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Golamkibria Presentation PlasticWastePlasticPollution-8Sep18
Golamkibria Presentation PlasticWastePlasticPollution-8Sep18
Golamkibria Presentation PlasticWastePlasticPollution-8Sep18
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Plastic Pollution Sources, Global Production, Hot spots, Impacts, Adsorption, and Mitigation
What is Plastic
Classification of Plastics
Research results
• Contaminants Detected in Plastics in Adsorption Research Studies
• Factors Related to Adsorption of Contaminants
• Sorption of Contaminants in Various Plastics
• Effects of Plastic Additives (phthalates, PBDE)
• Seafood & Other Food Contamination by Plastics
Mitigation measures
• Biodegradable Plastics
• Building Roads from Plastic Waste
• MicroBeads Legislation
References
Plastic production: Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers. They are most commonly derived from petrochemicals (natural gas, oil or coal). The common types
of plastic are Polyamide (PA), Polyethylene (PE), Polyester (PES), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP). They are classified as nano (<1 um), micro (1 um-
5 mm), meso (5 mm-200 mm) and megaplastics (>200mm). The global plastic production was 0.35 mmt (million metric tonnes) in 1950 and in 2016 it was 335 mmt. Asia accounts for more than
49% of worldwide plastics production in 2015, of which China 28%, Japan 4% and the rest of Asia 17%. It is estimated that 4.8-12.7 million tonnes of palstics end up in the world’s oceans.
Plastic pollution (PP) accounts for 60–80% of marine litter; 80% PP originates from land and 20% PP originates from fishing nets & ropes. Non-degradable plastic accounts for 73% of litter in any
aquatic ecosystem, 50% of which is disposed of after a single-use. The Countries Polluting the Oceans most are China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam & Sri Lanka. Sixteen of the top 20
mismanaged plastic waste producers are low to upper middle-income countries, where fast economic growth is occurring but waste management infrastructure is lacking. The plastic pollution
can be caused by illegal dumping, inadequate waste management, WWTPs (WWTPs cannot filter out micro-plastics and nano plastics), discharge of stormwater, coastal littering, natural
disasters, accidentally lose or deliberately dump fishing equipment (nets, lines and rope, etc. To date, there are over 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing over 268,940 tons floating on the
world's oceans. There are five large patches of marine plastic pollution “hot spots” (North & South Pacific; North & South Atlantic; Indian Ocean). The North/Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the
most polluted with plastic's topmost hot spot The North Pacific has the highest level of contamination with nearly 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic while the Indian Ocean comes second with 1.3
trillion. The Plastic objects identified in the North Pacific garbage patch were containers, bottles, lids, bottle caps, packaging straps, eel trap cones, oyster spacers, ropes, and fishing nets (Fishing
nets represented more than 46% of the plastic load)
Plastic pollution impacts: Plastic (bottles, etc) could cause pollution via blocking inland waterways, wastewater outflows; Micro plastics/microbeads (used in personal care products, toothpaste)
could pose the following impacts i) environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water such as large plastic items (discarded fishing rope and nets) can cause entanglement
or injury or killing of birds, mammals, turtles, whales, dolphins, seals and fish. Much smaller micro-plastic particles (microbeads) white in colour, mistaken by surface feeding fishes as food
(plankton); iii) several marine species ingested plastic items (of all shapes) causing injuries and the blockage of the digestive tract (infection, suffocation, starvation, and ultimately mortality).
micro plastic particles may accumulate high concentrations of POPs -polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or DDTs; toxins can cause lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine animals (if ingested) and
the toxins may enter the entire food chain; plastic along shorelines has negative impacts on tourism (reduced tourism revenues, reduced recreational activities; may cause vessel damage &
negatively impact on shipping, energy production, fishing, and aquaculture resources; micro plastics provide a transport service of epifauna and microbes to areas where they were not existing
before
Adsorption of pollutants/contaminants by plastics: Plastic particles are hydrophobic in nature and can adsorb high risk organic & inorganic contaminants from the surrounding aquatic; research
results reveal 21 contaminants were adsorbed by different type of plastics including DDT, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), PCB, PAH, and heavy metals; The
adsorption of contaminants in plastics are affected by i) roughness or smoothness; ii) aged or pristine; iii) temperature; iv) salinity; v) discolour or non-discolourness; and vi) particle size;
polymer such as PE has the highest adsorption capacity (greater diffusion of contaminants) compared to polymers (PET, PVC) which shows lower adsorption capacities; microplastics contain
toxic plastic additives (phthalates, flame retardants- PBDE); phthalates suspected to have link to breast cancer, reduced sperm counts, histological changes in testes and reduced fertility; PBDE
caused endocrine disruption (hormones disruption) in fish including reduced egg production, reduced gonad development, delayed hatching, altered swimming behaviour, and affected male
gamete quantity and quality.
Seafood & other food contamination with plastic particles: Globally, fish provides approximately 4.3 billion people with 15% of their animal protein intake (FAO, 2014), however seafood were
reported to be contaminated with micropartcles (PA, PE, PET, PP, PS, PVC) such as fish (herring, whiting, haddock, cod, mackerel, cod, Dory, red gurnard, Dragonet, redband fish, sole);
mussels, and other foods (honey, salt and sugar)
Mitigation: Use of biodegradable plastics (starch or cellulose), building roads from plastic waste, implementing legislation to prevent addition of microbeads in personal care products, efficient
wastewater treatment, preventing illegal plastic waste dumping, ban, levy, tax on use of plastic bags, and awareness & education on harms associated with plastic pollution are some of the
measures can be taken to curb plastic pollution
• Around the world, one million plastic drinking bottles are purchased
every minute
• Up to 5 trillion single-use plastic bags are used worldwide every year
• In total, half of all plastic produced is designed to be used only once — and
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
then thrown away https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/
Aug2018
4
What is Plastic
• Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide
range of organic polymers (synthetic polymer resin
formulations) that are versatile, durable and
resistant to external shocks (Sebillec and Spathi, 2016)
10
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018
Global Plastic Production
World
Europe
https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/
https://www.statista.com/chart/12211/the-countries-polluting-the-oceans-the-most/
10
Sixteen of the top 20 mismanaged plastic waste producers are low to
9 upper middle-income countries, where fast economic growth is
occurring but waste management infrastructure is lacking
8 Jambeck, et al. 2016. Science. 347 (6223): 768-771;
7
Plastic waste (MMT/yr)
5
8.82
4
2
3.22
1. Illegal dumping • Fragments of plastic from open dumping grounds may be blown into
streams, rivers or directly into the ocean
and inadequate • In some nations without formal waste disposal services, rivers are
waste management sometimes used to dispose of waste
PA=Polyamide; PE= Polyethylene; PET=Polyethylene-terephthalate; PP=Polypropylene; PS= Polystyrene; PVC=Polyvinyl chloride; PUR=Polyurethane (PUR)
• In the WWTP effluents MPs were detected in all samples (> 500 um, < 500 um)
• The majority of MPs was identified as polyethylene (PE) (av. 59% in > 500 um;
av. 40% in < 500 um);
• All samples containedGolamK_Plastic
synthetic fibres, with (PES or polyesters av. 74%)
Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
19
(Mintenig et al. 2016) Aug2018
Almost all of the World‟s Oceans
Contain Litter (yellow dots), of which
most of the Litters are Plastics (73%)
On a global scale, non-degradable plastic accounts for 73% of litter in any aquatic habitat (Bergmann et al. 2017)
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018 20
The Worlds Oceans are Infested with 5.25
Trillion Pieces of Plastic (in the Pacific,
Atlantic, Indian & Mediterranean sea)
• there are over 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing over 268,940 tons floating on the world's
oceans.
• GolamK_Plastic
The North Pacific has the highest level ofWaste_Plastic
contaminationPollution_27
with nearly 2 trillion pieces of plastic 21
Aug2018
while the Indian Ocean comes second with 1.3 trillion
Plastic Pollution Has Reached Antarctica!
Greenpeace activist Dr Grant Oakes shows
a water sample collected using a manta
trawl in Neko Harbour, Antarctica.
Microplastics were
We may
detected in nine of 17
think that water samples
the collected off the
Antarctic is Antarctic peninsula by
a remote a Greenpeace vessel
place and in early 2018;
should be
pristine but Seven of nine snow
samples taken on land
in fact it is
in Antarctica found
not! chemicals known as
PFAs (polyfluorinated
alkylated substances),
which are used in
industrial products
https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-06-07/greenpeace-plastic-pollution-has-spread-antarctica
and can harm wildlife
4 3 2
Marine
researcher/Yachtsman
Charles Moore holds a
sample of water with debris
from the Great Pacific
Garbage Patch, which he first
discovered in 1997.
The patch was discovered in 1997 by Charles Moore, a researcher/yachtsman who had sailed through a
mishmash (mixture) of floating plastic bottles and other debris on his way home to Los Angeles. It was named
by Curtis Ebbesmeyer, a Seattle oceanographer known for his expertise in tracking ocean currents and the
movement of cargo lost overboard, including rubber duck bath toys and Nike tennis shoes. The patch is now
the target of a $32 million cleanup campaign
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
24
Aug2018
Case Study
Plastic Pollution (PP) “Hot Spot” (GPGP)
Fishing gear/ghost nets comprised 46% of the PP
• A most recent research (Labreton et al. 2018) reveals that microplastics make up 94 percent of an
estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic in the patch (8% of the total mass)
• Contains 79,000 metric tons of plastic in the patch, most of it is abandoned fishing gear (46% by
mass) —not plastic bottles or packaging materials
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/great-pacific-garbage-patch-plastics-environment/
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018 25
What is a Ghost Net?
9,971t
6,380t
Hard plastic,
Hard plastic,
plastic sheet
Hard plastic, plastic sheet
and film
plastic sheet and film
and film
H
The figure
demonstrates
that the ocean
plastic
pollution GPGP
levels within
the GPGP are
increasing
exponentially/
rapidly and at
a faster rate
than in
surrounding
waters
Surrounding
(Labreton et waters
al. 2018)
Lebreton et al. 2018. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating
plastic. Nature Scientific Reports. 8:4666 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018 29
This infoGraphic shows that there will
(predicted) be more Plastic in the
Oceans than Fish by 2050
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic#/media/File:More_Plastic_in_the_Ocean_than_Fish_Infographic.pn
g
30
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018
Impacts of Plastic
Pollution-Biodiversity
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/03/great-pacific-garbage-
patch-plastics-environment/
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
37
Aug2018
The Main Meal for Sperm Whales
Plastics Debris
Plastic debris found in the stomach of Sperm whales were (a) flower pot, (b) hosepipe, (c) greenhouse cover
material, (d) plastic burlap, (e) rope, and (f) plastic mulch of greenhouse.
flower pot,
hosepipe
plastic burlap
greenhouse cover material
rope
de Stephanis et al. 2013. As main meal for sperm whales: Plastics debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin 69 (2013) 206–214
• Pesticides (DDTs)
• personal care products
• Heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Ni, Pb) ) from the
surrounding water
(Mrowiec, 2017; Kibria, 2017; Germanov et al. 2018)
40
Plastic Waste is a Carrier of „Priority
Pollutants
It adsorb persistent
organic pollutants
(POPs), such as (DDTs)
and (PCBs from the
environment
Filter-feeding marine
megafauna are
particularly prone to
microplastic ingestion
and contamination by
plastic-associated toxins
because of the large
volumes of water they
ingest during feeding
(Germanov et al., 2018)
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
43
Aug2018
Contaminants that Have Been Found to be
Associated with Plastic Debris (Alimi et al. 2018, page 1716)
Seafood (fish) Along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, 1822 MP particles were extracted from Environmental
stomachs and intestines of 1337 fish specimen with the majority of ingested particles contamination
Fibres and hard represented by fibers (70%) and hard plastics (20.8%) (Güven et al. 2017)
plastics
Mediterranean coast
of Turkey
Seafood (fish) In different species of fish from coastal (21) and freshwater (6) of China, MPs were Environmental
abundant in 26 species, accounting for 55.9-92.3% of the total number of plastics items contamination
Microplastics in coastal in each species (Jabeen et al. 2017)
and freshwater of
China
Seafood (fish) In Norwegian coast, lower level of plastics (including MPs) was measured in the Atlantic Environmental
cod (Gadus morhua) fish with 3% of plastic found in the stomachs examined (Brate et contamination
Plastics and al. 2016)
microplastics in
Norwegian coast
Seafood (fish) Microplastics in fish species: Sardina pilchardus, Squalus acanthias, Merluccius
merluccius, Mullus barbatus and Chelidonichthys lucerna (Avio et al., 2015)
microplastics
60
Adriatic sea GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018
Research Results: Seafood & Other Food
Contamination by Plastics
PA=polyamide; PE=polyethylene; PET=polyethylene-terephthalate
Shellfish (bivalve molluscs) PE, Nine popular species of bivalves (clam, cockle, mussel, scallop, Air and water borne
PET, PA (China) oyster, razor clam, carpet shell, Orient clam and oriental cyclina)
purchased from a
fishing market in Shanghai were found to be contaminated with
microplastics - PE, PET, PA (Li et al. ,2015)
Honey & sugar Synthetic microfibers (minimum 40 μm in length) and fragments Airborne by bees
Fibers & fragments (Germany) (mostly 10−20 μm in size), An average of 166 fibers and 8
fragments/kg in honey, and an average of 217 fibers and 32
fragments/kg of sugar were reported (Liebezeit and Liebezeit,
2013)
Beer Fragments (reaching up to 109 fragments/L); (Liebezeit and Atmospheric
Plastic fragments (Germany) Liebezeit, 2014) deposition
Sea-salt Up to 681 microplastics/kg sea salt, the most common type of Coastal waters (major)
PET, PE (China) plastic found in sea salt was PET followed by PE (Yang et al., and Atmospheric
2015) deposition
GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27 Aug2018 61
Research: Exposure of Fish mullet, Mugil cephalus,
under Laboratory Conditions to Polystyrene (PE) and
Polystyrene (PS)
Microplastics particles extracted in gastrointestinal tract (A) and liver (B) of exposed fish.
CNTR=control; PE=polyethylene treatment; PS=polystyrene treatment (Avio et al. 2015)
https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/watch-building-roads-from-plastic-waste-in-india-1.2122745
• Using recycled plastic to build roads not only curbs pollution but also creates jobs
• plastic roads made from recycled materials are not only greener, but are also
stronger and maintenance-free — they could last about three times as long as
conventional road structures, according to new research.
How it works
• Plastic waste — mostly water or soda bottles — are first sorted.
• After sorting, the material is cleaned, dried, and shredded.
• The shredded plastic is mixed and melted at around 170°C.
• Hot bitumen is then added and mixed with the melted plastic.
• After mixing the mixture is laid as GolamK_Plastic
one would with regular asphalt concrete
Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
67
Aug2018
Mitigation Measures
Phase out of Plastic Bags Around the World via Banning,
Taxing or Both
In 2015, UK
introduced the 5p
charge on plastic
carrier bags, it
caused 9bn fewer
bags being used
http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/ne
ws/plastic-microbeads-are-now-banned-in-
the-uk
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Plastic_bag_legislation.svg
http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/starbucks-to-save-1-billion-plastic-straws-with-global-ban-by-
2020?utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=Starbucks+to+save+1+billion+plastic+straws+with+global+ban+by+2020+-
+Climate+Action+News&utm_campaign=CA+Newsletter+10+July+2018
Plastic production: Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers. They are most commonly derived from petrochemicals (natural gas, oil or coal). The
common types of plastic are Polyamide (PA), Polyethylene (PE), Polyester (PES), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP). They are classified as
nano (<1 um), micro (1 um-5 mm), meso (5 mm-200 mm) and megaplastics (>200mm). The global plastic production was 0.35 mmt (million metric tonnes) in 1950 and in 2016 it was
335 mmt. Asia accounts for more than 49% of worldwide plastics production in 2015, of which China 28%, Japan 4% and the rest of Asia 17%. It is estimated that 4.8-12.7 million
tonnes of palstics end up in the world’s oceans.
Plastic pollution (PP) accounts for 60–80% of marine litter; 80% PP originates from land and 20% PP originates from fishing nets & ropes. Non-degradable plastic accounts for 73% of
litter in any aquatic ecosystem, 50% of which is disposed of after a single-use. The Countries Polluting the Oceans most are China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam & Sri Lanka. Sixteen
of the top 20 mismanaged plastic waste producers are low to upper middle-income countries, where fast economic growth is occurring but waste management infrastructure is
lacking. The plastic pollution can be caused by illegal dumping, inadequate waste management, WWTPs (WWTPs cannot filter out micro-plastics and nano plastics), discharge of
stormwater, coastal littering, natural disasters, accidentally lose or deliberately dump fishing equipment (nets, lines and rope, etc. To date, there are over 5.25 trillion pieces of
plastic weighing over 268,940 tons floating on the world's oceans. There are five large patches of marine plastic pollution “hot spots” (North & South Pacific; North & South Atlantic;
Indian Ocean). The North/Great Pacific Garbage Patch is the most polluted with plastic's topmost hot spot The North Pacific has the highest level of contamination with nearly 1.8
trillion pieces of plastic while the Indian Ocean comes second with 1.3 trillion. The Plastic objects identified in the North Pacific garbage patch were containers, bottles, lids, bottle
caps, packaging straps, eel trap cones, oyster spacers, ropes, and fishing nets (Fishing nets represented more than 46% of the plastic load)
Plastic pollution impacts: Plastic (bottles, etc) could cause pollution via blocking inland waterways, wastewater outflows; Micro plastics/microbeads (used in personal care products,
toothpaste) could pose the following impacts i) environmental hazard for aquatic animals in freshwater and ocean water such as large plastic items (discarded fishing rope and nets)
can cause entanglement or injury or killing of birds, mammals, turtles, whales, dolphins, seals and fish. Much smaller micro-plastic particles (microbeads) white in colour, mistaken
by surface feeding fishes as food (plankton); iii) several marine species ingested plastic items (of all shapes) causing injuries and the blockage of the digestive tract (infection,
suffocation, starvation, and ultimately mortality). micro plastic particles may accumulate high concentrations of POPs -polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or DDTs; toxins can cause
lethal and sub-lethal effects on marine animals (if ingested) and the toxins may enter the entire food chain; plastic along shorelines has negative impacts on tourism (reduced
tourism revenues, reduced recreational activities; may cause vessel damage & negatively impact on shipping, energy production, fishing, and aquaculture resources; micro plastics
provide a transport service of epifauna and microbes to areas where they were not existing before
Adsorption of pollutants/contaminants by plastics: Plastic particles are hydrophobic in nature and can adsorb high risk organic & inorganic contaminants from the surrounding
aquatic; research results reveal 21 contaminants were adsorbed by different type of plastics including DDT, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP),
PCB, PAH, and heavy metals; The adsorption of contaminants in plastics are affected by i) roughness or smoothness; ii) aged or pristine; iii) temperature; iv) salinity; v) discolour or
non-discolourness; and vi) particle size; polymer such as PE has the highest adsorption capacity (greater diffusion of contaminants) compared to polymers (PET, PVC) which shows
lower adsorption capacities; microplastics contain toxic plastic additives (phthalates, flame retardants- PBDE); phthalates suspected to have link to breast cancer, reduced sperm
counts, histological changes in testes and reduced fertility; PBDE caused endocrine disruption (hormones disruption) in fish including reduced egg production, reduced gonad
development, delayed hatching, altered swimming behaviour, and affected male gamete quantity and quality.
Seafood & other food contamination with plastic particles: Globally, fish provides approximately 4.3 billion people with 15% of their animal protein intake (FAO, 2014), however
seafood were reported to be contaminated with micropartcles (PA, PE, PET, PP, PS, PVC) such as fish (herring, whiting, haddock, cod, mackerel, cod, Dory, red gurnard, Dragonet,
redband fish, sole); mussels, and other foods (honey, salt and sugar)
Mitigation: Use of biodegradable plastics (starch or cellulose), building roads from plastic waste, implementing legislation to prevent addition of microbeads in personal care
products, efficient wastewater treatment, preventing illegal plastic waste dumping, ban, levy, tax on use of plastic bags, and awareness & education on harms associated with plastic
pollution are some of the measures can be taken to curb plastic pollution
Avio, C.G., et al., 2015. Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and characterization of microplastics in fish tissues: First observations in commercial species from Adriatic
Sea, Marine Environmental Research (2015), http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.014
Bakir, A.; Rowland, S. J.; Thompson, R. C., Transport of persistent organic pollutants by microplastics in estuarine conditions. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 2014, 140, 14-21.
Bergmann, M. Tekman, M.B. and Gutow, L. 2017. Sea change for plastic pollution. Nature. 544. Page 297.
Bolong, N., Ismail, A. F., Salim, M. R. and Matsuura, T. 2009. A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal. Desalination 239: 229-246
Bråte ILN, Eidsvoll DP, Steindal CC, Thomas KV: Plastic ingestion by Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Norwegian coast. Mar Pollut Bull 2016, 112:105–110, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.034
Brennecke, D.; Duarte, B.; Paiva, F.; Caçador, I.; Canning-Clode, J., Microplastics as vector for heavy metal contamination from the marine environment. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 2016, 178, 189-
195.
de Stephanis et al. 2013. As main meal for sperm whales: Plastics debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin 69 (2013) 206–214
Dey, S., Soliman, A. S. and Merajver, S. D. 2009. Xenoestrogens may be the cause of high and increasing rates of
hormone receptor positive breast cancer in the world. Medical Hypothesis 72: 652-66.
Endo, S.; Takizawa, R.; Okuda, K.; Takada, H.; Chiba, K.; Kanehiro, H.; Ogi, H.; Yamashita, R.; Date, T., 2005. Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets:
Variability among individual particles and regional differences. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2005, 50, (10), 1103-1114.
Fries, E.; Zarfl, C., Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to low and high density polyethylene (PE). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2012, 19, (4), 1296-1304.
Germanov, E.S, Marshall, A.D, Bejder, L, Fossi, M. C and Neil R. Loneragan, N.R. 2018. Microplastics: No Small Problem for Filter- Feeding Megafauna. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, April 2018,
Vol. 33, No. 4. 227-232.
Güven O, Gökdag K, Jovanovic B, Kõdeys¸ AE: Microplastic litter composition of the Turkish territorial waters of the Mediterranean Sea, and its occurrence in the gastrointestinal tract offish.
Environ Poll 2017, 223:286–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.025.
Heudorf, U., Mersch-Sundermann, V. and Angerer, J. 2007. Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure. International Journal
of Hygiene and Environmental Health 210: 623-634.
Holmes, L. A.; Turner, A.; Thompson, R. C., Adsorption of trace metals to plastic resin pellets in the marine environment. Environ. Pollut. (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2012, 160, (1), 42-8.
Hu, J.-Q.; Yang, S.-Z.; Guo, L.; Xu, X.; Yao, T.; Xie, F., Microscopic investigation on the adsorption of lubrication oil on microplastics. J. Mol. Liq. 2017, 227, 351-355.
Hüffer, T.; Hofmann, T., Sorption of non-polar organic compounds by micro-sized plastic particles in aqueous solution. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 214, (17), 194-201.
Jabeen K, Su L, Li J, Yang D, Tong C, Mu J, Shi H: Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China. Environ Poll 2017, 221:141–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.envpol.2016.11.055
Jambeck, et al. 2016. Science. 347 (6223): 768-771; GolamK_Plastic Waste_Plastic Pollution_27
76
Aug2018
Karapanagioti, H. K.; Klontza, I., Testing phenanthrene distribution properties of virgin plastic pellets and plastic eroded pellets found on Lesvos island beaches (Greece). Mar. Environ. Res.
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