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Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Network transform representation
and analysis
2.1 The transformed circuit
• When analyzing a network in time domain we
will be dealing with
– Derivation and
– Integration
• However, when transformed to complex
frequency domain these become
– Derivation -> multiplication by ‘s’
– Integration -> division by ‘s’
• Hence, it is easier to do network analysis in
complex frequency domain.
• The voltage current relationships of network
elements in time domain and complex
frequency domain are given as:
• Resistor
vC (0 ) 2V
• The transformed circuit is
• Writing the transformed equation
5 2 2
2 3 s I ( s)
s s s
• Solving for I(s)
2s 3
I ( s)
( s 2)( s 1)
1 1
I ( s)
s 2 s 1
• Inverse transforming
2t t
i(t ) e e
Example 3
• At t=0, the switch is opened. Find the node
voltages v1 and v2
1
L h C 1f
2
G 1 mho V 1v
• The transformed circuit becomes
• The transformed equations become
1
H (s)
1
sL R
sC
Voltage ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a voltage source and
the response is a voltage.
V0 ( s)
H ( s)
Vg ( s )
Z 2 ( s)
H ( s)
Z1 ( s) Z 2 ( s)
Current ratio transfer function
• When the excitation is a current source and
the response is a current.
I 0 ( s)
H ( s)
I g ( s)
1
H ( s ) sL R
1
sC
sL R
1
H (s) sC
1
R sL
sC
• Note that, the system function is a function of
the system elements only.
• It is obtained from the network by using the
standard circuit laws. Such as:
– Kirchhoffs law
– Nodal analysis
– Mesh analysis
Example 4
• Obtain the driving point impedance of the network.
Then using the following excitations determine the
response.
1. ig (t ) Sinwot u(t )
2. The square pulse on figure b
3. The waveform on figure c
a b c
• First lets find the driving point impedance
• Note that it is the equivalent impedance of
the 3 elements
1 s
H ( s)
sC G C s 2 G s 1
1
sL C CL
1. ig (t ) Sinwot u(t )
Its transform is
w0
I (S ) 2
s wo2
1 e as s
Vo ( s) I g ( s) H ( s) .
s 2 G 1
C s s
C LC
3. The excitation is given as
t t a
ig (t ) u (t ) u (t ) u (t a)
a a
1 1 e as
I ( s) 2 2
s as as
• Consider the partial fraction expansion of R(s)
where si are the poles of H(s) and sj are the poles of E(s).
• Taking the inverse Laplace transform of R(s)
si t
• The terms Ai e are associated with the system
H(s) and are called the free response terms.
s jt
• The terms B j e are due to the excitation E(s)
and are called the forced response terms.
• The frequencies si are the natural frequency
of the system, while the frequencies sj are the
frequencies of the excitation.
Problem
• Find the free response and the forced
response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.
1
vg (t ) (cos t )u (t )
2
2.3 Poles and zeros of system
• We will discuss the relationship between the
poles and zeros of a system function and its
steady state sinusoidal response.
• In other words, we will investigate the effect
of positions of poles and zeros upon H(s) on
the jw axis.
• To find the steady-state sinusoidal response of
a system function we replace ‘s’ by ‘jw’.
• Hence, the system function becomes
H ( jw) H ( s) |s jw
H ( jw) M ( w)e j ( w)
Where
M(w) is the amplitude or magnitude response
φ(w) is the phase response
• The amplitude and phase response of a
system provide valuable information in the
analysis and design of transmission circuits.
• Consider the low pass filter
• Observe that
– It passes only frequency
below wc
– The phase response is
almost linear till wc
• Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are
less than wc , then the system will produce
minimum phase distortion.
• In the rest of this section, we will concentrate
on methods to obtain amplitude and phase
response curves.
R-C network
• 1 1
V ( s)
H ( s) 2 sC RC
V1 ( s ) R 1 s
1
sC RC
– Zero at jw=0
– Poles at ( jw 1 j ) and ( jw 1 j )
• Magnitude
2 4
M ( j 2) 4 *
2 * 10 5
• Phase
( j 2) 900 71.80 450 26.80
Exercise
• The phase is
arg( jw 1) tan 1 w
( jw j )( jw j ) jw 0 j0 1 2 jw 0 j0 1 2
w2 2 jw0 0
2
• For ω0=1 (for convenience), the magnitude of
conjugate pairs can be expressed as
1
• The phase is
2 2
( w) tan 1
1 w2
• The asymptotic behavior is
– For low frequency, w<<1
20 log1 0dB
1
20 log 1 w 2 2
4 2 w 2 2
20 log 1 w 2 2
4 2 w 2 2