is very flammable so leaks cause a greater risk of explosion
•        Most hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels which are running out
•        Cannot be used in existing car engines so modification / development or
replacement is needed
•        Lack of filling stations so difficult to refuel your vehicle
6
[18]

M3.          (a)     catalyst or speeds up the reaction (owtte)

accept lowers activation energy not just helps reaction to take
place
ignore increased surface area
1

(b)     C H
8 18

allow H C18 8

must be upper case

do not accept powers
1

(c)     B
because it is a gas or because it has small molecules or because they are small
position and reason for mark
allow it has a lower / very low boiling point than A
ignore references to solubility
accept does not condense
do not accept light molecules or bubbles into B
do not accept it is small
1

(d)     breakdown of a substance (owtte)

do not accept decompose unqualified
1
          by the action of heat (owtte)
1

(e)     Quality of written communication

if the written communication makes sense and it is in context then
award Q mark
Q  Q
1
          large to small molecules or scientific word that implies smaller,
e.g. alkene / ethane / petrol
any name or formula of alkane / alkene smaller than decane
1
          either advantages of smaller molecules or disadvantages of larger molecules
e.g. hydrocarbons with large molecules are limited in their usefulness
or converse for smaller molecules

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1
          large hydrocarbon molecules do not ignite easily / do not flow easily /
are not very volatile
or  converse for smaller molecules
          more large hydrocarbon molecules are produced than are needed
or  converse for smaller molecules
          smaller molecules are useful as fuels
          alkenes / products can be used to make polymers

(f)      (fractional) distillation

accept fractionation
accept good description
do not accept just diagram
1
[9]

(a)     (i)      D
1

(ii)     B
1

(iii)    A
1

(iv)    E
1

(v)     E
1

(b)     (i)      high temperature

ignore hot / heat
allow temperature quoted (range 300-900 °C)
1

catalyst or steam
1

(ii)     C H smaller molecule

8 18

It = C H8 18 1

therefore there are weaker intermolecular forces

allow intermolecular bonds
do not accept breaking covalent bonds / bonds
or
weaker intermolecular forces in C H (1)
8 18

allow intermolecular bonds

so less energy to break (1)
1

(c)     add bromine water

1
turns (from orange / yellow / red / brown) to colourless or decolourises
do not accept discoloured
ignore clear incorrect test = 0 marks

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1

(d)    

 
single C – C bond
1

four carbon-hydrogen bonds in place and two trailing bonds

1

structure in brackets and n at bottom right

1[14]

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