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Research Paper
Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique
__________________________________
A Research Paper
Presented to
__________________________________
__________________________________
By:
Bea Orcullo, Celine Heart Imbang, Charles Solis, Fairemae Lawrence Laude, Fearlean
Joy Soriano, Fiona Mae Ervite, Jagwinder Singh Uppal, Maejoy Escanillas, Mary Joy
January 2022
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt and profound thanks to those
who rendered their precious time and effort in making this research possible.
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for the bountiful
blessings of strength, perseverance, wisdom, and good health in achieving our goals
To our families, for their unending love, understanding and support, for providing
our needs in all aspects, for the motivation, encouragement, pieces of advice, and for
To our teachers in this subject, Mr. Ralph Jessie Canencia & Mrs. Marites
Albuera who unselfishly devoted their time, effort, and expertise in guiding and
motivating us to improve our research paper. For the pieces of advice and comments
To the principal, Mrs. Marites Mejares, thank you for the approval to conduct our
study. Also, to the online sellers in Patnongon, Antique who served as the respondents of
this study, for the permission, cooperation, and support in the gathering of data of this
study.
To those who helped us in enormous and little ways but whose names are not
ABSTRACT
Title: Covid-19 Pandemic; It’s Effects to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon,
Antique
Researchers: Mary Joy Sebelleno, Princess Mae D. Borja, Fearlean Joy Soriano, Charles
D. Solis, Fairemae Lawrence P. Laude, Celine Heart J. Imbang, Fiona Mae B. Ervite, Bea
Orcullo, Maejoy Escanillas, Jagwinder Singh Uppal
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online sellers of
Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
respondents encountered in the midst of Covid 19 pandemic, and how they cope up with
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. There are many online sellers living
within Patnongon; because the amount of time people spend on the internet and the
invest in e-commerce in order to increase their earnings. This kind of business, in this
Pandemic helps many online sellers in Patnongon to gain income and to have money to
buy essential things. It made a great impact to those Patnonganon who don’t have work
Page
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………… 2
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….… 3
Chapter I: Introduction
Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………. 9
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………….. 10
Online Sellers………………………………………………………………….. 19
Sampling Procedure…………….…………………………………………... 26
Instrumentation…...………………………………………………………… 26
Analysis of Questionnaires………………………………………………….. 29
Summary of Findings……………………………………………………. . 41
Recommendation………………………………………………………….. 42
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 43
Appendices………………………………………………………………… 44
References………………………………………………………………… 48
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
IN PATNONGON, ANTIQUE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
health crisis that had a deep impact on the way we perceive our world and our everyday
lives. (Frontier Media, 2020). Covid 19 pandemic is a phenomena that affects millions of
lives around the world and has spread quickly. To date, countries have depended on
isolation, quarantine, and clinical care of infected individuals to avoid the disease. It
forces people to stay in their own homes and avoid social interaction. It forces people to
follow health protocols to not be contracted with the virus and for the safety of everyone.
Many lives were lost, hospitals are jam-packed with Covid patients, economies shut
downed, and businesses we’re closed. Human activities have been thrown into disarray as
a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. This pandemic has also increased the sense of
philanthropy and brought people closer together in the fight for survival. The outbreak of
the COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly transformed into an unprecedented global economic
and labor market crisis, with severe impact on the world of work in the Philippines.
way that could help their daily needs while doing it in the comfort of their own homes.
It’s a way of adapting to the needed ways to engage in online selling. In this way,
shoppers are able to buy the things that they want and need and be delivered to their
doors. COVID-19 control measures have had a significant influence on merchants. While
orders and enforced non-essential company closures, other online-only retailers saw
better sales. Even if it is not part of its core selection, bringing an essential product (e.g.,
hand sanitizer) into the retailer’s portfolio has substantial benefits: the essential product
helps the company acquire new customers and encourages previously offline-leaning
payment. It also has reasonable prices. Opening an e-commerce store allows for the direct
and thus increasing revenue. It allows for more efficient and straightforward store
management. Because billing, shipments, and orders are handled directly through the e-
commerce platform, they become easier and faster to manage. (Fontebasso, A. 2020,
October 22).
The negative labor market impact of the pandemic is more pronounced among
vulnerable and part-time workers, young people, Overseas Filipino workers, women, and
healthcare and medical workers. Meanwhile, the health system is strained under the
challenge of management of Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases which likely crowd out the
delivery of essential health services. This note, a third note of the series using the
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
Survey, investigates the impact of the pandemic on education and health behaviors as
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online
sellers of Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
respondents encountered in the midst of Covid 19 pandemic, and how they cope up with
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. There are many online sellers living
within Patnongon; because the amount of time people spend on the internet and the
invest in e-commerce in order to increase their earnings. This kind of business, in this
Pandemic helps many online sellers in Patnongon to gain income and to have money to
buy essential things. It made a great impact to those Patnonganon who don’t have work
or enough money to sustain their families. (Xuwen, G., Xinjie, S., Hongdong, G., &
It also aims to give awareness to the society that these kinds of businesses also
exist and are also affected by this phenomena. Physical stores are no longer the only way
to succeed in retail. This is demonstrated by the growing number of retailers who now
provide consumers with online store interfaces. With the rise of online shopping comes a
plethora of new market footprint coverage opportunities for retailers who can meet the
needs of offshore markets and provide suitable service. But keep in mind that just
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enough for an e-commerce site! E-commerce management involves time, effort, and
commitment.
1. What are the effects of covid-19 pandemic on the income of online sellers in
Patnongon, Antique?
pandemic?
Hypotheses
1. If people are shopping more online, then the income of online sellers will
increase.
pandemic
The Covid 19 pandemic didn’t affect the income of online sellers in Patnongon,
Antique.
2. The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has increased during covid-19
pandemic.
The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has decreased during the
Covid 19 pandemic
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
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shows the
relationship of the key variables on Covid 19 Pandemic; its Effects to the Income of
Definition of Terms
Covid-19. The new coronavirus causes or the most dangerous disease is called
product or service, or investing capital. A person’s income may also derive from a
Online Sellers. Online sellers can sell just about anything. Some, like Ann, design or
create the products themselves. Others sell new merchandise, antiques, or used items, like
books or toys. Starting an online business can be as simple as having something to sell
Online selling. Is now a modern technology that uses around the world not only here in
the Philippines. It is a kind of electronic commerce that helps consumers and costumes to
buy directly and order directly of goods and services from the internet using an
application or web browser. Online selling at present is one of the latest and popular
websites that most Filipino visit and use. You only need Laptops, mobile phones, or
personal computer and internet connection before you can start browsing on the website
of online selling.
Social media. Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of
ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and
communities. The variety of stand-alone and built-in social media services currently
available introduces challenges of definition; however, there are some common features.
The results will be give them a strategy and technique for them to grow their business.
Residents of Patnongon Antique - The young users in Patnongon aged between 18 and 25
years old are important to online sellers in their town because they are actively involved
in online purchasing and the other group of online buyers is expected to dominate future
online market.
Also teens wield significant in involving on online shopping because of the trend attire
and to have an aesthetic look. It’s no surprise, then, that most of the teens lead the way on
mobile technology, with a showing that most of the teen access the internet primarily
through mobile phones. That means business like online selling on Facebook which
Researchers - This study will help the researchers to find out what are the effects of
COVID-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers in Patnongon Antique. It will help to
the future researchers because the study can serve as their basis if they will continue the
Community - It will help the Online Sellers in Patnongon Antique to know the effects of
COVID-19 pandemic to their income. It will help the Online Sellers in Patnongon
Antique to gain a deeper understanding and know why they do the things they do in this
time of pandemic.
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
The study focuses on the Impacts of Covid-19 to the Income of Online Sellers in
Patnongon, Antique who will represent the population. The researchers have chosen the
respondents based on who they think would be appropriate for this study. Specifically,
the researchers purposively selected the online sellers who are living in Patnongon,
Antique.
Two groups of subjects were studied. They were the effects of covid-19 pandemic
to the income of online sellers and online sellers living in Patnongon, Antique. The
timeframe will depend greatly on the given time of this subject area.
This study will not cover other problems as not related or consider as one of the
effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers. The respondents are all
given the same questions to complete. The findings of this study will only apply to the
respondents of this survey and will not be utilized as a measure of the effects of online
sellers’ revenue on people who are not part of the study’s population. The questionnaire,
which will be prepared by the researchers, will be the primary source of data.
This study also have weaknesses such as it increases the competition between
online sellers. The buyers cannot see the product in its actual form. The delivery time is
delayed. Some online sellers have problems on their internet connection. There is also
The simple random sampling was employed in the selection of groups. This was
derived as a technique for selecting subjects in such a way that researchers decide the
significant number of respondents within the desired group number for analysis.
other words, the subjects’ responses for each individual were added together to find the
highest frequency of occurrence. This response to the questions, which are qualified, are
proposal
and Hypothesis
the Study
Review of Related
Literature
Related Literature
Construction of Survey
Questionnaire
Methodology
Validation of
Research Design
Selecting the
Respondents of the
study
Formulation of
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HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
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copies of Research
November 22, 2021 Actual Conduct of the Study November 22, 2021
November 24, 2021 Making of Raw data and November 26, 2021
Submission
Interpretation of Data
CHAPTER 2
Covid 19 Pandemic
19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Most people infected with
the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require medical
attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious
illness. Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age.
pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID19 was first reported in Wuhan, China,
and then spread around the world. The coronavirus has been officially named Severe
believed to be contagious from an animal coronavirus and later adapted its ability to be
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rapidly and continues to evolve in the human population. (Yen Chin et al. 2020)
The Philippine response to COVID19 has been described as one of the longest
and most stringent lockdowns in the world. Entire provinces and cities were closed,
mobility was restricted, and the use of masks and social distancing was strictly enforced.
The infractions were punished with punitive measures. The government relied heavily on
the police and military to ensure that order was maintained and all health protocols were
followed. This has led some observers and scholars to label the government’s response
pandemic COVID-19 in the Philippines and In whole wide world, people around the
world express panic in various behaviors (Nicomedes and Avila 2020). This affects the
economy of the county, social values, and psychological stress of the people involved
Pastor (2020) mentioned that the start of the extreme community quarantine in the
Philippines last March 2020 became the intervention of the government to slow down the
spread of the Coronavirus or more commonly known as COVID-19. The pandemic was
interfering many operations in the world which brought challenges to all affected
sentiment reveals that most of the Filipinos encountered several problems concerning
done bases on the requirement of the Filipinos who encounter problem in the food
shortage and everyone should support to flatten the curve in order for the operations and
considered as the most crucial global health calamity of the Century and the greatest
challenge that the humankind faced since the 2nd world war. The current outbreak of
COVID-19 has affected over 21644111 people and killed more than 146,198, people in
more than 200 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any
clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effected against COVID-19.It has
rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and
social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely
disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the
transmission of the disease by testing & treating patients, quarantining suspected persons
through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock
down etc.
Online Sellers
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
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decreased dramatically as the economy has become more digital. Platform firms like
Amazon and Airbnb have built online marketplaces that have given individual
digital technologies. Much of the existing research on digital platforms demonstrates that
platforms can influence seller behavior through a range of reward and punishment
mechanisms, such as search ranking algorithms and surge pricing. However, a significant
portion of the difference in sellers' behavior can be related to characteristics in their local
surroundings, which are outside the platform's control. Many of their behavioral patterns
how vendors behave on digital platforms. Their actions, in turn, have a significant
societal impact on a platform's growth trajectory. As a result, both platform designers and
politicians must pay attention to sellers' diverse local surroundings in order to predict
Internet has become the opportunity for the sellers to add value to their products
and services. The key to attract more consumers and businesses to engage the benefits of
Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) are the phenomenal growth and rising of the
popularity of the internet. The transactions between parties are electronically rather than
by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. This has transformed the traditional
commerce and enhanced sales and exchanges of products and information. With the click
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Using a mechanism design framework, Chen et al. (2020) demonstrate how the
live streaming platform can leverage information provision to improve its advertisement
revenue upon traditional position auctions. They develop an analytical framework that
consumer sophistication to investigate a firm’s live stream adoption strategy and offer
useful guidance for the firm on quality investment, pricing strategy, and influencer
selection.
major factor that influenced the consumer’s intentions to switch from offline to online
evaluation effort, and delivery time. Although Internet users can switch with relative ease
from one Web site to another that provides similar products and services, some
consumers seem to stick with specific Web sites (Gupta et al. 2004).
As the global COVID-19 pandemic grows in reach and breadth, the ramifications
for workers and labor markets become increasingly severe. Even the most cautious
consequences (McKibbin & Fernando 2020). For at least three reasons, online freelancers
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particularly difficult scenario for them. First, because they do their business online, they
commitment between the employer and the worker (Wood et al. 2019). Finally, online
freelancers are susceptible in many nations due to their status as independent contractors,
income countries (LMICs) raises severe concerns about effective pandemic response and
The extant literature has situated the importance of e-commerce platforms that
facilitate virtual interactions and include informative and insightful product information
(Chandna and Salimath, 2018; Li et al., 2020) that consumers might consider to be
economic benefits (Zhang et al., 2017). Such that, firms can increase sales revenue as e-
commerce platforms help leverage existing consumers and attract new ones, build social
groups, and ensure compatibility with legacy systems (Lee et al., 2018), especially in
pandemic periods (Nielsen, 2020a, Nielsen, 2020b). In fact, Covid-19 has disrupted and
changed the business landscape as managers have been thrust into the position of
operating online supplies due to the reduction of in-person contact. However, the
literature has yet to address how e-commerce platforms can benefit both firms and
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selling currently have no specific guidance to improve consumer intention for sustainable
consumption over time and circumstance (Guillen-Royo, 2019; Hernant and Rosengren,
2017).
Wuhan in December 2019 and quickly escalated into a pandemic, officially termed
wearing masks, working from home, social distancing and lockdown, have been issued to
limit physical interactions between citizens. People have accelerated their usage of ICT to
undertake daily tasks such as shopping in order to adapt to the setting of mobility limits
commerce without first understanding the factors that encourage online shopping. E-
commerce must establish the aspects that must be met, as well as the criteria they should
be consistent with. According to a study that looked into online purchasing, the shopping
experience and reasons led to high purchase intent. Another study found that attitude and
a shift in customers’ attitudes toward making online purchases are important aspects of
online purchasing.
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virtual interactions and contain relevant and insightful product information that customers
may view to be economic benefits. As a result, businesses can enhance sales revenue by
leveraging existing customers and attracting new ones, creating social groups, and
ensuring compatibility with older systems, especially during pandemics. In reality, due to
the loss of in-person contact, Covid-19 has disrupted and transformed the company
landscape. Managers have been forced to operate online supply, which has disrupted and
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter introduces the research methodology for this study. This chapter is
concerned with the researcher’s strategy for collecting and analysing the data. This
chapter also encompasses the procedures followed to analysed and interpret the data
The study will use survey quantitative research design. In this study, the
researchers will use survey questionnaires and chi square statistics as the main method of
analysis. In addition, the study will put emphasis on presenting the Covid 19 Pandemic;
conduct a survey to the selected online sellers. Questionnaires were made by the
researchers and further be validated before administering. Once survey questionnaires are
validated, it was reproduced to the respondents. After the questionnaires has been
answered by the respondents, the researchers gathered and analyzed the results.
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narrative/description form in order to clearly present the purpose of the study which is to
determine the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in
Patnongon, Antique. Also, this will be in narrative/description form for the easy
A total of thirty (30) selected online sellers in Patnongon, Antique were the
Sampling Procedure
The proponents used purposive sampling to obtain data from the respondents
since the main research objective is to determine the Effect of Covid 19 to the income of
Research instrument is important in gathering data for analysis. The tool used in
made up of Yes/No questions pertaining to the income of online sellers during Covid-19
Pandemic. Part II is also made up of Yes/No questions but pertaining to the effects of
Covid-19.
The questions were then given to the respondents in the form of Google Forms as
the pandemic forbid the face to face conduction of the survey. Moreover, the
questionnaire was constructed by the researchers themselves and was validated by the
subject teacher of this course. Items that were accepted were considered and used in the
Prior to the conduct of the study, the researchers observed certain procedures. The
survey to the selected online sellers. Questionnaires were made by the researchers and
the survey questionnaires then distributed thirty one (30) copies of the survey
questionnaire. After data gathering, the researchers collected it for analyzing and
Frequency. This was used to determine the number of respondents who belong to each
category of variables.
Standard deviation. The standard deviation was used to measure how spread out the data
Mean. The mean was used in determining the views of the respondents on the effects of
Chi Square Test. This was utilized to examine the differences between the categorical
variables.
St. Anthony’s College
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This chapter comprises the data analysis, presentation, and interpretation of the
findings resulting from online sellers in Patnongon, Antique. The main objective of this
study is to identify the effects on the income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
Presented data were studied and documents were examined to answer the questions
communicated in the statement of the problem. A quantitative study and survey were
observations. The analysis and interpretation of data are carried out in one phase. The
first part, which is based on the results of the questionnaire, deals with a quantitative
analysis of data.
Analysis of Questionnaires
Data analysis is the process of separating data into smaller and manageable parts
to find meaningful answers to the research questions and objectives and disseminate the
findings.
The questionnaires were given to thirty (30) online sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
Twenty-seven (27) female online sellers are equivalent to 90.3% and three (3) male
other words, the subjects’ responses for each question were added together to find the
highest frequency of occurrence. These responses to the questions, which are quantified,
are then presented in percentage forms. This analysis is presented in tabular form. The
researcher uses tables containing a variable and in some cases, combines two or more
Variables F %
B. Sex
9.7%
Male 3
Female 27 90.3%
Table 2: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers in Patnongon,
Antique
Questions f Rank %
Covid-19 Pandemic?
Table 3: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers (female) in
Patnongon, Antique
Questions f Rank %
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Covid-19 Pandemic?
pandemic? 23 6 85.71%
decreased? 14 12 53.57%
Table 4: Covid-19 Pandemic; Its effect on the income of online sellers (male) in
Patnongon, Antique
Questions f Rank %
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Covid-19 Pandemic?
The scale below shall help in determining the right description to the resulted mean
0.00-5.00. Poor
No 6 9.95 1.57
No 5 9.95 2.46
No 15 9.95 2.56
No 15 9.95 2.56
No 20 9.95 10.15
No 11 9.95 0.11
No 16 9.95 3.68
No 13 9.95 0.93
No 22 9.95 14.59
11.Yes 29 20.05 4
No 1 9.95 18.1
No 17 9.95 5
No 3 9.95 4.85
No 6 9.95 1.57
No 5 9.95 2.46
No 20 9.95 10.15
No 0 9.95 20.05
No 4 9.95 3.56
20.Yes 29 20.05 4
No 1 9.95 18.1
Table No.5 presenting the results using Chi-Squared Test as the Statistical Tool
that the majority of subjects, who took part in this study, confirm that this Pandemic
teaches them to be responsible. They tended to rank highest because of the number of
checks equivalent to its frequency and percentage. The study also expresses that the least
of online sellers have other businesses besides online selling that can add more to their
income.
The study also expresses that the least of online sellers have other businesses
besides online selling that can add more to their income. The study show how online
seller engaged there self in online selling, the table also helps us to identify the income of
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Summary of Findings
The study is all about how Covid 19 affects the online selling business of online
sellers of Patnongon, Antique. It aims to provide information about the problems that the
respondents encountered in the midst of Covid 19 pandemic, and how they cope up with
municipality in the province of Antique, Philippines. This study is sought to answer the
following questions:
1. What are the effects of covid-19 pandemic on the income of online sellers in
Patnongon, Antique?
pandemic?
3. The income of online sellers in Patnongon, Antique has increased during covid-19
pandemic?
St. Anthony’s College
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Covid 19 pandemic?
A total of thirty (30) selected online sellers in Patnongon, Antique were the respondents
of the study. This study will not cover other problems as not related or consider as one of
the effects of Covid-19 pandemic to the income of online sellers. The respondents are all
given the same questions to complete. The findings of this study will only apply to the
respondents of this survey and will not be utilized as a measure of the effects of online
sellers’ revenue on people who are not part of the study’s population. The questionnaire,
which will be prepared by the researchers, will be the primary source of data.
Recommendations
1. The researchers recommend that online sellers in Patnongon, Antique should adapt to
2. The researchers recommend that the online sellers could improve their online selling
3. There is need for some improvement of the online sellers especially in their marketing
strategy.
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Conclusion
This research was conducted to know the effects of Covid 19 pandemic to the income of
online sellers in Patnongon, Antique. This study enables to understand and put emphasis
on how covid 19 pandemic affects the lives of online sellers. The researchers conclude
that Covid 19 pandemic has greatly affected the income of online sellers and made them
Appendices:
Appendix 1
Survey Questionnaires
This survey questionnaire aims to determine the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the
Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique.
The following statements are related to the Covid 19 Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income
of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique. Read each statement carefully and check (/) the
box that corresponds to your answers.
I. We would like to know more about your income during Covid-19 Pandemic.
STATEMENTS YES NO
STATEMENTS YES NO
1) Have you gained any lessons during this Covid-19
Pandemic?
Appendix 2
Letter to Respondents
Dear Respondents:
We are the Senior High School students of Grade 12- St. Bernardine of Siena,
we’re inviting you to participate in our online research survey entitled “ Covid 19
Pandemic; Its Effect to the Income of Online Sellers in Patnongon, Antique.“
In regards, we are asking for your precious time and effort to answer all the questions that
are important and helpful for the completion of the study.
Your participation on this online survey is completely voluntary. The data collected will
remain confidential and be used solely for academic purposes.
Respectfully yours,
Noted:
St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, Antique 5007
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