74

Chapter 3 Identities

Warm-up Exercise (P.102) Exercise 3A (P.111)

1. Substituting a = 9 into the equation a - 7 = 2, 1. L.H.S. = 3x + 2
L.H.S. = 9 - 7 = 2 R.H.S. = 2 + 3x
R.H.S. = 2 = 3x + 2
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` The given value is the solution of the given ` 3x + 2 / 2 + 3x
equation.
2. L.H.S. = 4(x + 1)
2. Substituting b = -1 into the equation 6 + 5b = 1, = 4x + 4
L.H.S. = 6 + 5(-1) = 1 R.H.S. = 4 + 4x
R.H.S. = 1 = 4x + 4
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` The given value is the solution of the given ` 4(x + 1) / 4 + 4x

equation.
3. L.H.S. = 6 - 5x
R.H.S. = -(5x - 6)
3. Substituting x = 5 into the equation 4x = 3x + 1,
= -5x + 6
L.H.S. = 4(5) = 20
= 6 - 5x
R.H.S. = 3(5) + 1 = 16
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` 6 - 5x / -(5x - 6)
` The given value is not the solution of the
given equation. 4. L.H.S. = 5(3x - 6)
= 15x - 30
4. 10 - x = 13 R.H.S. = 3(5x - 10)
10 - 13 = x = 15x - 30
x = -3 a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` 5(3x - 6) / 3(5x - 10)
5. 3n + 4 = 25
3n = 25 - 4 5. When x = 0,
3n = 21 L.H.S. = 2(0) - 7 = -7
n = 21 R.H.S. = 7 - 2(0) = 7
3
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
=7 ` 2x - 7 = 7 - 2x is not an identity.

6. 9 - 2t = 6t - 7 6. When x = 0,
9 + 7 = 6t + 2t L.H.S. = -8[(0) - 1] = 8
16 = 8t R.H.S. = -8(0) - 8 = -8
16 a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
t= 8
` -8(x - 1) = -8x - 8 is not an identity.
=2

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 Identities 75

2
7. When x = 0, 13. L.H.S. = y + 10y + 25
L.H.S. = 3(0) + 5 = 5 R.H.S. = (y + 5)2
R.H.S. = 3[(0) + 1] - 2 = 1 = y(y + 5) + 5(y + 5)
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S. = y2 + 5y + 5y + 25
` 3x + 5 = 3(x + 1) - 2 is not an identity. = y2 + 10y + 25
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
8. When x = 2, ` y2 + 10y + 25 / (y + 5)2
L.H.S. = [1 - (2)](2) - 4 = -6
R.H.S. = (2)2 - (2) - 4 = -2 14. L.H.S. = y - 2(3 - y)
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S. = y - 6 + 2y
` (1 - x)x - 4 = x2 - x - 4 is not an identity. = 3y - 6
R.H.S. = -3(y - 2)
9. L.H.S. = 6x - 3x = -3y + 6
= 3x a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
R.H.S. = x + 2x ` y - 2(3 - y) = -3(y - 2) is not an identity.
= 3x
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. 15. Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
` 6x - 3x / x + 2x A=7

B=9
10. L.H.S. = -3(x - 5)
= -3x + 15
16. L.H.S. = 4(x - A)
R.H.S. = -(3x + 15)
= 4x - 4A
= -3x - 15
` 4x - 4A / Bx - 12
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
` -3(x - 5) = -(3x + 15) is not an identity.
B=4

11. L.H.S. = (x - 1)(x + 4) -4A = -12

= x(x + 4) - (1)(x + 4) A= -12
-4
= x2 + 4x - x - 4
=3
= x2 + 3x - 4
R.H.S. = x2 - 3x - 4
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S. 17. L.H.S. = 2x(x - 9)
` (x - 1)(x + 4) = x2 - 3x - 4 is not an = 2x2 - 18x
` 2x2 - 18x / Ax2 + Bx
identity.
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
A=2
2
12. L.H.S. = y - 16
R.H.S. = (y - 4)(y + 4) B = -18
= y(y + 4) - 4(y + 4)
= y2 + 4y - 4y - 16 18. L.H.S. = x(Ax + 6)
= y2 - 16 = Ax2 + 6x
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. ` Ax2 + 6x / -5x2 + Bx
` y2 - 16 / (y - 4)(y + 4) Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
A = -5

B=6

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 76 Chapter 3

19. L.H.S. = 3(3y - 2) + A 24. L.H.S. = -2x(x - 1) + 15

= 9y - 6 + A = -2x2 + 2x + 15
` 9y - 6 + A / By - 5 R.H.S. = (5 - 2x)(x + 3)
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have = 5x - 2x2 + 15 - 6x
-6 + A = -5 = -2x2 - x + 15
A = -5 + 6 a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
=1 ` -2x(x - 1) + 15 = (5 - 2x)(x + 3) is not

B=9 an identity.

20. L.H.S. = (2y - A)y + 1 25. L.H.S. = 3(2y - 1) + 2(1 - 4y)

2 = 6y - 3 + 2 - 8y
= 2y - Ay + 1
` 2y2 - Ay + 1 / 2y2 + y + B = -2y - 1
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have R.H.S. = 2(5 - y) - 10
-A = 1 = 10 - 2y - 10
A = -1 = -2y
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
B= 1
` 3(2y - 1) + 2(1 - 4y) = 2(5 - y) - 10

2 is not an identity.
21. L.H.S. = (2x - 5)
= 2x(2x - 5) - 5(2x - 5) 3r 7r + 9
= 4x2 - 10x - 10x + 25 26. L.H.S. = 4 - 16
= 4x2 - 20x + 25 4 (3r) - (7r + 9)
=
R.H.S. = 25 - 20x + 4x2 16
= 4x2 - 20x + 25 5r - 9
= 16
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` (2x - 5)2 / 25 - 20x + 4x2 5 9
= 16 r - 16

2
22. L.H.S. = m - 2(3m + 8) 10r + 9
R.H.S. = 16
2
= m - 6m - 16
10 9
R.H.S. = (m - 8)(m + 2) = 16 r + 16
= m2 - 8m + 2m - 16
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
= m2 - 6m - 16
3r
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. ` 4
- 7r16
+9 10r + 9
= 16 is not an identity.
` m2 - 2(3m + 8) / (m - 8)(m + 2)
27. L.H.S. = (x - 2)(2x + 3)
23. L.H.S. = 3y(5y - 8) = 2x2 - 4x + 3x - 6
2
= 15y - 24y = 2x2 - x - 6
R.H.S. = 7y2 - 8y(3 - y) R.H.S. = (2x - 5)(x + 2) + 4
= 7y2 - 24y + 8y2 = 2x2 - 5x + 4x - 10 + 4
= 15y2 - 24y = 2x2 - x - 6
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
` 3y(5y - 8) / 7y2 - 8y(3 - y) ` (x - 2)(2x + 3) / (2x - 5)(x + 2) + 4

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 Identities 77

2
28. L.H.S. = -n(4n - 1) + 2n 31. L.H.S. = (2x - 1) - P
= -4n2 + n + 2n = 4x2 - 2x - 2x + 1 - P
= -4n2 + 3n = 4x2 - 4x + (1 - P)
R.H.S. = -(3 - 2n)(2n + 1) ` 4x2 - 4x + (1 - P) / Qx2 + Rx + 5
= -(6n - 4n2 + 3 - 2n) Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
= -6n + 4n2 - 3 + 2n Q=4
= 4n2 - 4n - 3
R = -4
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` -n(4n - 1) + 2n = -(3 - 2n)(2n + 1) 1-P=5
1-5=P
is not an identity.
P = -4

29. L.H.S. = 5(t - 3)(2t + 1) 2

32. L.H.S. = (x - P) + 6
= 5(2t2 - 6t + t - 3)
= x - Px - Px + P2 + 6
2
= 5(2t2 - 5t - 3)
= x2 - 2Px + (P2 + 6)
= 10t2 - 25t - 15
R.H.S. = x(Qx + 2) - R
R.H.S. = (3t - 1)2 - (t + 5)(3 - t)
= Qx2 + 2x - R
= 9t2 - 3t - 3t + 1 - (3t + 15 - t2 - 5t)
` x - 2Px + (P2 + 6) / Qx2 + 2x - R
2
= 9t2 - 6t + 1 - 3t - 15 + t2 + 5t
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
= 10t2 - 4t - 14
Q= 1
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` 5(t - 3)(2t + 1) = (3t - 1)2 - (t + 5)(3 - t) -2P = 2
is not an identity. P = -1

P2 + 6 = -R
y-5
30. L.H.S. = 12 (-1)2 + 6 = -R
R = -7
2y - 1 y+1
R.H.S. = 6
- 4
2
2 (2y - 1) 3 (y + 1) 33. L.H.S. = P(x - 3)
= 12
- 12 2
= P(x - 3x - 3x + 9)
4y - 2 3y + 3 = Px2 - 6Px + 9P
= 12
- 12
R.H.S. = (2x - 3)(2x - 5) + Qx + R
(4y - 2) - (3y + 3) = 4x2 - 6x - 10x + 15 + Qx + R
= 12 = 4x2 + (Q - 16)x + (15 + R)
` Px - 6Px + 9P / 4x2 + (Q - 16)x + (15 + R)
y-5 2
= 12
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. P=4
y-5 2y - 1 y+1
` 12
/ 6 - 4 -6P = Q - 16
-6(4) = Q - 16
-24 = Q - 16
Q = -8

9P = 15 + R
9(4) = 15 + R
36 = 15 + R
R = 21

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 78 Chapter 3

2 2
Exercise 3B (P.116) 13. 87 - 13 = (87 + 13)(87 - 13)
= 100 # 74
2 2
1. (a + 3)(a - 3) = a - 3 = 7 400
2
= a -9
2 2
14. 95 - 85 = (95 + 85)(95 - 85)
2 2
2. (b + 4)(b - 4) = b - 4 = 180 # 10
2
= b - 16 = 1 800

2 2 2 2
3. (6 - x)(6 + x) = 6 - x 15. 102 - 98 = (102 + 98)(102 - 98)
2
= 36 - x = 200 # 4
= 800
2 2
4. (-3 + k)(-3 - k) = (-3) - k
2 2 2
= 9-k 16. 207 - 193 = (207 + 193)(207 - 193)
= 400 # 14
5. (2b + 1)(2b - 1) = (2b) - 1
2 2 = 5 600
2
= 4b - 1
17. 102 # 98 = (100 + 2)(100 - 2)
6. (3y + 2)(3y - 2) = (3y) - 2
2 2 = 1002 - 22
2 = 10 000 - 4
= 9y - 4
= 9 996
2 2
7. (9a + 7)(9a - 7) = (9a) - 7
= 81a - 49
2 18. 49 # 51 = (50 - 1)(50 + 1)
= 502 - 12
2 2 = 2 500 - 1
8. (7 + 6x)(7 - 6x) = 7 - (6x)
2 = 2 499
= 49 - 36x

2 2 19. (3a - 2b)(-2b - 3a) = -(3a - 2b)(3a + 2b)

9. (8 - 5k)(8 + 5k) = 8 - (5k)
2 = -[(3a)2 - (2b)2]
= 64 - 25k
= -[9a2 - 4b2]
2 2
2 2 = 4b - 9a
10. (7 - 4b)(7 + 4b) = 7 - (4b)
2
= 49 - 16b
20. -3(8s + 3t)(3t - 8s) = -3(3t + 8s)(3t - 8s)
2 2 = -3[(3t)2 - (8s)2]
11. 2(3p + 4)(3p - 4) = 2[(3p) - 4 ]
= -3[9t2 - 64s2]
= 2[9p2 - 16] 2 2
2 = 192s - 27t
= 18p - 32

21. (-9h - 6k)(2k - 3h) = -3(2k + 3h)(2k - 3h)

1 1 2 2
12. 3 (3y + 1)(3y - 1) = 3 [(3y) - 1 ] = -3[(2k)2 - (3h)2]
= -3[4k2 - 9h2]
= 31 [9y2 - 1] 2
= 27h - 12k
2

= 3y - 31
2

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 Identities 79

22. 　(-4p + 12q)(6q + 2p) 26. (a) 　(8m + 3n)(3n - 8m)

= [4(-p + 3q)][2(3q + p)] = (3n + 8m)(3n - 8m)
= 8(3q - p)(3q + p) = (3n)2 - (8m)2
2 2
= 8[(3q)2 - p2] = 9n - 64m
= 8[9q2 - p2]
(b) 　 a m + 8 n k a n - 3 m k
2 2 3 8
= 72q - 8p

= : 81 (8m + 3n) D : 31 (3n - 8m) D

23. 　 a 7 - 7 k a 5 + 5 k
8 4m 8 4m

= 9 17 (8 - 4m) C : 51 (8 + 4m) D
1
= 24 (8m + 3n)(3n - 8m)

1
1 = 24 (3n + 8m)(3n - 8m)
= 35 (8 - 4m)(8 + 4m)
1
1 2 = 24 [(3n)2 - (8m)2]
= 35 [8 - (4m)2]
1
1 = 24 [9n2 - 64m2]
= 35 [64 - 16m2]
2 3 82 2
64 16m = 8n - 3m
= 35 - 35

27. 　3 002 - 2 998

2 2

24. 8 a 2a + 4b k a 2a - 4b k = (3 002 + 2 998)(3 002 - 2 998)

= 8;a 2 k - a 4 k E
a
2
b
2 = 6 000 # 4
= 24 000

= 8 < 4 - 16 F
2 2
a b
2 2
28. 18.5 - 1.5 = (18.5 + 1.5)(18.5 - 1.5)
2
2 b = 20 # 17
= 2a - 2
= 340
25. (a) (7x + 3y)(7x - 3y)
= (7x)2 - (3y)2 29. 2 003 # 1 997 = (2 000 + 3)(2 000 - 3)
2
= 49x - 9y
2 = 2 0002 - 32
= 4 000 000 - 9
(b) 　 21 b x - 7 l a y + 3 k
3y 7x = 3 999 991

= : 7 b x - 7 l D :3 a y + 3 k D 30. 40 3 # 39 3 = a 40 + 3 k a 40 - 3 k
3y 7x 2 1 2 2

= 402 - a 23 k
= [7x - 3y][3y + 7x] 2

= [7x - 3y][7x + 3y]

2 2
= 49x - 9y
= 1 600 - 49

5
= 1 599 9

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 80 Chapter 3

2 2
Exercise 3C (P.121) 15. (-9 + t) = (t - 9)
= t2 - 2(t)(9) + 92
2 2 2 2
1. (a + 4) = a + 2(a)(4) + 4 = t - 18t + 81
2
= a + 8a + 16
2 2
16. (-3r + 8) = (8 - 3r)
2 2 2
2. (2 + y) = 2 + 2(2)(y) + y = 82 - 2(8)(3r) + (3r)2
2 2
= 4 + 4y + y = 64 - 48r + 9r

2 2 2 2 2
3. (x - 5) = x - 2(x)(5) + 5 17. (-q - 6) = [-(q + 6)]
2 2
= x - 10x + 25 = (q + 6)
= q2 + 2(q)(6) + 62
2
2 2
4. (b - 3) = b - 2(b)(3) + 3
2 = q + 12q + 36
2
= b - 6b + 9
2 2
18. (-3z - 4) = [-(3z + 4)]
2
2
5. (2p + 7) = (2p) + 2(2p)(7) + 7
2 2 = (3z + 4)
2
= 4p + 28p + 49 = (3z)2 + 2(3z)(4) + 42
2
= 9z + 24z + 16
2 2 2
6. (3q + 5) = (3q) + 2(3q)(5) + 5
2 2 2
2
= 9q + 30q + 25 19. (a + 2b) = a + 2(a)(2b) + (2b)
2 2
= a + 4ab + 4b
2 2 2
7. (1 + 6z) = 1 + 2(1)(6z) + (6z)
2 2
= 1 + 12z + 36z
2 20. (-9x - 4y) = [-(9x + 4y)]
= (9x + 4y)2
2 2 2 = (9x)2 + 2(9x)(4y) + (4y)2
8. (8 + 5y) = 8 + 2(8)(5y) + (5y) 2 2
2 = 81x + 72xy + 16y
= 64 + 80y + 25y

2 2 2
2 2 2 21. (7p - 3q) = (7p) - 2(7p)(3q) + (3q)
9. (5a - 1) = (5a) - 2(5a)(1) + 1 2 2
2 = 49p - 42pq + 9q
= 25a - 10a + 1

2 2
2 2 2 22. (-6h + 5k) = (5k - 6h)
10. (4x - 1) = (4x) - 2(4x)(1) + 1
= (5k) - 2(5k)(6h) + (6h)2
2
2
= 16x - 8x + 1 2 2
= 25k - 60hk + 36h
2 2 2
11. (2y - 3) = (2y) - 2(2y)(3) + 3
23. a 4 + 3 k = a 4 k + 2 a 4 k a 3 k + a 3 k
2 2 2
2
= 4y - 12y + 9 m n m m n n

2 2
m mn n
2 2
12. (7 - 4k) = 7 - 2(7)(4k) + (4k)
2 = 16 + 6 + 9
2
= 49 - 56k + 16k

24. a 3a - 4 k = (3a) - 2(3a) a 4 k + a 4 k

2 2
b 2 b b
2 2 2
13. (5 - 6p) = 5 - 2(5)(6p) + (6p)
2 2
= 25 - 60p + 36p 2 3ab b
= 9a - 2 + 16

2 2
14. (-6 + m) = (m - 6)
= m - 2(m)(6) + 62
2

2
= m - 12m + 36

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 Identities 81

1
25. 　 2 (4x + 6y)
2 Cleo:

1. ✓
= 21 [(4x)2 + 2(4x)(6y) + (6y)2]
2
2. ✗ L.H.S. = (2a - b)
= 21 [16x2 + 48xy + 36y2] 2
= (2a) - 2(2a)(b) + b
2

2 2 2 2
= 8x + 24xy + 18y = 4a - 4ab + b
2 2
R.H.S. = 4a - 4ab - b
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
26. 　-3(3p - 6q)
2
2 2 2
` (2a - b) = 4a - 4ab - b is not
= -3[(3p)2 - 2(3p)(6q) + (6q)2]
= -3[9p2 - 36pq + 36q2] an identity.
2 2
= - 27p + 108pq - 108q
3. ✓
2 2
27. 　(3m - 6n )
2 4. ✓
= (3m) - 2(3m)(6n2) + (6n2)
2

2 2 4
= 9m - 36mn + 36n
Supplementary Exercise 3 (P.123)

Checkpoint (P.122) 1. L.H.S. = 5(6x - 3)

= 30x - 15
Oscar: R.H.S. = -15 + 30x
= 30x - 15
1. ✗ When x = 0,
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
L.H.S. = 3 + 10(0) = 3
` 5(6x - 3) / -15 + 30x
R.H.S. = 3(0) + 10 = 10
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` 3 + 10x = 3x + 10 is not an identity. 2. L.H.S. = 4(k - 7)
= 4k - 28
2. ✓ R.H.S. = 18k + 14(2 - k)
= 18k + 28 - 14k
3. ✓ = 4k + 28
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
Flora: ` 4(k - 7) = 18k + 14(2 - k) is not an

1. ✓ identity.

2
2. ✓ 3. L.H.S. = 10r + 8

R.H.S. = 5 a 2r - 51 k - 7
2
3. ✗ (r + 3s)(3s - r) = (3s + r)(3s - r)
= (3s)2 - r2 = 10r2 - 1 - 7
= 9s2 - r2 = 10r2 - 8
` After expanding (r + 3s)(3s - r), a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
we get 9s2 - r2. ` 10r2 + 8 = 5 a 2r - 51 k - 7 is not an
2

identity.

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 82 Chapter 3

2 2 2
4. L.H.S. = (a + 1)(a - 6) 11. (6 - 7a) = 6 - 2(6)(7a) + (7a)
2
= a2 + a - 6a - 6 = 36 - 84a + 49a
= a2 - 5a - 6
R.H.S. = a2 - 5a - 6 2
12. (11m + 4) = (11m) + 2(11m)(4) + 4
2 2

a L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2
= 121m + 88m + 16
` (a + 1)(a - 6) / a2 - 5a - 6
2 2
13. (-3x + 6) = (6 - 3x)
5. R.H.S. = 3(4x - 1) + B = 6 - 2(6)(3x) + (3x)2
2

= 12x - 3 + B 2
= 36 - 36x + 9x
` Ax + 1 / 12x - 3 + B
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have 2
14. 3y = y , 3y = 5(y + 1)
A = 12
(or any other reasonable answers)
1 = -3 + B
B=4 2 2
15. 4x + 5x / 5x + 4x or
4x2 + 5x - 2 / 2(2x2 + 4x - 1) - 3x
6. L.H.S. = 4(h - 1) + 2(1 + h)
= 4h - 4 + 2 + 2h (or any other reasonable answers)
= 6h - 2
` 6h - 2 / Ah + B 16. L.H.S. = (3m + 4)(5 - 2m)
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have = 15m + 20 - 6m2 - 8m
A=6 = -6m2 + 7m + 20
R.H.S. = (6m + 5)(-m + 2) - 10
B = -2
= -6m2 - 5m + 12m + 10 - 10
= -6m2 + 7m
7. L.H.S. = (3 + x)(x - 5)
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
= 3x + x2 - 15 - 5x
` (3m + 4)(5 - 2m) =
= x2 - 2x - 15
` x - 2x - 15 / Ax2 - 2x + B
2 (6m + 5)(-m + 2) - 10 is not an identity.
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
2 2
17. L.H.S. = (2r + 5)
A=1 2 2
= (2r ) + 2(2r2)(5) + 52
B = -15 = 4r4 + 20r2 + 25
R.H.S. = (4r2 - 8)(r2 + 7) + 81
2
8. (8 - 2x)(8 + 2x) = 8 - (2x)
2 = 4r4 - 8r2 + 28r2 - 56 + 81
= 64 - 4x
2 = 4r4 + 20r2 + 25
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
2
2 2 ` (2r2 + 5) / (4r2 - 8)(r2 + 7) + 81
9. (9u - 4)(9u + 4) = (9u) - 4
2
= 81u - 16

1 1 2 2
10. 4 (2y + 6)(2y - 6) = 4 [(2y) - 6 ]

= 41 [4y2 - 36]
2
= y -9

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 Identities 83

18. L.H.S. =
a+2
+ 2a 5- 5 21. L.H.S. = 3x[4 - y(5 + 6z)]
2
= 3x[4 - 5y - 6yz]
5 (a + 2) 2 (2a - 5) = 12x - 15xy - 18xyz
= 10
+ 10
= -18xyz - 15xy + 12x
5 (a + 2) + 2 (2a - 5)
= R.H.S. = 18xyz - 15xy + 12x
10
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
5a + 10 + 4a - 10
= 10 ` 3x[4 - y(5 + 6z)] = 18xyz - 15xy + 12x

9a is not an identity.
= 10

9a 22. L.H.S. = (6x + 3y)(Ax + By)

R.H.S. = 10
= 6Ax2 + 3Axy + 6Bxy + 3By2
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 6Ax2 + (3A + 6B)xy + 3By2
a+2 ` 6Ax2 + (3A + 6B)xy + 3By2 /
` + 2a 5- 5 / 10
9a
2 36x2 - Cxy - 9y2
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
4n + 5
19. L.H.S. = 3
- 7n 9+ 2 6A = 36
A=6
3 (4n + 5)
= 9
- 7n 9+ 2 3B = -9
3 (4n + 5) - (7n + 2) B = -3
= 9
3A + 6B = -C
12n + 15 - 7n - 2
= 9
3(6) + 6(-3) = -C
C=0
5n + 13
= 9
23. L.H.S. = (2x - A)(2x + 4) - Bx + 25
5 13
= 9n+ 9 = 4x2 - 2Ax + 8x - 4A - Bx + 25
= 4x2 + (8 - 2A - B)x + (25 - 4A)
5n + 7
R.H.S. = 9 R.H.S. = (x - C)2 + Cx2
5 7
= x2 - 2Cx + C2 + Cx2
= 9n+ 9 = (1 + C)x2 - 2Cx + C2
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S. ` 4x2 + (8 - 2A - B)x + (25 - 4A) /
4n + 5 (1 + C)x2 - 2Cx + C2
` 3
- 7n 9+ 2 = 5n 9+ 7 is not an
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have
identity. 4=1+C
C=3
20. L.H.S. = x(y - z) + y(z - x) + z(x - y) 25 - 4A = C2
= xy - xz + yz - xy + xz - yz 25 - 4A = 32
=0 4A = 16
R.H.S. = 0 A=4
a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
8 - 2A - B = -2C
` x(y - z) + y(z - x) + z(x - y) / 0
8 - 2(4) - B = -2(3)
B=6

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 84 Chapter 3

29. d 2 + 5 n = c 2 m + 2 c 2 m b 5 l + b 5 l
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
24. L.H.S. = (Ax + 3) x y x x y y
= (Ax)2 + 2(Ax)(3) + 32
4 2 2
= A2x2 + 6Ax + 9 x
= 4 + 5 + 25
x y y

R.H.S. = Bx2 + C a x + 4 k
3

1 2 2
30. 　 4 (-6m - 2n )
2
3
= Bx2 + Cx + 4 C

= 41 [-(6m + 2n )]
2 2 2
3
` A2x2 + 6Ax + 9 / Bx2 + Cx + 4 C

= 41 (6m + 2n )
Comparing like terms on both sides, we have 2 2 2

3
9 = 4C
= 41 [(6m ) + 2(6m )(2n ) + (2n ) ]
2 2 2 2 2 2

C = 12
= 41 [36m + 24m n + 4n ]
4 2 2 4
6A = C
4 2 2 4
6A = 12 = 9m + 6m n + n
A=2
31. 　5 001 - 4 999
2 2
A2 = B
B = 22 = (5 001 + 4 999)(5 001 - 4 999)
=4 = 10 000 # 2
= 20 000

25. 　 a- 3 a + 3b k a-3b - 3 a k
1 1
32. 100.5 # 99.5 = (100 + 0.5)(100 - 0.5)
= a- 31 a + 3b k a- 31 a - 3b k = 1002 - 0.52
= 10 000 - 0.25
= a- 31 a k - (3b)2
2
= 9 999.75

= 91 a - 9b
2 2
2 2
33. 402 = (400 + 2)
= 400 + 2(400)(2) + 22
2

26. 　3(4p - 2)(6 + 12p )

2 2
= 160 000 + 1 600 + 4
= (12p2 - 6)(6 + 12p2) = 161 604
= (12p2 - 6)(12p2 + 6)
2
= (12p2) - 62 2
34. 199 = (200 - 1)
2
4
= 144p - 36 = 200 - 2(200)(1) + 12
2

= 40 000 - 400 + 1
27. 　(c - 2d)(c + 4d )(c + 2d)
2 2
= 39 601
= (c - 2d)(c + 2d)(c2 + 4d2)
= [c2 - (2d)2](c2 + 4d2) 35. (a) (m - 5)(m + 5) = m2 - 52
= [c2 - 4d2](c2 + 4d2) 2
= m - 25
2 2
= (c2) - (4d2)
4 4
= c - 16d (b) 　(m - n - 5)(m - n + 5)
= [(m - n) - 5][(m - n) + 5]
3 2 3 2
28. (7h - 2k) = (7h ) - 2(7h )(2k) + (2k)
3 2 = (m - n)2 - 52
6 3 2 2 2
= 49h - 28h k + 4k = m - 2mn + n - 25

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 Identities 85

36. (a) (3x + y)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(y) + y2 Challenging Problems (P.125)

2 2
= 9x + 6xy + y
1. (a) 　(n - 2)(n + 2)
(b) 　(3x + y - 2z)
2
= n2 - 22
= [(3x + y) - 2z]2 2
= n -4
= (3x + y)2 - 2(3x + y)(2z) + (2z)2
(b) 　9 876 543 210 - 9 876 543 208 #
2 2 2 2
= 9x + 6xy + y - 12xz - 4yz + 4z
　9 876 543 212
37. (a) 　(x + y + z)(x + y - z) = 9 876 543 2102 -
= [(x + y) + z][(x + y) - z] (9 876 543 210 - 2) #
= (x + y)2 - z2 (9 876 543 210 + 2)
2 2
= x + 2xy + y - z
2 = 9 876 543 2102 - (9 876 543 2102 - 4)
= 9 876 543 2102 - 9 876 543 2102 + 4
(b) 　(a - 2b + 3c)(a + 2b - 3c) =4
= [a - (2b - 3c)][a + (2b - 3c)]
= a2 - (2b - 3c)2 2. (a)
2
(x + y)2 = x + 2xy + y
2

= a2 - [(2b)2 - 2(2b)(3c) + (3c)2] 2 2

= a2 - [4b2 - 12bc + 9c2] (x - y)2 = x - 2xy + y
2 2 2
= a - 4b - 9c + 12bc 2 2 2
(b) (x + y) = x + 2xy + y
= (x2 + y2) + 2(xy)
38. (a) L.H.S. = (m + n)2 + (m - n)2 = (100) + 2(48)
= (m2 + 2mn + n2) + (m2 - 2mn + n2) = 196
= m2 + 2mn + n2 + m2 - 2mn + n2
= 2m2 + 2n2 (x - y)2 = x2 - 2xy + y2
R.H.S. = 2(m2 + n2) = (x2 + y2) - 2(xy)
= 2m2 + 2n2 = (100) - 2(48)
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. =4
` (m + n)2 + (m - n)2 / 2(m2 + n2)
(c) (i) (x + y)2(x - y)2 = [(x + y)(x - y)]2
2
(b) 　220 + 180
2 2 = (x2 - y2)
4 2 2 4
= (200 + 20) + (200 - 20)2
2 = x - 2x y + y
= 2(2002 + 202) (ii) 　x4 - 2x2y2 + y4 - 84
= 2(40 000 + 400) = (x + y)2(x - y)2 - 84
= 80 800 = (196)(4) - 84
= 700
39. Sum of the areas of all the red portions
= [(92 - 82) + (72 - 62) + (52 - 42) + 3. (a) Perimeter of the rectangle = 2(l + w) cm
(32 - 22) + 12] cm2 ` Length of each side of the square
= [(9 + 8)(9 - 8) + (7 + 6)(7 - 6) + 2 (l + w)
= cm
(5 + 4)(5 - 4) + (3 + 2)(3 - 2) + 1] cm2 4
= (17 # 1 + 13 # 1 + 9 # 1 + 5 # 1 + l+w
= cm
1) cm2 2
2
= 45 cm

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 86 Chapter 3

2
(b) Area of the rectangle = l(l - 8) cm II. L.H.S. = -(x - 5)(x + 2)

Area of the square = : D cm2

l + (l - 8)
2
= -(x2 - 5x + 2x - 10)
2 = -x2 + 3x + 10
= : 2 D cm2 R.H.S. = 10 + 3x - x2
2
2l - 8
= -x2 + 3x + 10
= (l - 4)2 cm2 a L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Difference in area between the square and ` -(x - 5)(x + 2) / 10 + 3x - x2
the rectangle III. L.H.S. = (4 - 2x)(x + 3) - 12
= [(l - 4)2 - l(l - 8)] cm2 = 4x - 2x2 + 12 - 6x - 12
= [(l2 - 8l + 16) - (l2 - 8l)] cm2 = -2x2 - 2x
= (l2 - 8l + 16 - l2 + 8l) cm2 R.H.S. = -2x(x - 1)
2
= 16 cm = -2x2 + 2x
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
Flag Question (P.126) ` (4 - 2x)(x + 3) - 12 = -2x(x - 1)
is not an identity.
　999 999 + 999 991 - 2 # 999 999 # 999 991
2 2

= 999 9992 - 2(999 999)(999 991) + 999 9912 3. A L.H.S. = 6x + x(Px - 5)

= (999 999 - 999 991)2 = 6x + Px2 - 5x
= 82 = Px2 + x
= 64 ` Px2 + x / 4x2 + (Q - 3)x
Comparing like terms on both sides, we
Revision Test (P.127) have
P=4
1. C L.H.S. = (a + 3)(a - 3) 1=Q-3
= a2 + 3a - 3a - 9 Q=4
= a2 - 9
R.H.S. = a2 - 9 4. D (5x + 4y)2 = (5x)2 + 2(5x)(4y) + (4y)2
a L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2
= 25x + 40xy + 16y
2

` (a + 3)(a - 3) / a2 - 9

(x + y) b 2 - 2 l = (x + y) 9 21 (x - y) C
x y
2. B I. L.H.S. = x(x + 6) + 6 5. C
= x2 + 6x + 6
R.H.S. = (x + 1)(x + 6) = 21 (x + y)(x - y)
= x2 + x + 6x + 6
= x2 + 7x + 6 = 21 (x2 - y2)
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S. x
2
y
2

= 2 - 2
` x(x + 6) + 6 = (x + 1)(x + 6)
is not an identity.

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 Identities 87

B 1 2
6. 4 (-2a + 4b)

= 41 (4b - 2a)2

= 41 [(4b)2 - 2(4b)(2a) + (2a)2]

= 41 [16b2 - 16ab + 4a2]

= 4b2 - 4ab + a2
2 2
= a - 4ab + 4b

7. C a2 - 4b2 = a2 - (2b)2
= (a + 2b)(a - 2b)
a a + 2b = 7 and a2 - 4b2 = 21
` 21 = 7(a - 2b)
a - 2b = 3

8. A 　(n2 + n - 3)(n2 + n + 3)
= [(n2 + n) - 3][(n2 + n) + 3]
= (n2 + n)2 - 32
2
= (n2) + 2(n2)(n) + n2 - 32
4 3 2
= n + 2n + n - 9

9. B

10. D

11. D

12. B

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