1.

Divisibility Rules

A divisibility rule is a kind of shortcut that helps us to identify if a given integer is divisible by a

divisor by examining its digits, without performing the whole division process. Multiple
divisibility rules can be applied to the same number which can quickly determine its prime
factorization. A divisor of a number is an integer that completely divides the number without
leaving any remainder.

Divisibility Rules From 2 to 12

In this section, we will learn about basic divisibility tests from 2 to 12. The divisibility rule of 1
is not required since every number is divisible by 1. Here are a few basic divisibility rules:

Divisibility by
Divisibility Rule
number

A number is even or a number whose last digit is an even

Divisible by 2
number i.e. 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.

The sum of all the digits of the number should be divisible

Divisible by 3
by 3.

Number formed by the last two digits of the number should

Divisible by 4
be divisible by 4 or should be 00.

Divisible by 5 Numbers having 0 or 5 as their ones place digit.

Divisible by 6 A number that is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Subtracting twice the last digit of the number from the

Divisible by 7
remaining digits gives a multiple of 7

Number formed by the last three digits of the number

Divisible by 8
should be divisible by 8 or should be 000.

The sum of all the digits of the number should be divisible

Divisible by 9
by 9.

Divisible by 10 Any number whose ones place digit is 0.

The difference of the sums of the alternative digits of a

Divisible by 11
number is divisible by 11.

Divisible by 12 A number that is divisible by both 3 and 4.

Divisibility Rules Examples

Let's try to understand the above divisibility tests with examples.

 Is 280 divisible by 2? Yes, 280 is divisible by 2 as the units place digit is 0.

 Is 345 divisible by 3? Yes, 345 is divisible by 3, as the sum of all the digits is 3+4+5, which
is 12, and 12 is divisible by 3. So, 345 is divisible by 3.
 Is 450 divisible by 4? No, 450 is not divisible by 4 as the number formed by the last two
digits starting from the right, i.e 50 is not divisible by 4.
 Is 3900 divisible by 5? Yes, 3900 is divisible by 5 as the digit at the units place is  0 which
satisfies the divisibility rule of 5.
 Is 350 divisible by 6? The sum of all the digits of 350 is 8, so it is not divisible by 3. Hence it
cannot be divisible by 6, as a number needs to be a common multiple of both 2 and 3 to be a
multiple of 6.
 357 is divisible by 7 as when we subtract the twice of the ones place digit, 7 × 2 = 14, and
subtract it from the remaining digits 35, we get 35-14=21, which is divisible by 7. So, 357 is
divisible by 7.
 79238 is not divisible by 8, as the number formed by the last three digits 238 is not
completely divisible by 8.
 875 is not divisible by 9, as the sum of all the digits, 8+7+5= 20 is not divisible by 9.

Now, let us take the number 1000 and see its divisibility by 2 to 10. It is clearly seen in the
image that 1000 is divisible by 2, 4, 5, 8, and 10, and not divisible by 3, 6, 7, and 9. We find this
by applying the divisibility rules of 2 to 10, and not by performing division which can be more
time-consuming.

2. EXPONENTIAL/EXPONENT

An exponent refers to the number of times a number is multiplied by itself. For example, 2 to the
3rd (written like this: 23) means:
2 x 2 x 2 = 8.
23 is not the same as 2 x 3 = 6.
Remember that a number raised to the power of 1 is itself. For example,
a1 = a
51 = 5.
There are some special cases:
1. a0 = 1
When an exponent is zero, as in 60, the expression is always equal to 1.
a0 = 1
60 = 1
14,3560 = 1
2. a-m = 1 / am
When an exponent is a negative number, the result is always a fraction. Fractions consist of a
numerator over a denominator. In this instance, the numerator is always 1. To find the
denominator, pretend that the negative exponent is positive, and raise the number to that power,
like this:
a-m = 1 / am
6-3 = 1 / 63
You can have a variable to a given power, such as a 3, which would mean a x a x a. You can also
have a number to a variable power, such as 2m, which would mean 2 multiplied by itself m times.
We will deal with that in a little while.

3. ADDING MIXED NUMBER

In this article, we are going to learn on how to add of mixed fractions or mixed numbers. There
are two methods to add the mixed fractions.

Method 1
In this method, whole numbers separately added. The fractional parts are also added separately.
If the fractions have different denominators, then find their L.C.M. and change the fractions into
like fractions. The sum of whole numbers and fractions is then calculated. 
Add: 2 3/5 + 1 3/10
Solution
2 3/5 + 1 3/10 = (2 + 1) + (3/5 + 3/10)
= 3 + (3/5 + 3/10)
The L.C.M. of 5 and 10 = 10
= 3 + (3 × 2/5 × 5 + 3 × 1/10 × 1,
= 3 + 6/10 + 3/10
= 3 + 9/10
= 3 9/10
 
Example 2
Add the following fraction together: 1 1/6, 2 1/8 and 3 ¼
Solution
1 1/6 + 2 1/8 + 3 ¼
= (1 + 2 + 3) + (1/6 + 1/8 + ¼)
= 6 + 1/6 + 1/8 + ¼
L.C.M of 6, 8 and 4 = 24
= 6 + 1 × 4/6 × 4 + 1 × 3/8 × 3 + 1 × 6 /4 × 6
= 6 + 4/24 + 3/24 + 6/24
= 6 + (4 + 3 + 6)/24
= 6 + 13/24
= 6 13/24
 
Method 2
In the second method, the following steps are followed:
Convert the mixed number into improper fraction.
Find the L.C.M and convert the fractions into like fractions.
Find the sum of the fractions and express the final answer in its simplest form.

Example 1
Add: 2 3/5 + 1 3/10
Solution
2 3/5 = {(5 × 2) + 3}/5=13/5
1 3/10 = {(1 x 10) + 3} = 13/10
= 13/5 + 13/10
L.C.M = 10
= 13 × 2/5 × 2 + 13 × 1/10 × 1
= 26/10 + 13/10
= 26 + 13/10
= 39/10
= 3 9/10
 
Example 2
Work out: 2 3/9 + 1 1/6 + 2 2/3
Solution
2 3/9 + 1 1/6 + 2 2/3
= {(9 × 2) + 3}/9 + {(6 × 1) + 1}/6 + {(3 × 2) + 2}/3
L.C.M of 9, 6 and 3 is 18, therefore,
= 21/9 + 7/6 + 8/3
= 21 × 2/9 × 2 + 7 × 3/6 × 3 + 8 × 6/3 × 6
= 42/18 + 21/18 + 48/18
= 42 + 21 + 48/18
= 111/18
= 37/6
= 6 1/6

How to add mixed numbers with unlike denominators?

Let’s learn this scenario with the help of examples.
 
Example 8
Work out:
5 1/4 +11/2
Solution
First, convert the mixed numbers as improper fractions.
5 1/4 = 21/4
1 1/2 = 3/2
Determine the L.C.M of the denominators
L.C.M = 4
Rewrite the fractions using the L.C.M
21/4 + 3/2 =21/4 +6/4
=27/4
27/4 can be converted into a mixed number as 6 3/
 
Example 9
Work out: 2 3/9 + 1 1/6 + 2 2/3
Solution
2 3/9 + 1 1/6 + 2 2/3
= {(9 × 2) + 3}/9 + {(6 × 1) + 1}/6 + {(3 × 2) + 2}/3
L.C.M of 9, 6 and 3 is 18, therefore,
= 21/9 + 7/6 + 8/3
= 21 × 2/9 × 2 + 7 × 3/6 × 3 + 8 × 6/3 × 6
= 42/18 + 21/18 + 48/18
= 42 + 21 + 48/18
= 111/18
= 37/6
= 6 1/6

4. Dividing Decimals
A decimal number has a whole number part and the fractional part separated by a dot. The dot in
a decimal number is called a decimal point. The digits following the decimal point show a value
smaller than one.

Here's an example of a decimal number 17.48, in which 17 is the whole number, and 48 is the
decimal part.
 
A. Dividing a decimal number by a whole number
Divide 120.6 by 24
 Write the division Place the decimal If the tenths digit
in the standard point in the cannot be divided
Keep adding the
form. Divide the quotient above by the divisor,
Divide the dividend zeroes in the dividend
whole number the decimal point write 0 in the
by the divisor. until 0 is obtained in
part of the of the dividend. quotient and in
the remainder.
decimal number Bring down the front of the tenths
by the divisor. tenths digit. digit.

 
So, 120.6 ÷ 24 = 5.025
 

Example 2: Divide 230.5 by 5

So, 230.5 ÷ 5 = 46.1 

5. PROPORTION
It is easy to calculate if ratios are proportional. To check if the ratio a: b and c: d is proportional.
Multiply the first term with the last term: a x d
Multiply the second term with the third term: b x c

If the product of extreme terms is equal to the product of mean terms, then the ratios are
proportional: a x d = b x c
Continued proportion
Two ratios a: b and b: c is said to be in continued proportion if a: b = b: c. In this case, the term c
is called the third proportion of a and b whereas b is called the mean proportion of between the
terms a and c.
When the terms a, b and c are in continued proportion, the following formula is derived:
a/b = b/c
Cross multiplying the terms gives; a x c =b x b, Therefore,
b² = ac
 
Example 1

Find out if the following ratios are in proportion: 8:10 and 12:15.
Explanation

Multiply the first and fourth terms of the ratios.

8 × 15 = 120
Now multiply the second and third term.
10 × 12 = 120
Since the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means,
Since, the product of means (120) = product of extremes (120),
Therefore, 8: 10 and 12:15 are proportional.
 
Example 2

Verify if the ratio 6:12::12:24 is proportion.

Explanation
This is a case of continued proportion, therefore apply the formula a x c =b x b,
In this case, a: b:c =6:12:24, therefore a=6, b=12 and c=24
Multiply the first and third terms:
6 × 24 = 144

Compilations

in
Mathematics
Charisse DS. Sindac
Grade 7 – St. Agnes

Jocelyn Amatorio
Mathematics Teacher