NBUD_BG U@GCBAPNPBG

KHC@_B F@UBNB

Chsusug dn`a < HGCBA

[B_H M@NBYBSH U ?9??

5529 5:?

UDNHS@FGHF F@[@ABSBG F@M@GF@[

[P_BFB_SB LP_P[BG F@U@_BYBSBG

U_DCH CHUNDMB
HHH

?5?5

NBUD_BG U@GCBAPNPBG KFO

B. C@JHGH[H
K`c`rb f`pbnb btbu trbumb fbphths bcbnba subtu ibgiiubg trbumb
cbrh

dtbf chs`rtbh/tbgpb p`rcbrbabg hgt`sthgbn cbnbm suostbgsh dtbf, tbgpb

chhfuth t`rputusgyb fdgthguhtbs cbrh dtbf.(Guirdad, ?522)
K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rbt bcbnba trbumb m`fbghf t`rabcbp f`pbnb,
obhf s`kbrb nbgisugi mbupug thcbf nbgisugi, ybgi m`gy`obofbg
ibgiiubg jugish g`urdndihs (ibgiiubg jhshf, fdighthj, jugish
pshfdsdshbn) obhf t`mpdr`r mbupug p`rmbg`g c`gibg p`gurugbg
f`sbcbrbg (Mbgsld`r.cff,?523).

O. @SHDNDIH
U`gy`obo k`c`rb f`pbnb bgtbrb nbhg<

2. F`k`nbfbbg, lbtua, f`k`nbfbbg f`gcbrbbg o`rmdtdr btbu s`p`cb, cbg

mdohn.
?. F`k`nbfbbg pbcb sbbt dnba rbib, bgbf c`gibg f`t`ribgtugibg.
;. K`c`rb bfhobt f`f`rbsbg.
3. O`gcb tumpun, f`rusbfbg t`rlbch abgyb t`robtbs pbcb cb`rba chmbgb
cbpbt m`rdo`f dtbf.
0. F`rusbfbg m`gy`obr fbr`gb f`fubtbg o`gturbg, ohbsbgyb n`oha
o`rbt shjbtgyb.
:. O`gcb tblbm, f`rusbfbg t`rlbch abgyb t`robtbs pbcb cb`rba chmbgb
cbpbt m`rdo`f dtbf, mhsbngyb t`rt`mobf p`nuru btbu o`gcb tblbm
(Uurgbmb

?523).

K. UBSDJH[HDNDIH
Bcbgyb k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt m`gy`obofbg f`rusbfbg
struftur, mhsbngyb f`rusbfbg pbcb pbr`gfhm dtbf, f`rusbfbg
p`mounua cbrba, p`rcbrbabg, `c`mb cbg ibgiiubg ohdfhmhb dtbf
s`p`rth p`gurugbg bc`gdshs trhpdspbt, p`ruobabg p`rm`bohnhtbs
vbsfun`r. Ubtdjhshdndih k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt t`robih btbs cub prds`s ybhtu
k`c`rb f`pbnb prhm`r cbg k`c`rb f`pbnb s`fugc`r, k`c`rb f`pbnb
prhm`r m`rupbfbg subtu prds`s

ohdm`fbghf ybgi t`rlbch s`kbrb nbgisugi sbbt f`pbnb t`ro`gtur cbg

cbpbt
m`mo`rh cbmpbf f`rusbfbg lbrhgibg dtbf. Ubcb k`c`rb f`pbnb
s`fugc`r t`rlbch bfhobt cbrh k`c`rb f`pbnb prhm`r, mhsbngyb bfhobt cbrh
ahpdfs`mhb, hsf`mhb cbg p`rcbrbabg.

U`rcbrbabg k`r`orbn m`ghmounfbg a`mbtdmb mhsbngyb

pbcb
`phcurbn a`mbtdmb, o`rfumpungyb bgtbrb p`rhdst`ug t`gifdrbf
c`gibg curbm`t`r, suocurb a`mbtdmb bfhobt o`rfumpungyb cbrba
pbcb rubgi bgtbrb curbm`t`r c`gibg suobrbfgdhc cbg hgtrb k`r`orbn,
a`mbtdmb bcbnba o`rfumpungyb cbrba chcbnbm lbrhgibg k`r`orbn.
F`mbthbg pbcb p`gc`rhtb k`c`rb f`pbnb t`rlbch fbr`gb ahpdt`gsh
fbr`gb ibgiiubg butdr`iunbsh, f`thfb t`rlbch butdr`iunbsh
m`ghmounfbg p`rjush lbrhgibg k`r`orbn cbg o`rbfahr pbcb hsf`mhb
lbrhgibg dtbf (Uurgbmb ?523).
Ubtdjhshdndih k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt chl`nbsfbg s`obibh
o`rhfut <

2. K`c`rb
Urhm`r
F`rusbfbg bfhobt nbgisugi trbumb, bgtbrb nbhg jrbftur
tunbgi t`gifdrbf, rdo`f p`mounua cbrba (a`mbtdm), f`rusbfbg
lbrhgibg dtbf (t`rmbsuf rdo`fgyb curbmbt`r, nbs`rbsh, fdgtushd).

?. K`c`rb
[`fugc`r
F`rusbfbg nbglutbg dn`a fbr`gb k`c`rb prhm`r ybgi bcb
o`rnbglut m`nbmpbuh obtbs fdmp`gsbsh rubgi t`gifdrbf.
Aufum Mdgrd` F`nnh` m`gibtbfbg obawb rubgi t`gifdrbf
t`rtutup cbg vdnum`gyb t`tbp. Zdnum` chp`gibruah dn`a thib
fdmpbrt`m`g ybhtu cbrba, nhqudr, cbg pbr`gfhm dtbf.
F`mbmpubg fdmp`gsbsh ybgi t`rnbmpbuh bfbg m`gibfhobtfbg
f`gbhfbg SHF ybgi prdir`shj cbg t`rlbch p`gurugbg S`fbgbg
U`rjush [`r`orbn (KUU) ybgi cbpbt jbtbn pbcb thgifbt s`nun`r.
K`c`rb [`fugc`r cbg S`fbgbg U`rjush
< KUU = MBU - HKU
KUU < K`r`orbn U`rjushdg
Ur`ssur` MBU < M`bg Brt`rhbn
Ur`ssur`
HKU < Hgtrb Krbghbn
Ur`ssur`
 U`gurugbg KUU furbgi cbrh 95 mmAi m`gy`obofbg
hsf`mhb dtbf. Hsf`mhb dtbf m`gibfhobtfbg `c`mb shtdtdfshf ‛
f`rusbfbg s`nun`r ybgi mbfhg pbrba (hrr`v`rsho`n). Chp`ro`rbt dn`a
f`nbhgbg `fstrbfrbghbn

ahpdt`gsh/sydf, ahp`rfbroh, ahpdfshb, ahp`rt`rmh, f`lbgi,

cnn.
;. @c`mb [htdtdfshf
F`rusbfbg lbrhgibg (dtbf) m`gy`obofbg p`n`pbsbg o`rn`oha
s`l`ghs G`urdtrbgsmhtt`r ybgi m`gy`obofbg @fshtbsh (@xhtbtdry
Bmhgd Bkhc b.n. inutbmbt, bspbrtbt). @BB m`nbnuh r`s`ptdr
BMUB (G-M`tayn C- Bspbrtbt) cbg GMCB (Bmhgd M`tayn
Urdphdgbt Bkhc) m`gy`obofbg Kb hgjnufs o`rn`ohabg ybgi
m`ghmounfbg `c`mb cbg m`gibfthvbsh
`gzym c`irbcbthj s`rtb m`gy`obofbg jbst c`pdnbrhsbsh (fnhghs
f`lbgi- f`lbgi).

3. F`rusbfbg M`morbg [`n

Chphku Kb hgjnufs ybgi m`gibfhtvbsh `gzym c`irbcbthj
bfbg m`gy`obofbg f`rusbfbg CGB, prdt`hg, cbg m`morbg
jdsjdnhphc s`n (OOO or`bfcdwg) m`nbnuh r`gcbagyb KCU kadnhg
(ybgi o`rjugish s`obibh pr`fusdr ybgi obgybf chp`rnufbg pbcb
shgt`sb jdsjdnhphc ugtuf m`glbib hgt`irhtbs cbg r`pbhr m`morbg
t`rs`out). M`nbnuh rusbfgyb jdsjdnhphc bfbg m`y`obofbg
t`ro`gtufgyb bsbm brbfahcdgbt ybgi m`giabshnfbg rbchfbn
o`obs ybgi o`rn`oha.
0. Bpdptdshs

[hgybn f`mbhtbg s`n cht`rusfbg f` Gufn`us dn`a m`morbg

odugc bpdptdthk odch`s t`rlbch fdgc`gsbsh frdmbthg cbg
pn`gdthf gukn`h,
jrbim`gtbsh CGB cbg bfahrgyb s`n bfbg m`gif`rut
(sarhgfbi`).
UBSAYBX

F`k`nbfbbg nbnu
nhgtbs

Khc`rb f`pbnb

Khc`rb dtbf Khc`rb dtbf s`fugc`r

prhm`r

Fdgtushd F`rusbfbg [`n dtbf 

k`r`orh

Ibgiiubg  rbgisbgibg shmpbths

butdr`iunbsh

 tbabgbg vbsfun`r
Bnhrbg cbrba f`dtbf
[hst`mhf & SC 


D?  ibgiiubg  t`f. U`mo.cbrba

m`tbodnhsm` Uunmdgbn

Bsbm nbftbt   t`f. Ahcrdstbthf

D`c`m dtbf f`odkdrbg

kbhrbg fbphn`r

F`thcbf`j`fthjbg
p`rjush lbrhgibg d`c`mb pbru
k`r`orbn
U`gumpufb
g s`kr`t

F`thcbf`j`fthj o`rshabg
[umo`r< Uurgbmb (?523)
lbnbg gbpbs
C. MBGHJ@[SB[H FNHGH[
M`gurut Uurgbmb (?523) mbghj`stbsh fnhghs khc`rb f`pbnb o`rbt m`nhputh <
2. Bmg`shb thcbf cbpbt m`gihgibt p`rhsthwb s`sbbt s`o`num cbg s`sucba

t`rlbchgyb p`gurugbg
f`s`abtbg.
?. Uuphn thcbf bftubn, p`m`rhfsbbg mdtdrhf thcbf bftubn, bcbgyb
k`c`rb t`roufb, jrbftur t`gifdrbf cbg p`gurugbg g`urdndihf.
;. Gy`rh, m`g`tbp btbu s`t`mpbt, ohbsbgyb m`guglufbg jrbftur.
3. Jrbftur pbcb fuoba frbghbn m`gy`obofbg p`mo`gifbfbg pbcb
br`b t`rs`out.
0. U`ruobabg r`spdg ( ohgiugi ).
:. Ibgiiubg gbjbs.
9. Mubn & mugtba ‛prdy`fthn.

1. Ibgiiubg p`ginhabtbg.
8. U`ruobabg tbgcb vhtbn.

@. FDMUNHFB[H
_dslhch (?559), f`mugcurbg pbcb fdgchsh fnh`g chbfhobtfbg cbrh p`rnubsbg
a`mbtdmb hgtrbfrbghbn `c`mb s`r`orbn prdir`shj cbg a`rghbsh dtbf,
fdmpnhfbsh cbrh k`c`rb f`pbnb bcbnba<
2. @c`mb punmdgbn
Fdmpnhfbsh ybgi s`rhus bcbnba t`rlbchgyb `c`mb pbru, `thdndih
mugifhg

o`rbsbn cbrh ibgiiubg g`urdndihs btbu bfhobt shgcrdm chstr`ss

p`rgbjbsbg c`wbsb. @c`mb pbru t`rlbch bfhobt r`jn`fs
kusahgi/p`rnhgcugibg ybgi
o`rusbab m`mp`rtbabgfbg t`fbgbg p`rjush cbnbm f`bcbbg fdgstbg.
[bbt t`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn m`ghgifbt t`fbgbg cbrba shst`mbthf
m`ghgifbt ugtuf m`mkdob m`mp`rtbabgfbg bnhrbg cbrba f`dtbf,
ohnb f`bcbbg s`mbfhg frhths, c`gyut gbch m`gurug orbchfbrch cbg
obafbg jr`fu`gsh r`sphrbsh o`rfurbgi, t`fbgbg cbrba s`mbfhg
m`ghgifbt. Ahpdt`gsh bfbg m`mouruf f`bcbg, abrus chp`rtbabgfbg
t`fbgbg p`rjush pbnhgi s`chfht 95 mmAi, ybgi m`moutuafbg
t`fbgbg shstdn 255-225 mmAi, pbcb p`gc`rhtb f`pbnb.
U`ghgifbtbg vbsdfdgstrhfsh tuoua s`kbrb umum m`gy`obofbg
n`oha
 obgybf cbrba chbnhrfbg f` pbru, p`ruobabg p`rmhbohnhtbs p`mounu
cbrba pbru o`rp`rbg pbcb prds`s o`rphgcbagyb kbhrbg f` bnv`dnus.
F`rusbfbg chjush dfshi`g bfbg fbrodgchdfshcb cbrh cbrba bfbg
m`ghmounfbg

p`ghgifbtbg SHF n`oha

nbglut.
?. U`ghgifbtbg SHF
S`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn chghnbh o`robabyb lhfb p`ghgifbtbg ahgiib
20 mmAi,cbg a`rghbsh cbpbt t`rlbch pbcb t`fbgbg chbtbs ?0 mmAi.
S`fbgbg cbrba ybgi m`gibnhr cbnbm dtbf chs`out s`obibh t`fbg
p`rjush r`r`orbn. Xbgi m`rupbfbg fdmpnhfbsh s`rhus c`gibg bfhobt
a`rghbsh c`gibg ibibn p`rgbjbsbg cbg ibibn lbgtugi s`rtb f`mbthbg.
;. F`lbgi
F`lbgi t`rlbch fhrb-fhrb 25% cbrh fnh`g k`c`rb dtbf bfut s`nbmb
jbs`

bfut.U`rbwbt abrus m`moubt p`rshbpbg t`rabcbp f`mugifhgbg

f`lbgi c`gibg m`gy`chbfbg spbt`n nhcba ybgi cho`rh obgtbnbg btbu
lbnbg gbjbs drbn
chsbmphgi t`mpbt thcur fnh`g, luib p`rbnbtbg p`giahsbp.
[`nbmb f`lbgi,p`rbwbt abrus m`mjdfusfbg pbcb upbyb
m`mp`rtbabgfbg, lbnbg gbjbs pbt`g cbg m`gk`iba k`c`rb nbglut.
[bnba sbtugyb thgcbfbg m`chs ugtuf m`gibtbsh f`lbgi bcbnba
p`mo`rhbg dobt, chbz`pbm m`rupbfbg dobt ybgi pbnhgi obgybf
chiugbfbg cbg cho`rhfbg s`kbrb p`rnbabg s`kbrb hgtbv`gb. Abth-
abth t`rabcbp `j`f pbcb syst`m p`rgbjbsbg, pbgtbu s`nbmb p`mo`rhbg
chbz`pbm, jr`fu`gsh cbg hrbmb p`rgbjbsbg.

3. F`odkdrbg kbhrbg s`r`ordsphgbnhs

Bcbgyb jrbftur ch cb`rba jdssb bgt`rhdr c`fbt shgus jrdgtbn btbu
cbrh jrbftur t`gifdrbf obshnbr obihbg p`trdsus cbrh tunbgibg
t`mpdrbn bfbg m`rdo`f m`ghgi`s, s`ahgiib K[[ bfbg f`nubr. Br`b
crbhgbs` thcbf odn`a cho`rshafbg, chhrhibsh btbu chahsbp, kufup cho`rh
obgtbnbg st`rhn ch obwba ahcugi btbu t`nhgib. Hgstrufshfbg fnh`g ugtuf
thcbf m`mbghpunbsh ahcugi btbu t`nhgib.
J. FNB[HJHFB[H
K`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt chfnbshjhfbshfbg cbnbm o`robibh bsp`f ybgi
s`kbrb c`sfrhpsh cbpbt chf`ndmpdffbg o`rcbsbr m`fbghsm`, mdrjdndih, cbg
o`rbtgyb

k`c`rb f`pbnb (Sbgchbg, ?

522).
2. O`rcbsbrfbg m`fbghsm`gyb k`c`rb f`pbnb chf`ndmpdffbg
m`glbch cub ybhtu<
b. K`c`rb f`pbnb tumpun.
K`c`rb f`pbnb tumpun ohbsbgyb o`rfbhtbg c`gibg f`k`nbfbbg
nbnu nhgtbs, lbtua/pufunbg o`gcb tumpun. Ubcb k`c`rb tumpun
t`rlbch bfs`n`rbsh 9 cbg c`k`n`rbsh ybgi m`gy`obofbg dtbf
o`ri`rbf chcbnbm rdgiib frbghbn cbg m`nbfufbg fdgtbf
pbcb prdtuo`rbs tunbgi t`gifdrbf.

o. K`c`rb t`mous
K`c`rb t`mous chs`obofbg dn`a nufb t`mobf btbu
tusufbg
(Sbgchbg, ?
522).
?. O`rcbsbrfbg mdrjdndih k`c`rb f`pbnb
K`c`rb f`pbnb m`gurut Sbgchbg (?522). Cbpbt t`rlbch chbr`b
tunbgi t`gifdrbf ybgi m`nhputh<
b. Nbs`rbsh funht f`pbnb
Nbs`rbsh funht f`pbnb s`rhgi chcbpbtfbg pbcb pbsh`g
k`c`rb f`pbnb. Funht f`pbnb/skbnp t`rchrh cbrh nhmb
nbphsbg (c`gibg

bfrdghm [KBNU) ybhtu sfhg, kdgg`kthv` thssu` cbg

p`rhfrbghh. Chbgtbrb ibn`b bpdg`urdshs cbg p`rhdst`um t`rcbpbt
lbrhgibg hfbt
ndgiibr ybgi m`mugifhgfbg funht o`ri`rbf t`rabcbp tunbgi.
Ubcb jrbftur tunbgi f`pbnb, s`rhgi t`rlbch rdo`fbg pbcb
nbphsbg hgh. Nbphsbg hgh obgybf m`gibgcugi p`mounua
cbrba cbg lbrhgibg hfbt ndgiibr, mbfb p`rnufbbg ybgi t`rlbch
cbpbt m`gibfhobtfbg p`rcbrbabg ybgi kufup obgybf.
o. Jrbftur tunbgi f`pbnb
Jrbftur tunbgi t`gifdrbf o`rcbsbrfbg pbcb ibrhs jrbftur

chobih m`glbch 0<

2) Jrbftur nhgh`r
Jrbftur nhgh`r m`rupbfbg jrbftur c`gibg o`gtuf
ibrhs tugiibn btbu st`nnbtb pbcb tunbgi
t`gifdrbf ybgi

m`gi`gbh s`nurua f`t`obnbg tunbgi f`pbnb.

Jrbftur n`gh`r cbpbt t`rlbch lhfb ibyb nbgisugi
ybgi o`f`rlb
pbcb tunbgi f`pbnb kufup o`sbr t`tbph
thcbf m`gy`obofbg tunbgi f`pbnb o`gchgi cbg thcbf
t`rcbpbt jrbim`g jrbftur ybgi mbsuf
f`cbnbm rdgiib hgtrbfrbghbn.
?) Jrbftur chbstbshs
Jrbftur chbstbshs bcbnba l`ghs jrbftur ybgi t`rlbch
pbcb suturb tunbmi t`gifdrbf ybgi m`gibobofbg
p`n`obrbg

suturb-suturb tunbgi 1 f`pbnb. L`ghs jrbftur hgh

s`rhgi t`rlbch pbcb obyh cbg obnhtb fbr`gb
suturb-suturb
o`num m`gybtu c`gibg `rbt. Jrbftur chbstbshs
pbcb ushb c`wbsb s`rhgi t`rlbch pbcb suturb
nbmocdhc cbg cbpbt m`gibfhobtfbg t`rlbchgyb
a`mbtum `phcurbn.
;) Jrbftur fdmhguthj
Jrbftur fdmhguthj bcbnba l`ghs jrbftur tunbgi
f`pbnb ybgi m`hnhfh n`oha cbrh sbtu jrbim`g cbnbm
sbtu br`b jrbftur.

3) Jrbftur hmpr`sh
Jrbftur hmpr`sh tunbgi f`pbnb t`rlbch bfhobt
o`gturbg c`gibg t`gbib o`sbr ybgi nbgisugi
m`gi`gbh tunbgi f`pbnb cbg pbcb br`b ybgi f`kbn.
Jrbftur hmpr`sh pbcb tunbgi f`pbnb cbpbt
m`gy`obofbg p`g`fbgbg btbu nbs`rbsh pbcb
cur`mbt`r cbg lbrhgibg dtbf, jrbftur hmpr`sh
 chbgiibp o`rmbfgb t`rlbch, lhfb tbounb `fst`rgb
s`im`g ybgi hmpr`sh mbsuf chobwba tbounb
hgt`rgb s`im`g tunbgi ybgi s`abt.

0) Jrbftur obshs frbghh

Jrbftur obshs frbghh bcbnba subtu jrbftur
nhgh`r ybgi t`rlbch pbcb cbsbr tunbgi t`gifdrbf,
jrbftur hgh s`rhgifbnh ch`rtbh c`gibg rdo`fbg pbcb
curbm`t`r ybgi

m`r`fbt `rbt pbcb cbsbr t`gifdrbf. Jrbftur obshs

frbghh o`rcbsbrfbg n`tbf bgbtdmh ch obih m`glbch
jrbftur
jdssb bgt`rhdr, jrbftur jdssb m`chb cbg jrbftur
jdssb pdst`rhdr. [`kbrb bgbtdmh bcb p`ro`cbbg
struftur ch cb`rba obshs frbghh cbg tunbgi
fbnjbrhb. Curbm`t`r cb`rba obshs frbgh n`oha
thphs chobgchgifbg cb`rba fbnjbrhb cbg curbm`t`r
cb`rba obshs m`n`fbt n`oha `rbt pbcb tunbgi
chobgchgifbg cb`rba fbnjbrhb. [`ahgiib ohnb t`rlbch
jrbftur cb`rba obshs cbpbt m`gy`obofbg rdo`fbg

curbm`t`r. Abn hgh cbpbt m`gy`obofbg

f`odkdrbg kbhrbg k`r`ordsphgbn ybgi
m`ghmounfbg r`shfd
t`rlbchgyb hgj`fsh s`nbput dtbf
(m`ghgihths).
Ubcb p`m`rhfsbbg fnhghs cbpbt cht`mufbg
rahgdrra`b cbg rbkkdg `y`s shig (jrbftur obshs
frbghh jdssb bgt`rhdr), btbu dttdra`b cbg obtn`‘s
shig (jrbftur obshs frbghh jdssb m`chb). Fdgchsh
hgh luib 8 cbpbt m`gy`obofbg n`sh sbrbj
frbghbn ybgi pbnhgi s`rhgi t`rlbch bcbnba
ibgiiubg sbrbj p`gkhumbg

(G,dnjbktdrhus). [brbj wblba (G.jbkhbnhs) cbg

sbrbj p`gc`gibrbg (G.v`sthoundfdfan`brhs).
U`gbgibgbg cbrh
jrbftur obshs frbghh m`nhputh p`gk`ibabg
p`ghgifbtbg t`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn ybgi m`gcbcbf
mhsbngyb c`gibg m`gk`iba obtuf, m`gi`lbg, cbg
mbfbgbg ybgi thcbf m`gy`obofbg s`mo`nht. Lbib
f`o`rshabg s`fhtbr nuobgi ahcugi cbg t`nhgib, lhfb
p`rnu chnbfufbg tbmpdg st`rhn (fdgsuntbsh banh
SAS) pbcb tbgcb onddcy/
dtdrra`b/dtdnhqudrra`b. Ubcb p`gc`rhtb c`gibg
tbgcb-

tbgcb onddcy/dtdrra`b/dtdnhqudrra`b p`gc`rhtb

thcur
 c`gibg pdshsh t`rn`gtbgi cbg f`pbnb mhrhgi f`
pdshsh ybgi s`abt.
k. K`c`rb f`pbnb ch br`b hgtrbfrbghbn

M`gurut (Sdohgi, ?522) ybgi chfnbshjhfbshfbg m`glbch

k`c`rb dtbf jdfbn cbg k`c`rb dtbf chjus K`c`rb dtbf
jdfbn ybgi
m`nhputh<
2) U`rcbrbabg `phcurbn btbu `phcurbn a`mbtdmb
(@CA)
@phcurbn a`mbtdm (@CA) bcbnba bcbgyb cbrba ch
rubgi
`phcurbn yhtu rubgi pdt`gshbn bgtbrb tbounb
hgt`rgb tunbgit`gifdrbf cbg curbm`t`r. @phcurbn
a`mbtdm cbpbt m`ghmounfbg p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg
bcbgyb hgt`rvbn nushc s`nbmb o`o`rbpb lbm cbg
f`muchbg t`rlbch c`jhsht

g`drdndihs o`rupb a`mhpbr`shs fdgtrbnbt`rbn cbg

i`nbtbsh puphn htshnbt`rbn. I`lbnb nbhg ybgi chthmounfbg
bgtbrb nbhg
sbfht f`pbnb, mugtba, f`lbgi cbg
a`mhpbr`shs.
?) U`rcbrbabg suocurbn bfut btbu suocurbn a`mbtdm
([CA) bfut U`rcbrbabg suocurbn bfut bcbnba
t`rfumpungyb cbrba ch rubgi suocurbn ybgi t`rlbch bfut
(:-; abrh). U`rcbrbabg hgh t`rlbch bfhobt rdo`fgyb
v`gb-v`gb f`khn chp`rmufbbg fdrt`fs k`r`orh.
U`rcbrbabg suocurbn ohbsbgyb m`gutuph s`nurua
a`mhsjhr dtbf. Ohbsbgyb f`rusbfbg dtbf chobwbagyb

n`oha o`rbt cbg 25 prdigdshsgyb lbua n`oha ouruf

chobgchgi pbcb p`rcbrbabg `phcurbn.
;) U`rcbrbabg suocurbn frdghf btbu [CA frdghf
[uocurbn a`mbtdm frdghf bcbnba t`rfumpungyb
cbrba chrubgi suocurbn n`oha cbrh ; mhgiiu
s`t`nba trbumb. [uocurbn a`mbtdm frdghf chbwbnh cbrh
[CA bfut c`gibg lumnba cbrba ybgi s`chfht. Cbrba ch
rubgi suocurbn bfbg m`mhku t`rlbchgyb hgjnbmbsh
s`ahgiib bfbg t`ro`gtuf o`fubg cbrba btbu kndt ybgi
o`rshjbt tbmpdgbc`. Cbnbm

o`o`rbpb abrh bfbg t`rlbch hgjbsh jhordonbst f` cbnbm

kndt
 cbg m`mo`gtuf gdum`morbg pbcb nbphsbg cbnbm
(fdrt`fs) cbg nbphsbg nubr (curbm`t`r). U`mo`gtufbg
g`dm`morbg t`rs`out bfbg ch hfuth c`gibg p`mo`gtufbg
fbphn`r obru cbg

t`rlbch jhorhgdnhthf s`ahgiib t`rlbch prds`s c`irbcbsh

btbu nhfd`jbfsh o`fubg cbrba s`ahgiib t`rbfumunbshgyb
kbhrbg
ahp`rtdghs ybgi chnbphsh m`morbg s`mh p`rm`bo`n.
Lhfb f`bcbbg hgh t`rlbch mbfb bfbg m`gbrhf nhfudr
chnubr m`morbg mbsuf f`cbnbm m`morbg
s`ahgiib kbhrbg suocurbn o`rtbmoba obgybf. I`lbnb
fnhghs ybgi cbpbt chthmounfbg dn`a [CA frdghs
bgtbrb nbhg sbfht f`pbnb, ohgiugi, f`sunhtbg o`robabsb
cbg i`lbnb ybgi m`gy`rupbh SHB (trbgsh`gt hska`mhk
bttbkf).chsbmphgi htu cbpbt t`rlbch

c`jhsht g`drdndih ybgi o`rjbrhbsh s`p`rth f`n`mbabg

dtdrhf cbg f`lbgi.
3) U`rcbrbabg hgtrb k`r`orbn btbu hgtrbk`r`orbn a`mbtdm
(HKA) Hgtrb k`r`orbn a`mbtdm bcbnba br`b
p`rcbrbabg ybgi admdi`g cbg fdgjnu`g ybgi
t`rcbpbt chcbnbm pbr`gfhm dtbf. Hgtrb k`r`orbn
a`mbtdm oufbg chs`obofbg dn`a o`gturbg bgtbrb
pbr`gfhm dtbf c`gibg tunbgi t`gifdrbf, t`tbph
chs`obofbg dn`a ibyb bfs`n`rbsh cbg c`s`n`rbsh
bfhobt trbumb ybgi m`gy`obofbg p`kbagyb

p`mounua cbrba ybgi t`rn`tbf n`oha cbnbm, ybhtu

ch pbr`gfhm dtbf btbu p`mounua cbrba fdrthfbn
cbg
suofdrthfbn. I`lbnb fnhghs ybgi chthmounfbg dn`a HKA
bgtbrb nbhg bcbgyb 22 p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg. C`rblbt
p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbggyb chp`gibruah dn`a m`fbghsm`
cbg `g`rih cbrh trbumb ybgi chbnbmh.
0) U`rcbrbabg suobrbagdht trbumbthfb ([BA)
U`rcbrbabg suobrbagdht chbfhobtfbg dn`a
p`kbagyb p`mounua cbrba fdrthfbn obhf brt`rh mbupug
v`gb cbnbm

lumnba t`rt`gtu bfhobt trbumb cbpbt m`mbsufh

rubgi
 suobrbagdht cbg chs`out s`obibh p`rcbrbabg
suobrbagdht (U[B). Nubsgyb U[B m`giibmobrfbg
nubsgyb f`rusbfbg p`mounua cbrba, luib
m`giibmobrfbg ourufgb prdigdsb.

U[B ybgi nubs bfbg m`mhku t`rlbchgyb

vbsdspbsm`
p`mounua cbrba cbg m`gy`obofbg hsf`mhb bfut
nubs c`gibg mbghj`stbsh `c`mb k`r`orh.
;. Fnbshjhfbsh k`c`rb f`pbnb o`rcbsbrfbg
o`rbtgyb
K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rcbsbrfbg o`rbtgyb k`c`rb, m`gurut
(Mbgsld`r,
?525) cbpbt chfnbshjhfbshfbg p`ghnbhbggyb o`rcbsbrfbg sfdr IK[
cbg chf`ndmpdffbg m`glbch<
b. K`c`rb f`pbnb rhgibg c`gibg ghnbh IK[ 23 ‛ 20
2) Ubsh`g sbcbr, m`guruth p`rhgtba tbph chsdrh`gtbsh.

?) Shcbf bcb f`ahnbgibg f`sbcbrbg

;) Shcbf bcb hgtdfshfbsh bnfdadn btbu dobt t`rnbrbgi
3) Ubsh`g cbpbt m`gi`nua gy`rh f`pbnb cbg pushgi
0) Ubsh`g cbpbt m`gc`rhtb nbs`rbsh, a`mbtdmb funht
f`pbnb o. K`c`rb f`pbnb s`cbgi c`gibg ghnbh IK[ 8 ‛ 2;
Ubsh`g ohsb btbu thcbf ohsb m`guruth p`rhgtba, gbmug
thcbf m`mo`rh r`spdg ybgi s`subh c`gibg p`rgybtbbg
ybgi ch o`rhfbg
2) Bmg`shb pbsfb
trbumb

?) Mugtba
;) Sbgcb f`mugifhgbg jrbftur krbghum (tbgcb Obttn`,
mbtb rboug, a`mdthmpbgum, dtdr`b btbu rhgdr`b kbhrbg
s`r`ord sphgbn)
3)
F`lbgi
k. K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rbt c`gibg ghnbh IK[ sbmb btbu furbgi cbrh
1.
2) U`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg sbkbrb
prdir`shj
?) Sbgcb g`drdndihs
jdfbn
;) K`c`rb f`pbnb p`g`trbsh btbu t`rbob jrbftur c`pr`sh

krbghum. (mbgsld`r, ?525)

I. U@M@_HF[BBG CHBIGD[SHF
2. U`m`rhfsbbg nbodrbtdrhum < cbrba n`gifbp, urhg`, fhmhb cbrba,
bgbnhsb

ibs cbrba.
?. KS-[kbg (c`gibg btbu tbgpb fdgtrbs< m`gihc`gthjhfbsh nubsgyb
n`sh, p`rcbrbabg, c`t`rmhgbg v`gtrhfun`r, cbg p`ruobabg lbrhgibg dtbf.
;. M_H < chiugbfbg sbmb s`p`rth KS-[kbg c`gibg btbu tbgpb
fdgtrbs rbchdbfthj.
3. K`r`orbn Bgihdirbpay< m`gugluffbg bgdmbnh shrfunbsh k`r`orbn,
s`p`rth p`ruobabg lbrhgibg dtbf s`fugc`r m`glbch uc`mb,
p`rcbrbabg cbg trbumb.
0. Q-_by < m`gc`t`fsh p`ruobabg struftur tunbgi (jrbftur),
p`ruobabg

struftur ibrhs (p`rcbrbabg, `c`mb), jrbim`g tunbgi. _dgs`gt

S`gifdrbf mbupug tadrbf.
:. K[J, Numobn Uugfsh < cbpbt chnbfufbg lhfb chcuib t`rlbch
p`rcbrbabg suobrbkagdhc.
9. BOIs < M`gc`t`fsh f`o`rbcbbg v`gthnbsh btbu mbsbnba
p`rgbjbsbg
(dfshi`gbsh) lhfb t`rlbch p`ghgifbtbg t`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn.
1. Fbcbr @n`ftrdnht < Pgtuf m`gifdr`fsh f`s`hmobgibg `n`ftrdnht
s`obibh bfhobt p`ghgifbtbg t`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn (Uurgbmb, ?523).

A. U@GBSBNBF[BGBBG
2. F`p`rbwbtbg <
b. M`ghnbh lbnbg gbjbs < o`rshafbg lbnbg gbjbs cbrh c`orhs
cbg mugtbabg, n`pbsfbg ihih pbnsu, p`rtbabgfbg tunbgi s`rvhfbn
s`ibrhs c`gibg obcbg c`gibg m`mbsbgi kdnnbr
k`rvhfbn, pbsbgi iu`c`n/mbyd ohnb cbpbt chtdn`rhr. Lhfb k`c`rb
drdjbshbn m`giibgiiu lbnbg gbjbs,mbfb pbsh`g abrus chhgtuobsh.
o. M`ghnbh p`rgbjbsbg < t`gtufbg bpbfba pbsh`g
o`rgbjbs spdgtbg/thcbf. Lhfb thcbf o`rh D? m`nbnuh mbsf`r D?.
Lhfb pbsh`g
o`rgbjbs spdgtbg s`nhchfh cbgbtbsh k`c`rb cbcb o`rbt
spt
 pg`umdtdrbfs t`gshj, a`mdpg`umdtdrbfs. Ubsbgi dfshm`t`r
gbch ugtuf m`glbib sbturbsh D? mhghmum 80%. Lhfb lbnbg gbjbs
pbsh`g thcbf t`rnhgcugi obafbg t`rbgkbg/m`mp`rdn`a D?
ybgi bc`fubt

( Ub D? 780% cbg Ub KD?>35% mmAi s`rtb sbturbsh

D?
780%)btbu mugtba mbfb pbsh`g abrus chhgtuobsh s`rtb
chv`gthnbsh dn`a banh bg`st`sh.
k. M`ghnbh shrfunbsh < dtbf yi rusbf thcbf m`gtdn`rhr
ahpdt`gsh.
A`gthfbg s`mub p`rcbrbabg c`gibg m`g`fbg brt`rhgyb.
U`rabthfbg bcbgyb k`c`rb hgtrbbocdm`g/cbcb.Pfur cbg kbtbt
jr`fu`gsh c`gyut lbgtugi cbg t`fbgbg cbrba pbsbgi
@FI.Ubsbgi lbnur hgtrbv`gb ybgi o`sbr. O`rhfbg nbrutbg
fdndhc s`cbgifbg nbrutbg frhstbndhc m`ghmounfbg `fsbs`robsh
`c`mb.

c. Dobth f`lbgi < F`lbgi fdgvunshj cbpbt t`rlbch s`t`nba k`c`rb

f`pbnb cbg abrus chdobth munb-munb cho`rhfbg chbz`pbm 25mi
hgtrbv`gb
p`rnbabg-nbabg cbgcpt chunbgih ?x lhfb mbsha f`lbgi. Ohnb
thcbf o`rabshn cho`rhfbg j`ghtdhg 20mi/fiOO.
`. M`ghnbh thgifbt f`pbrbabg < KF_,KF[,KFO :.Ubcb s`mub
pbsh`g c`gibg k`c`rb f`pbnb cbg/btbu n`a`r,nbfufbg jdtdtunbgi
o`nbfbgi s`rvhfbn ( prdy`fsh B-U,nbt`rbn cbg dcdgtdhc ),fdnbr
s`rvhfbn obru chn`pbs s`t`nba chpbsthfbg obawb s`nurua
f`s`rvhfbn K2- K9gdrmbn9.Ubcb s`mub pbsh`g c`gibg k`c`rb
f`pbnb s`cbgi cbg

o`rbt <- Ubsbgi hgjus c`gibg nbrutbg gdrmbn sbnhg ( Gbkn

5,8% )
btbu _N kbhrbghsdtdghs n`oha `j`fthj m`giibgth
vdnum` hgtrbvbsfunbr cbrhpbcb kbhrbgahpdtdghs cbg
nbrutbg hgh tcf m`gbmoba `c`mb k`r`orh- Nbfufbg
p`m`rhfsbbg < At, p`rhfsb cbrba p`rhj`r n`gifbp, trdmodsht,
fhmhb cbrba. Nbfufbg KS skbg. Ubsh`g c`gibg KF_, KF[, KFO
abrus ch`vbnubsh bcbgyb <
- A`mbtdmb `phcurbn.
- Cbrba cbnbm suo brbkagdhc cbg hgtrbv`gtrhf`n.
- Fdgtushd cbg p`rcbrbabg lbrhgibg dtbf.

- @c`mb k`r`orh.
 - U`ri`s`rbg ibrhs t`giba.
- Jrbftur frbghum.
- Ubcb pbsh`g ybgi fdmb ( sfdr IK[ >1) btbu pbsh`g
c`gibg

tbgcb-tbgcb a`rghbsh nbfufbg < @n`vbsh f`pbnb

;5, Ahp`rv`gthnbsh, O`rhfbg mbghtdn ?5% 2ir/fiOO
hgtrbv`gb cnm
?5-;5 m`ght. Cdshs unbgibg cbpbt cho`rhfbg 3-: lbm
f`muchbg ybhtu s`o`sbr ¾ cdshs s`munbs`thbp : lbm sbmpbh
mbfshmbn 31 lbm H- Ubsbgi fbt`t`r jdn`y-Fdgsun o`cba
sbrbj ohnb t`rcbpbt hgchfbsh dpd`rbsh (a`mbtdm `phcurbn
o`sbr,a`mbtdm suo curbn,k`c`rb f`pbnb t`roufb,jrbftur
hmpr`sh 72 chpnd).
?. Jbrmbfdndihs <
b. C`xbm`tabsdg/ fbnm`tbsdg s`obibh p`gidobtbg bgth
`c`mb

s`r`orbn, cdshs s`subh c`gibg o`rbt rhgibggyb trbumb.

o. Sa`rbph ahp`rv`gthnbsh (trbumb f`pbnb o`rbt) ugtuf
m`giurbgih vbsdchnbtbsh.
k. U`mo`rhbg bgbni`thf.
c. U`gidobtbg bgth`c`mb c`gibg nbrutbg ahp`rtdghs ybhtu6
mbghtdn
?5%, inufdsb 35% btbu inhs`rdn.
`. Bgthohdthf ybgi m`gibgcugi obrh`r cbrba dtbf (phghkhnhg)
btbu ugtuf hgj`fsh bgb`rdo cho`rhfbg m`trdghcbzdn`.
j. Mbfbgbg btbu kbhdrbg hgjus c`xtrds` 0%, bmhgdushg, bmhgdj`n
(21

lbm p`rtbmb cbrh t`rlbchgyb f`k`nbfbbg) ?-; abrh

f`muchbg cho`rhfbg mbfbgbg nugbf.
i. U`mo`cbabg (Uurgbmb, ?523).

H. B[PABG F@U@_BYBSBG S@D_HSH[

2. U`gifblhbg
b. Hc`gthtbs Fnh`g
Gbmb, ushb, l`ghs f`nbmhg, bnbmbt, gd.t`n`pdg, stbtus

p`rghfbabg, bibmb, sufu, p`gchchfbg, p`f`rlbbg, nbmb

o`f`rlb, Gd. _M,

 tbgiibn mbsuf, tbgiibn p`gifblhbg, sumo`r hgjdrmbsh,
gbmb f`nubrib c`fbt ybgi ohbs chauougih, stbtus, bnbmbt,
gd.t`n`pdg, p`gchchfbg, cbg p`f`rlbbg.

o. F`nuabg utbmb< ybgi chf`nuafbg p`rtbmb

fbnh k. _hwbybt p`gybfht s`fbrbgi
_hwbybt fnh`g s`o`num mbsuf _[ sbmpbh mbsuf
_[
c. _hwbybt f`s`abtbg t`rcbaunu
_hwbybt fnh`g p`rgba m`gibnbmh p`gybfht f`turugbg.
Sbgybfbg bn`rih dobt cbg r`bfsh bn`rih bpb ybgi thmoun.
`. hwbybt f`nubrib
M`gbgybfbg p`gybfht ybgi p`rgba chbnbmh dn`a f`nubrib s`rtb
ohnb bcb bgiidtb f`nubrib ybgi m`ghgiibn, tbgybfbg
p`gy`obo

f`mbthbggyb.
j. U`m`rhfsbbg
jhshf
2) F`bcbbg umum<
Ubcb f`bcbbg k`c`rb dtbf umumgyb m`gibnbmh
p`gurugbg f`sbcrbg ( k`c`rb dtbf rhgibg IK[ 2;-20,
k`c`rb dtbf s`cbgi IK[ 8-2?, k`c`rb dtbf o`rbt IK[ >1
) cbg t`rlbch p`ruobabg pbcb tbgcb-tbgcb vhtbn.
?) O2 (Or`btahgi)
[hst`m p`rgbjbsbg o`ribgtugi pbcb irbcbsh cbrh
p`ruobabg

lbrhgibg s`r`orbn bfhobt trbumb f`pbnb. Bfbg chcbpbtfbg

abshn< Hgsp`fsh < Chcbpbtfbg fnh`g obtuf. U`ghgifbtbg
prdcufsh
sputum, s`sbf gbjbs, p`giiugbbg dtdt obgtu gbjbs,
cbg p`ghgifbtbg jr`fu`gsh p`rgbjbsbg.
Ubnpbsh < Jr`mhtus m`gurug chobgchgifbg c`gibg shsh
ybgi nbhg bfbg chcbpbtfbg bpbohnb m`nhobtfbg trbumb
pbcb rdgiib tadrbfs.
U`rfush < Bcbgyb subrb r`cup sbmpbh p`fbf pbcb
f`bcbbg m`nhobtfbg trbumb pbcb tadrbfs.
 Busfuntbsh < Ougyh gbjbs tbmobabg s`p`rth gbjbs
o`rougyh, rdgfah pbcb fn`hg c`gibg p`gihgifbtbg
prdcufsh s`fr`t cbg f`mbmpubg obtubf ybgi m`guurg
s`rhgi chcbpbtfbg pbcb

fnh`g k`c`rb f`pbnb c`gibg p`gurugbg thgifbt

f`sbcbrbg fdmb.
Fnh`g ohbsbgyb t`rpbsbgi @SS c`gibg v`gthnbtdr cbg
ohbsbgyb fnh`g chrbwbt chrubgi p`rbwbtbg hgt`gshj sbmpbh
fdgchsh fnh`g m`glbch stbohn pbcb fnh`g c`gibg k`c`rb dtbf
o`rbt cbg sucba t`rlbch chsjugish p`rgbjbsbg.
;) O? (Onddc)
Ubcb shsht`m fbrchdvbsfun`r chcbpbtfbg sydf
ahpdvdn`mhf ybgi s`rhgi t`rlbch pbcb fnh`g k`c`rb
dtbf s`cbgi sbmpb

k`c`rb dtbf o`rbt. Cbpbt cht`mufbg t`fbgbg cbrba gdrmbn

btbu o`ruoba, orbchfbrch, tbfhfbrch, cbg brhtmhb.
3) O; ( Orbhg )
K`c`rb dtbf m`gy`obobfbg o`robibh c`jhsht
g`urdndih t`rutbmb chs`obofbg p`gibrua
p`ghgifbtbg t`fbgbg hgtrbfrbghbn bfhobt bcbgyb
p`rcbrbabg obhf o`rshjbt hgtrbs`r`orbn a`mbtdmb,
suocurbn a`mbtdmb, cbg `phcurbn a`mbtdmb.
U`gifblhbg thgifbt f`sbcbrbg c`gibg
m`giiugbfbg IK[.

0) O3 ( Onbcc`r )
Fblh f`bcbbg urhg m`nhputh wbrbg, lumnba, cbg
fbrbft`rhsthf. U`gurugbg lumnba urhg` cbg p`ghgifbtbg
r`t`gsh urhg` cbpbt t`rlbch bfhobt m`guruggyb p`rjush
ihglbn. [`t`nba k`c`rb f`pbnb, fnh`g mugifhg m`gibnbmh
hgfdgthg`gshb urhgw fbr`gb fdgjush, f`thcbfmbmpubg
m`gifdmughfbshfbg f`outuabg, cbg f`thcbfmbmpubg
ugtuf m`giiugbfbg urhgbn fbr`gb f`rusbfbg fdgtrdn
mdtdrhf cbg pdsturbn.
:) O0 ( Odw`n )
 Chcbpbtfbg bcbgyb f`nuabg f`sunhtbg m`g`nbg, gbjsu
mbfbg m`gurug, mubn, mugtba pbcb jbs` bfut. Mubn
sbmpbh mugtba chauougifbg c`gibg bcbgyb
p`ghgifbtbg prdcufsh bsbm

nbmougi. Udnb c`j`fbsh ohbsbgyb t`rlbch fdgsthpbsh

bfhobt p`gurugbg p`rhstbnthf usus.
9) O: ( Odg` )
Chsjugish mdtdrhf pbnhgi umum bcbnba f`n`mbabg
pbcb s`nurua `fstr`mhtbs. Fblh wbrgb funht, suau,
f`n`mobobg, cbg turidr funht. ( Brhj Muttbqhg, ?551 ).

?. Chbigdsb f`p`rbwbtbg (GBGCB,?5?

5)
b. F`thcbf`j`fthjbg p`rjush lbrhgibg k`r`orbn o/c `c`mb s`r`orbn cbg

p`ghgifbtbg t`fbgbg
hgtrbfrbghbn.
o. F`thcbf `j`fthjbg o`rshabg lbnbg gbjbs o/c bfumunbsh p`gumpufbg s`kr`t

;. Hgt`rv`gsh (GHK GDK ?

52:) Gd Chbigdsb Sulubg cbg

F`p`rbwbtbg Hgt`rv`gsh
frht`rhb abshn

2. F`thcbf`j`fthjbg [`t`nba chnbfufbg thgcbfbg 2. Dos`rvbsh tbgcb-tbgcb

p`rjush lbrhgibg f`p`rbwbtbg s`nbmb ; x ?3 vhtbn.
s`r`orbn o/c ?. lbm, chabrbpfbg p`ruobabg
`c`mb s`r`orbn F`thcbf`j`f p`rjush lbrhgibg ahnbgi
cbg c`gibg krht`rhb <
thjbg
p`ghgifbtbg
o`rshabg -Sbf bcb p`ghgifbtbg SHF
t`fbgbg
hgtrbfrbghbn. lbnbg -Sbgcb vhtbn gdrmbn

Sulubg <

[`t`nba chnbfufbg thgcbfbg

?. Ubgtbu stbtus g`urdndihs
s`kbrb t`rbtur.
;. Bglurfbg fnh`g ugtuf
m`ghgiihfbg f`pbnb 20-
;5¼ btbu f`pbnb
chs`lblbrfbg.
3. Fdnbodrbsh c`gibg thm
m`chs ugtuf p`mo`rhbg
dobt.
2. Fblh SSZ cbg

f`pbt`gbg lbnbg gbpbs

 gbpbs f`p`rbwbtbg s`nbmb ; ?. O`rhfbg t`rbph
x Dfshi`g
o`rauougib
?3lbm, lbnbg G_M 25 npm
g c`gibg
gbpbs bc`qubt cbg ;. Nbfufbg
bfumunbsh p`gihsbpbg
thcbf bcb
p`gumpufb
n`gchr o`rfbnb
g tbgcb-
3. Fdnbodrbsh
s`fr`t.
tbgcbbsphrbsh. c`gibg cdft`r cbnbm

Frht`rhb Abshn < p`mo`rhbg dobt.

2. Shcbf t`rc`gibr
ougyh gbpbs tbmobabg

?. Shcbf bcb tbgcb-

tbgcb shbgdshs

;. cbnbm obtbs

gdrmbn

3. Hmpn`m`gtbsh
M`nbfsbgbfbg thgcbfbg s`subh r`gkbgb thgcbfbg ybgi t`nba
chsusug.
0. @vbnubsh
M`gi`vbnubsh pbsh`g s`thbp s`t`nba thgcbfbg cbg `vbnubsh s`t`nba ;x?3
lbm bpbfba mbsbnba t`rbtbsh, o`num t`rbtbsh btbu t`rbtbsh s`obihbg
s`subh tulubg ybgi t`nba chsusug.
 CBJSB_ UP[SBFB

Brh`j Mbgsld`r. (?525). Fbphtb [`n`ftb F`cdft`rbg, `chsh 3. Lbfbrtb < M`chb
B`skunbphus.

Brh`j Mbgsld`r. (?523). Fbphtb [`n`ftb F`cdft`rbg. Lbfbrtb < M`chb

B`skunbphus

Oun`ka`f, I.M., Outka`r A.F., Cdtka`rmbg L.M. (?52:).Gurshgi Hgt`rv`gthdgs

Knbsshjhkbthdg (GHK) :ta Hgcdg`shbg @chthdg.@ns`vh`r. [hgibpdr`.

Cbvhc Sbgchbg. (?522). [hgdpshs Hnmu O`cba [brbj. Lbfbrtb < KZ [biugi [`td.

A`rcmbg, S.A. (?521). GBGCB Hgt`rgbthdgbn Gurshgi Chbigds`s<

C`jhghthdgs
bgc
Knbsshjhkbthdg ?521-?5?5. Lbfbrtb< @IK.

Mddra`bc, [u`., Ldagsdg, Mbrhdg., Mbbs, M`rhc`bg N., [wbgsdg, @nhzbo`ta. (?

52:). Gurshgi Dutkdm`s Knbsshjhkbthdg (GDK) 0ta Hgcdg`shbg
@chthdg.@ns`vh`r. [hgibpdr`.

Muttbqhg, B. (?551). Oufu Blbr Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg Fnh`g C`gibg Ibgiiubg

[hst`m U`rsybrbjbg. Lbfbrtb< [bn`mob M`chfb.
Guirdad, Sbujbg. (?522). Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg
Mbt`rghtbs,Bgbf,O`cba,U`gybfht
Cbnbm. Xdiybfbrtb < Guab M`chfb.

Uurgbmb, @nfbgb. (?523). Fbryb Sunhs Hnmhba „Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg pbcb

Fnh`g c`gibg Khc`rb F`pbnb cbg Srbumb Dtbf”. [`mbrbgi <
Pghv`rshtbs Muabmmbchyba [`mbrbgi. Chbfs`s tbgiibn 3 Mbr`t
?5?5 (attps<// attp<//chihnho.ughmus.bk.hc).

_dslhch, K. A. (?559). Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg Fnh`g c`gibg K`c`rb F`pbnb.

Xdiybfbrtb. Brcbgb M`chb.

Sdohgi, A.I. (?522). [hgdpshs Hnmu O`cba [brbj C`pbrt`m`g O`cba [brbj
JFPH-
_[KM. Lbfbrtb < [biugi [`td.