MEMO

Elektron m  9.11031 kg q  e  1.6 1019 As

m0 c2  0.511106 eV

Pr oton m  1.67 1027 kg q  e

Energy 1 eV  1.6 10-19 Ws 1 cal  4.19 Ws

Vacuum ε0  8.851012 As/Vm; μ 0  4π 107 Vs/Am

Velocity of light c = 1/ 0 0  3 108 m/s

Boltzmann constant k B  1.38 10 23 Ws/K

Avogadro number N A  6.02 10 23

Planck constant h  6.625 1034 Ws 2 ;   1.054 1034 Ws 2

Useful data
h2
8m

 0,376 1018 eV  m2  h 2 ε0
πme 2
 0,528 1010 m
me4
8ε02 h 2
 13,6 eV 

 W 
Stefan-Boltzmann constant ζ  5,67 10 8  2 4 
m K 

1
Time t  R1

Space ( x, y, z )  R3 ; r  x i  y j z k

z y
r , , ; r  x 2  y 2  z 2 ,   arcos ,   arctg
x y z
2 2 2 x

x  r  sin   cos , y  r  sin   sin , z  r  cos 

Scalar-vector function (r)  ( x, y, z)

Vector-vector function v(r)  vx ( x, y, z)  i  vy ( x, y, z )  j  vz ( x, y, z )  k

Q Q

Line integral lim  v  d l   v  d l;  v  d l

dl  0
P L: P L

Surface integral lim  v  d A   v  d A

dA  0
A A

Volume integral lim

dV  0
   dV     dV ;
V
lim
dV  0
 f  dV   f  dV
V
V V

  
Nabla vector operator  i  j k
x y z

  
Gradient of scalar grad( x, y, z )     i j k
x y z

2 2 2
Laplace operator      2  2  2
2

x y z

Calculus of Variations (Csurgay – Simonyi 42 – 49)

x2
F d F
I   F  x, y, y  dx  extremum   0
x1
y dx y'

2
Principles of Classical Mechanics (Csurgay – Simonyi, 35 – 41, 54 – 85, 90 – 97)

Configuration space
q1 , q2 , q3 ,..., q f Generalized coordinates f degree of freedom

q1 , q 2 , q3 ,..., q f Generalized velocities qi  dqi (t ) / dt

Kinetic energy Ek  Ek (q1 ,..., q f , q1 ,..., q f )

Potential energy E p  E p (q1 ,..., q f )

Lagrangian L  Ek  E p

Hamilton Principle   L d t  0

d L L
Lagrange‟s equations of motion   0, i  1, 2, , f ,
d t qi qi

Generalized momentum pi  L /  qi

Hamiltonian H   qi pi  L
i

Hamilton‟s equations of motion

H  pi , qi  H  pi , qi 
p i   , qi  . i  1, 2,..., f
qi pi

Rigid body dynamics

Configuration space  X CM , YCM , ZCM , , , 

 ρdm
Total Mass m   dm ; Center of mass rCM 
 dm
Principal axes  x, y, z  ;

3
 I  
 xx   y  z  dm
2 2
0 0 
 
Inertia Iˆ   0 I yy    x 2  z 2  dm 0 
;
 
 
 0 0 I zz    x  y  dm
2 2


Euler – Newton Equations

Force F = p CM  mCM rCM ;


Torque M  τ    Iˆ  ω  ω× I  ω

M x  I xx  x  ( I yy  I zz ) y  z
M y  I yy  y  ( I zz  I xx ) x  z
M z  I zz  z  ( I xx  I yy ) x  y

Charge Particles in Electric and Magnetic Field – The Lorentz Force

d mv 1 2 1
 qE  qv B ; mv1  qU1  mv 22  qU 2 . ;
dt 2 2

m0
m ; Ek  mc 2  m0 c 2 .
v2
1
c2

Vector analysis

Generalized orthogonal coordinate systems (Descartes, Spherical, Cylindrical)

Distance element ds  dx  dy  dz  g1 dq1  g 2 dq2  g3 dq3

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Descartes g1 =1; g 2 =1; g3 =1 ; Spherical g1 =1; g2 =r ; g3 = r  sin

r r r r r r
Unit vectors e1  e2  e3 
q1 q1 q2 q2 q3 q3

1  1     1 
Nabla vector-operator   g q e1  g q e2  g q e3 ;   i  j  k
1 1 2 2 3 3 x y z

4
Gradient of a scalar field

1  1  1    
grad( x, y, z )     e1  e2  e3 ;  ( x, y, z )  i j k
g1 q1 g 2 q2 g3 q3 x y z

Laplace operator

1   g 2 g3   g1 g3   g 2 g1  
2       ;
g1 g 2 g3  q g q q1 g 2 q2 q1 g3 q3 
 1 1 1

2 2 2
2     2 2
x 2
y z

 v  d A
Divergence of a vector field div v  lim
A
  J  dA
V 0 V A

  1   
div v   v    g 2 g3 v1    g1 g3 v2    g 2 g1v3  ;
 q
g1 g 2 g q2 q3 
 1 
 v y  vz ;
v
div v   v  x  
x y z

 v  d l
Rotation (curl) of a vector field rot vn  lim
L
;
A 0 A

i j k
  
rot v   v 
x y z
vx vy vz

Gauss Theorem  div vdV   v  dA

V A

Stokes Theorem  rot vdA   v  dl

A A

Vector-analytic identities

()  rot(grad  )  0

5
( v)  div(rot  v)  0

()  divgrad    

rot rot  v   v    v v  grad div  v v

div   u    divu  u  grad

div  v u  u  rotv  v  rotu

Inductive Way to Maxwell’s Equations

Charge generates Electric Field (Gauss‟s and Coulomb‟s Law)

1  dV o
 D  d A   Qi     dV ;
i
D  E ; E
40  r2
r
A V V

Current generates Magnetic Field (Ampere‟s and Biot-Savart‟s Law)

I dl r0
 Hdl   I k   JdA
k
B   H ; H
4 
 r2
L A

Time-varying magnetic field generates electric field, and time-varying electric

field generates magnetic field. (Faraday‟s Law)

 
dΦ  J   D d A
 E  d l  
d t
 
 t  B  dA ;  H  dl     t 
L A A

Continuity Equation (Charge conservation = Current is moving charge)

 
\  J  dA   t  D  dA   J  dA   t    dV  0
A A A V

6
Maxwell’s Equations
 
D J   D d A
I. rotH  H  J 
t  H  dl     t 
A

B 
II. rotE  E  
t  E  d l    t A
B  dA
L

III. divB    B  0  B  dA  0
A

IV. divD   D    D  d A     dV
A V

V. B   H D   E J   (E  E i )

Conservation of Energy in the Electromagnetic Field

  1 1 2 J2
     H    E dV  
2
dV   Ei  J dV  
 E H  dA
 t V  2 2  V
 V A

1 2 1
Energy density w    E    H Poynting vector S  E  H
2
2 2

  1 1 2 J2
 Ei  J dV 
 t V  2
   H    E dV   dV  
 E H  dA
2

V
2  V
 A

Boundary Conditions

D2  D1  n   ; n  E2  E1   0

n  H 2  H1   K B2  B1  n  0

Complex amplitudes – phasors (sinusoidal time-dependence)

j y
F(r, t )  Re{F(r)  e j t }, where F(r)  Fx e jx i  Fy e j  Fz e jz k

7
 rotH(r)  J(r)  j  D(r)

rotE(r)   j  B(r)

divB(r)  0

divD(r)   (r)

B   H D   E J   (E  E i )

Electrostatics (Simonyi – Zombory: Elm. Vill. 105 – 114)

E  0 divD   D   r0  E  0  8,854 1012 As/Vm

 1 
div E 
0
 divE  div gradU  U U
4 0  r dV
V

Q d 1 Q 1
E  gradU   r0  r0
4 0 d r r 4 0 r 2

Plane Waves-I. (Simonyi – Zombory: Elm. Vill.: 537 – 553)

2E 2 H  x 1 c 1
E   H   f t   v  , c  3108 m/s
 t2  t2  v  r r 0 0

 0 r 0
i  H   

E; i  E   H 
E
 ; 0  120    377 
  H 0 r 0

2 1
Skin-effect  
   f   

Plane Waves-II. (Simonyi – Zombory: Elm. Vill.: 632 – 637)

Plane waves in dissipative media

μ0  μ  μ0 μr  ζ 
γ  jω μ ε  j  0 
 
 ζ  ω   j  
8
ε0  ε  j 
 ω   
Linearly polarized plane waves
  E
 
Em  z  
 j t  m   z
e  j
E z, t   Re e jt
E
  z
e E e  z
 i ; H  z , t   Re e 
  
e 
 


m m

  0 0  


Normal incidence
Em1 2  1 Em2 22
   T  
Em1 2  1 Em1 1  2

Oblique incidence Fresnel equations

sin trans n  
refl  in ;  1  r1  02
sin in n2 r 2 01

E is perpendicular on incidence plane

Er  02 cos in  01 cos trans  T 
Et 

202 cos in
  
Ei  02 cos in  01 cos trans  Ei  02 cos in  01 cos trans 

E is in the plane of incidence

 cos in  02 cos trans 
Er Et 202 cos in
   01 T  
Ei 01 cos in  02 cos trans  Ei 01 cos in  02 cos trans

2 
Brewster angle iB  tan1 Critical angle i  critical  sin
1 2

1 1

9
Radiation Antennas (Simonyi – Zombory: Elm. Vill, 563 – 582)

Vektor- and scalar-potentials

 2A  2 
A      J    
t 2 t2 

 r  r
J r, t     r, t  
  c  c
Ar, t    r, t  
1
4  r
dV
4 0  r
dV
V V

 curl A 
 A  B 
       A 
    E    grad   t 
 

10
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (Csurgay-Simonyi 111-194)

Black-body Radiation
8π v 2
ρT v dv  3 hv / kT
hv
E      h  dν
c e 1
νmGHz 
ax  103 ,6  T
K  Radiation   T 4   5.67 108  W/m 2 K 4 

1
Photoelectric effect h  mv 2  EW
2

Compton effect h  m0 c2  h  
m0
c2 ;  
c c
 
h
1  cos .
v2    m0 c
1
c2
Bohr‟s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
mvn e2 h
 ; mv r  n , where n  1, 2, 
40 rn2 2
n n
rn

1
E  mv 2  E pot h 2 0 2 me 4 1
rn  n. En   2 2 2 .
2  me2 80 h n

En 2  En1 me4  1 1
h21  En 2  En1   21   2 3  2  2 
h 80 h  n1 n2 
 
Photon as a „wavicle‟ (, k )  ( E, p)
 h h  
E    h p n k   k
λ 2π
Electron as a „wavicle‟ (de Broglie wave)
  h h h
 E/h; p   k  n  λ  
λ p mv

Bounded electron in a one-dimensional potential box

h2 2 2   x   j En t
En  n n  1, 2,... n  x, t   sin n  e
8ma 2 a  a 

11
 Bounded electron in a three-dimensional cubic potential box

h2
En1n2 n3  2
(n12  n22  n32 ), n1 , n2 , n3  1, 2,...
8ma

8 nπ nπ nπ
ψ n1n2 n3  3
sin 1 x  sin 2 y  sin 3 z ,
a a a a
1
Bounded electron in a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator E pot ( x)  2 C  x
2

1 C Cm α
En    (n  ), n  0,1, 2,... ω , u  α.x  x, An  ,
2 m  π 2 n n!
u2

n  x  An H n (u )  e 2
; H 0 (u )  1; H1 (u )  2u; H 2 (u )  4u 2  2;...

Quantum Mechanics (Csurgay-Simonyi 216 - 225)

Postulates of Quantum Mechanics

Postulate 1. (P.1) ψ q1 , q2 ,..., q f , t 

 ψ  ψ dV  1

     ;
2
Postulate 2. (P.2)
V
Postulate 3. (P.3) Lψ λψ r  r, p   j  ,
L   ψ LψdV L  L2  L
2
Postulate 4. (P.4)
h  (Time-dependent Schrödinger Equation)
V
Postulate 5. (P.5) H  j
2 t
E
j t
H  E (r, t )  (r )  e 

Some Consequences of the Postulates

Time dependence of the expectation value → Ehrenfest theorem

d L d p
 ψ (HL  LH)ψ ,   Epot
dt dt
Heisenberg‟s Uncertainty relation
1  h
 L  M  ψ (LM  ML )ψ ,  x  p x  
2 2 4π

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Quantum Statistics (Csurgay-Simonyi 281 - 300)

Thermodynamic probability for fermions, bosons and classical molecules

Z  ( N i  Z i  1)! N!
w FD    i  , w BE   w MB  
N
Zi i
i  Ni  i N i !( Z i  1)!  Ni! i
i

Thermal equilibrium: the most probable macro-state

Zi Zi
N FD i  Ei  EF
, N BE i  Ei  EF
,
e kT
1 e kT
1
Electron gas in a large “box”
2
1 h 2  3n 3   2  kT  
f (E)  , E    , EF  EF 0 1    ,
2m  8 
E  EF 0 F0
 12  EF 0  
e kT
1

Fermi-Dirac statistics of fermions (e.g. electrons)

 m
dN   v x , v y , v z  dv x dv y dv z  2V  
3
1 dv x dv y dv z
 h  E  EF

e kT
1
 m
3

dN   v  dv   V  
 h 
v2 E  EF
1
dv
e kT
1

dN   ( E )dE  g ( E )  f ( E )  dE 
4V (2m)3/ 2 E1/2 dE
EE h3
F
e kT 1
Introduction to Material Physics (Csurgay-Simonyi 407 - 456)

Single electron in a one-dimensional periodic potential (Kronig-Penny Crystal Model)

sin αa

1
2mE ; cos ka  δ  cosαa
 αa
 1   1 
  gradk E (k ),  E / k
Group Velocity      

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  2 E 2 E  2 E 

 k 2 k x k y k x k z 
 x
2  
 1   2 E
2
 1    E 2
2 E 2 E 
  
    k k
,   ,
Effective Mass
 y x
k y2 k y k z 

   k 2
 2 E 2 E  2 E 

 k k k z k y k z2 
 z x

Fermi energy level of conductors (metals)

2   
2

h  2 3
    kT   
E  EF  E 1 
F0 8m   
n ; 
 
   EF0
F0
 
 

1
Fermi energy level of insulators (dielectrics) EF   EC 0  EV 
0 2

EV  EC 0 3 meffp
Fermi level of Intrinsic Semiconductors EF   kT ln n
2 4 meff

Charge Transport

Drift and Diffusion

J n  neμ n E  eDn gradn , J p  neμ p E  eD p gradp , Dn / μ n  D p / μ p  kT / e

Charge Neutrality in Semiconductors

EC 0 EF EF EV
 
n  na  p  N d 1 f ( Ed ) , n  Nc  e kT
, p  Nv  e kT

3 3
 2 meff
n
kT 2  2 meffp kT 2
N C  2   , NV  2  
 h 2   h 2 

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