EPOCHS

Abid Farhan
BA1
Group 12
Antiquity
The Parthenon exhibits all three qualities outlined by Vit-
ruvius. Stability is seen through the large amount of col-
umns and entasis, which creates an exaggerated sense of
strength. The columns are of Doric order which was widely
used on Greek temples. Utility is seen through the roof,
proividing great shelter. The interior is spacious so it ade-
quatley accomadates the large amount of people, you can
expect in a temple well. Beauty is seen through how effort-
less it looks, as if nothing is able to move it. A testament to
the success the Ancient Greeks saw at this time.

Parthenon
450 BC
Iktinos, Kallicrates
Greece

Source:

https://www.architecture.com/image-library/RIBApix/
image-information/poster/conjectural-restora-
tions-of-the-parthenon-athens-plans-elevations-sec-
tions-and-interior-perspective/posterid/RIBA100815.html
Romanesque
The Pisa Cathedral exhibits load bearing walls, alot of windows with arched heads and in particular, the front facade
is inundated with rows of arches. Perhaps it is equal parts aesthetic and also structural, so the structure can reach
a taller height. However, they could simply be collonettes that are there for aesthetic reasons only.The plan is in the
shape of a cruciform, in particular a latin cross because the nave is long. The interior has rows of colonnades that
perhaps also help the structural integrity of the building. Over the centre of the plan a dome has been placed with
small windows letting in beams of light.

Pisa Cathedral
1092
Buscheto and Rainaldo
Italy

Source:
https://www.architecture.com/image-library/RIBApix/image-information/poster/pisa-cathedral-baptis-
tery-of-st-john-duomo-and-campanile-leaning-tower-campo-dei-miracoli-plan-sections-and-perspectives/posterid/
RIBA100847.html

http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Cathedral_of_Pisa.html
1: 200 elevation @ A3 1: 500 section@ A3

Gothic
Notre Dame Cathedral is a great example of Gothic architecture. There is huge amounts of detailing and ornamentation. In the elevation
alone you can see a number of elements: collonettes, collonades, a number of arches, Niches and a prominent circular glazed window in the
section acting as an impressive focal point. The section highlights key Gothic elements: buttress’s, flying buttress’s, aisles alongside the nave,
gallery on top of the aisle, triforium and celestory. The plan shows that the portals and entrances are to the right. A cross shape does appear
when you only look at the nave and transept. The ceiling is also rib vaulted as a result of the use of multiple columns.

Notre-Dame
1345
Pierre de Chelles, Jean Ravy, Jean le Bouteiller and Raymond du Temple
France

Source:
http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Notre_Dame_Cathedral.html
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Cathedral-of-Notre-Dame-in-Paris-section-top-and-plan-view-bottom-after-the_fig12_330202346

1: 500 plan @ A3
 1:1250 elevation @ A3 1:1250 section @ A3

Renaissance
St Peters Basilica is a prominent work of architecture within the Renaissance period. As the name suggests it is a basilica, so it mainly consists of a
nave, aisles and windows on the celerstory. The shape of the plan is of a cruciform and is specifically a latin cross as the nave is long er compared to
the transept. On either sides of the nave there are also aisles. The elevation highlights the complexity of the structure alot of detail is present with
rows of corinthian columns, arched windows, niches, pilasters and a large barrel vault. As it is an important structure within religion, it makes sense
as to why it is so heavily grand and detailed. The section also reflects the grandess of the exterior, as the interior is heavily decorated with mosiacs,
marble and stucco. Windows within the dome light up the crossing birghtly.

1:1250 plan @ A3
St Peters Basilica
1626
Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno and Bernini
Italy

Source:
https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/73700/73703/73703_st_peters.htm
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/196751077440696511/
https://archimaps.tumblr.com/post/183439469017/elevation-of-saint-peters-basilica-rome
 1:200 section @ A3 1:200 elevation@ A3

Baroque
baroque can be seen as being the direct successor to Renaisance architecture. Infact they are so closely linked it sometimes is diffi-
cult to say what is Baroque and what is Renaissance. However what creates a distinction is the exaggerated sense of movement and
dynamism created by Baroque structures that is not present in renaissance. In this case the elevation contains alot of niches and
this recess is mimicked with the facade protruding out on the left and right side whilst recessing in the middle, giving the structure
1:200 plan @ A3 a wave like quality. Baroque is alos characterised by the use of broken pediments, also seen in the elevation. The columns are of a
corinthian order, which fits the extravagance of the rest of the structure. The plan highlights the cramped nature but the use of rec-
tangles and circles creates this wave like shape, mimicking the undulating facade.

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

1677
Francesco Boromini
Rome

Source:
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/san-carlo-alle-quattro-fontane/
https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/san_carlo_alle_quattro_fontane_28529-2/
http://www.mindeguia.com/dibex/Carlino-e.htm
 1:200 elevation @ A3 1:200 section @ A3

Georgian
Georgian architecture refers to a period of time, between 1714 to 1830 where different styles fall under. In the case of Chiswick house it falls under
the neo-palladianism style. This type of architecture is based on the works of Andrea Palladio. in the plan and elevation you can see a strong amount
of symmetry, the left side is an exact copy of the right . The design also has simialrities with the pantheon because of the use of a poritco infront of a
dome. The columns are of corinthian order and, as seen in the elevations, the windows on either side are topped with an entablature and pediments.
This shape is reflected with the arrangement of the stairs below it. On the other side venetian windows are used. Inside the entablature and pedi-
1:200 plan @ A3 ment header is used on top of doors . Inspired by Palladio there is also prominent use of simple shapes, such as the octagon in the centre.

Chiswick House
1729
Richard Boyle
England

Source:
http://solarhousehistory.com/blog/2013/7/5/solar-orientation-and-historic-buildings
http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbc-drawing.cgi/Chiswick_House.html/Chiswick_House_Section.html
http://architecturally.london/buildings/chiswick-house
 1:1000 elevation @ A3
1:1000 section @ A3 1:1000 plan @ A3
Revivalist
Revivalism is the use of styles that reflect those used in the past. Prominent revivalist styles include Neo-Classicism and Neo-Gothic. In this case it is
Neo-Gothic. Whilst usually the Gothic style would be used on churches and religous buildings, Neo-Gothic could be applied to any sort of building (in
this particular case it has been applied to a parliment building.).the detailing is exquiste as seen in the elvation with alot of collonettes, niches, arched
windows and spires. This creates an overwhelming verticality, which may have been done as a metaphor: the verticality suggests power and towering
success which will ensure that people trust the government. The Plan highlights a strong symmetry which is also reflected in the arrangement of the
elements on the outside.

Palace of Westminister
1840-76
Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin
England

Source:
https://www.archdaily.com/789671/ad-classics-palace-of-westminster-houses-of-parliament-london-uk-charles-barry-and-augustus-pugin/576369f-
ce58ece0d8700004a-ad-classics-palace-of-westminster-houses-of-parliament-london-uk-charles-barry-and-augustus-pugin-image?next_project=no
1:200 elevation @ A3

1:200 plan @ A3

First half of the 20th Century

The Villa Savoye is a key building that defines and represents the international style of modernism. It’s a modern reinterpretation of
the French villa. As the clients let Le Corbusier design without restriction he was able to incorporate his five points: Pilotis that lift
the building off the gorund, a flat roof giving way to a roof garden, open plan interiors designed on a grid of columns, long ribbon
1:200 section @ A3 windows maximising light and the facade being independant of the load bearing structure. The project also is an example of “a
home is a machine for living” concept, which is seen through a focus on effeciency in the spatial planning.

Villa Savoye
1931
Pierre and Charles Edouard Jeanneret
France

Source:
https://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/31/villa-savoye-le-corbusier-poissy-france-modernist-style-unesco-world-heritage/
https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/le-corbusier-villa-savoye-part-2-architecture/
 1:200 section @ A3
1:200 elevation @ A3

Second half of the 20th Century

This structure is a testament to Mies van der Rohe integration of nature.In the elevation this can be seen through the massive and
prominent use of floor to ceiling windows that not only let in alot of light but provides uninterrupted views of the outside from all
sides of the house. As a result all the private areas, such as the toilets are placed in an island within the centre, as seen in the plan.
the load bearing structure itself becomes beautiful as the steel columns used are exposed along with the roof and floor framework.
There is a conscious effort to keep the barrier between the house and nature as small as possible. Similarly to the Villa Savoye the
structure is raised above the ground on struts showing some similarities.
1:200 Plan @ A3
Farnsworth house
1951
Mies van der Rohe
illinois

Source:
https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.il0323.sheet/?sp=3
 Evolution of Castlefield: Regeneration of a post-industrialized area

Abid Farhan

Manchester School of Architecture

Student ID: 19096472

This essay is concerned with the evolution of the marked area in Castlefield (Figure 1) between the
1980s and now. Particularly looking at regeneration and how the area has been reused and tailored
towards a modern population. This specific angle has been chosen because “it is one of the largest
conservation areas in Manchester”, so regeneration played an important role in the area’s modern
context (Manchester City Council, no date). In a general sense, the redevelopment of this area has
saved Castlefield from further deterioration and made it into a great economical asset, through
tourism and leisurely activities. According to (Borden et al, 2014) defines regeneration as identifying
opportunity areas that through new development, can cause economic growth. They also suggest that
good regeneration involves the local community to give them the power to outline the necessary
improvements needed to provide better housing, public health, and improve quality of life. (Reading
university, no date) highlights that regeneration encompasses a broad range of actions, for example,
"economic regeneration", "physical improvements" being made to maintain and improve structures
and "environmental actions" to ensure the sustainability of any actions taken. The essay will begin
with the area looked at in a broad view before shifting focus onto two buildings: the science and
industry museum (Figure 2) and Wellington Mill (Figure 3). They will be discussed in terms of their
place in the architectural canon, local context, how they were originally used and the redevelopment
they have experienced. Ultimately, I am interested in seeing if the heritage of these buildings has been
preserved thoughtfully and if issues of gentrification (often linked with regeneration) arise.

Figure 2: Photo of Liverpool road station, part of the Science and

Industry Museum.

Figure 1: illustration showing a map of the area that will be discussed,

enclosed by the green belt. Orange indicates the Science and Industry Figure 3: Photo of Wellington Mill.
museum. Pink indicates Wellington Mill.

Castlefield has a rich history starting from when it was a site of a Roman fort, from which it got its
name (Hartwell, 2001). However it was during the industrial revolution when Castlefield became an
integral part of the Cottonopolis; a title given to Manchester due to its booming cotton industry, which
was the result of strong streams being able to power mills, “salt supplies used to develop chemicals”
and the lack of trade restrictions encouraged entrepreneurs. (Schofield, 2018: online). A statement by
(Manchester City Council, no date) claims that the utilization of the river Irwell as a route between
Liverpool and Manchester, through the construction of the Bridgewater canal between 1758 to 1761
and the Rochdale canal, dramatically increased production as more goods could be traded. Eventually
due to increased volume of Goods, “the world’s first railway station”, Liverpool road station, was
opened in 1830 (Hartwell, 2001: 257). This hub of several important transportation routes attracted
many warehouses and would become to dominate the skyline of Manchester. However, as
Manchester’s industry shifted in the early 20th century, deindustrialization became prevalent; This
resulted in Castlefield becoming left with various derelict industrial buildings. In 1988 a regeneration
program was commenced involving The Central Manchester Development Corporation, Manchester
City Council and others (Ditmarr, 1999). The plan highlights the areas past by keeping and restoring
key structures that remind us of the industrial heritage of the area. For example, Liverpool road
station, particularly important warehouses, various viaducts and the canals. So, the historical
importance of the area is still preserved and can be appreciated, which is great since the area is deeply
rooted in Manchester’s history in general. Simultaneously these structures have been given new
purposes that have transformed Castlefield into a tourist and leisure hub today; in the case of the two
buildings concerned in the essay: Liverpool road station and the 1830 warehouse have been
redeveloped into the Science and Industry museum whereas, Wellington Mill now holds a ski
equipment shop and yoga studio. According to the Cambridge dictionary, heritage is defined as
“features belonging to the culture of a particular society, such as… buildings that were created in the
past and still have historical importance”. This specific use of heritage and the “unique characteristics”
of a specific area is due to increased competition between cities to acquire “investments, tourists and
residents” and (Mengüsoǧlu,2013: 1). The Metrolink connection (Figure 4) links Castlefield to the city
centre, a successful route as it ensures that Castlefield is easily accessible and that it does not become
forgotten and derelict again. The urban heritage park, St Johns gardens (Figure 4) breaks up areas of
dense development and promotes a relaxed atmosphere. This is emphasised by the abundance of
restaurants and pubs that are found in the area. (Figure 5) illustrates that they are concentrated
around Liverpool road. Perhaps the proximity to the museum ensures good business as the road would
be frequented by many tourists. The number of restaurants also suggests that the local economy is
strong and that the area is popular. This highlights how the regeneration scheme was ultimately
successful as it has brought new life to the area.

Figure 4: Map highlighting Urban Heritage park and St Figure 5: Map highlighting restaurants and pubs.
Johns Gardens. Icon circled in blue indicates Metrolink (Digimaps)
station: Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop. (Google maps)
The Science and Industry Museum is an example of good redevelopment. The museum encompasses
several buildings: Liverpool road station, 1830 warehouse and the lower Campfield market (figure 6).
Liverpool road station was at its time the world’s first inter-city railway station, so this indicates as to
why it does not have any of the architectural features of a train station, no one knew what a train
station looked like. You would expect a modern-day train station to have a large entrance and a
streamlined path from the gates to the platform. However, Liverpool road station is modest in size
and is completed in a “classical” style (Hartwell, 2001: 266). (Figure 7) highlights the three different
parts that made up the station. The station masters house, which was built in “1810” before the rest,
is completed in red brick matching the Warehouses and general aesthetic of Manchester (Hartwell
2001: 266). However, it incorporates a portico with a strong classical look: two columns, with subtle
entasis, supporting a very classical looking entablature with a pediment. This element is made up of
sandstone, so it matches with the stuccoed elevation of the first and second-class entrance. Both
entrances are similar in terms of the use of stucco, but the first-class entrance has a lot more
embellishments. two sets of pilasters hold up a heavy entablature, with an urn-like object placed on
top, frames the door. The window above the entrance shows continuous symmetry by using a five-
light window and a simple entablature to reflect the composition of the door. Also, there is a strong
use of rustication on the first level. Presented in (Figure 8) is a site sketch of the first-class entrance
showing the key aspects as described. The second-class entrance is a paired down version of the first-
class entrance as the exquisite detailing is reduced: for example, a smaller scale and a simpler
entablature on the entrance (Fitzgerald, 1980). (Figure 9) illustrates the description of the second-
class entrance. The visual differences are made clear to reflect the divide in social class and the
intended experiences of both entrances; the first-class experience warranting a quicker train and more
comfortable carriage whereas the second class was a lesser version (Science And Industry Museum,
2018). Today the station has been completely unaltered visually, but restoration work had been done,
as it was “dilapidated and unsafe” (Courcoux, 2017: online). Since it is held as “the world’s first railway
station” it is important to leave it unaltered so visitors can get a truthful look at what the structure is
like and how it would have been originally experienced. This is a brilliant example of the preservation
of Heritage as it simply exists to be appreciated. The 1830 warehouse refers to the set of large
warehouses alongside Liverpool road station, where goods from the trains would be unloaded. The
design was seemingly based on canal warehouses (Taylor et al, 2002). The carriages would be brought
in using turntables and then would be lifted; (Figure 10) shows the entranceway through which the
trains would be brought in and the pulley system that would carry the goods to the highest floors.
Also, it highlights the structure of the "open floor span supported on a timber frame" and to avoid
issues with damp, the basement has cast-iron beams (Taylor et al., 2002: 17). The warehouse, the
science museum is housed in, has external glass enclosures with stairs and lifts. This was perhaps done
to maximize the area for museum exhibits, minimize tampering done to the original structure and
meet modern regulations without altering the original structure. It is successful as the use of glass
ensures that it is unobtrusive and does not deter attention from the warehouse itself (Figure 11).
Overall, the whole project is successful as it has increased tourism in the area; (Science and Industry
Museum, 2018: online) states how the number of visitors in 2018 grew by 6% from the previous year.
This shows that this specific regeneration scheme is great as more people are being brought into the
area, which increases the economy as more people are spending. Also, it is good as not only are the
physical buildings preserved but the story of Manchester, where it came from and its impact is
protected.
 Figure 6: Map highlighting the parts of the
Science and Industry Museum. Orange is
Liverpool road station. Red is the 1830
Figure 7: Elevation of Liverpool road station.
warehouse. Green is lower Campfield market.

Figure 8: Site sketch of the first-class Figure 9: Site sketch of the second-class
entrance. entrance.

Figure 10: sketches of 1830 warehouse. A

reproduction made by me from another Figure 11: glass extension made on the
sketch (Fitzgerald, 1980: 47). exterior containing the stairs and lift.
A lesser example of redevelopment is “Wellington Mill”. This building is curious in terms of its design.
It gives off a grand feeling through the Stuccoed façade with intense rustication, pilasters, large
windows and hints of ornamental decoration. It is made to impress the viewer as the other side of the
building is a plain boxy brick structure (Figure 12). This imposing style became popular in Manchester
as merchants would want to “exude confidence” and “impress their clients” (Taylor et al, 2002: 6).
Examples of this style exist more in the centre of Manchester, for example, the "Orient House" near
Oxford road; (Figure 13) shows Orient house is quite strongly neo-classical, as it exhibits pilasters,
rustication and Doric columns. Wellington Mill would not look out of place if it were next to Orient
house. So, in Castlefield with predominantly brick structures around it, the stucco elevation sticks out
massively. As engravings on the exterior suggest, it was a mill (Figure 14). So, the large windows make
sense as a lot of light would be needed for people to have operated the machinery properly and nicely
light up showrooms. There is also another engraving stating “1912” (Figure 14). This is significant
because the cotton industry was at its peak, producing “8 billion yards of yarn” before World War One
caused the industry to slowly decline (Swettenham, 2013: online). So perhaps it was one of the last
few Mills to have been created. Its proximity to Liverpool road station is perhaps due to quick
obtaining of goods. Today its first and second floor have been developed into a skiing equipment shop
and a yoga studio, respectively. Although providing an area for these business does bring money into
the local economy it raises issues of gentrification associated with redevelopment. The Merriam
Webster dictionary defines gentrification as: “The process of repairing and rebuilding homes and
business in a deteriorating area accompanied by an influx of middle-class people” which results in the
original, “usually poorer” people being displaced. Although this does not apply to Castlefield, as most
of the inhabitants had moved in after regeneration had taken place (Mengüsoǧlu,2013), These
businesses are aimed at a more middle-class audience, as they can afford to partake in these sorts of
activities. In contrast, the Science and Industry Museum is culturally important and enriches the
community by preserving history and is free for anyone to visit. Particularly with the yoga studio, the
aesthetics of the building is used to promote the activity; the business titled “space at the mill” uses
the novelty of being inside a historic Mill, seen through the 1912 engraving on the façade, to attract
people, who can afford to partake in these activities. The issue with this is that the historical
significance of Wellington Mill is trivialized and it is not even a listed structure; there is a loss of
meaning and authenticity as only the aesthetics are used (Mengüsoǧlu,2013). Overall, it is great that
this structure simply was not demolished as its façade gives the area a unique charm. However, as it
is not listed and is simply used to hold commercial units, the historical significance is downplayed. It
simply exists as a gimmick now, mainly through the yoga studio.

Figure 12: Photo showing the elaborate Figure 13: Photo of Orient house (Capital and Centric, no date)
façade of Wellington Mill and the plain
backside.
 Figure 14: Photo showing the plaques stating, “Wellington Mills” and
“1912”.

In conclusion, Castlefield is a brilliant example of regeneration that is successful. An area that seemed
like it was beyond repair being revitalized and given new purpose. It holds Some of Manchester’s most
important industrial heritage. Repairing the area rather than flattening it, to make modern buildings,
ensures that the heart and soul of Manchester can still be appreciated by a modern audience and has
made the area a key component in Manchester’s economy. Inclusion of parks and various business,
restaurants and pubs allow for the area to be a more slow-paced part of the town in contrast with
central areas. However, gentrification is prevalent as many of the new uses of the warehouses are
private residential properties, such as The Victoria and Albert warehouse on water street being a hotel
and the merchant warehouse used as housing, so they can not be used by all of society and the high
price of living near the city centre creates inequality. As a result, surrounding businesses would tailor
to the tastes of these more affluent people resulting in greater inequality. These old buildings being
reused as homes and offices underplay the historical significance as only the aesthetics are used to
market the spaces. Ultimately, redeveloping these old structures rather than creating new modern
buildings are better as they give Manchester’s urban landscape a unique character and preserves its
history for future generations to admire.

References:

Borden, I and Fraser, M and Penner, B. (2014) Forty ways to think about architecture: architectural
history and theory today. 1st edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Capital&Centric. (no date) Orient house. [online] [Accessed on 27th April 2020]

Courcoux D. (2017) Transforming Liverpool road station. [online] [Accessed on 22nd April 2020].
https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/transforming-liverpool-road-station/

Digimaps, 2020. Map highlighting restaurants and pubs. Digimaps [online] [Accessed on 27th April
2020]

Ditmarr, J. (1999) Manchester Castlefield: An Example For Inner City Revitalisation [online] [Accessed
on 3rd April 2020] http://jakob-dittmar.eu/CfieldE.pdf
Fitzgerald, R. (1980) Liverpool Road Station, Manchester: An historical and architectural survey.
Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Google maps, 2020. Map highlighting Urban Heritage park and St Johns Gardens. Icon circled in blue
indicates Metrolink station: Deansgate-Castlefield tram stop. Google maps [online] [Accessed in 27th
April 2020]

Hartwell, C. (2002) Manchester. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Manchester City Council. (no date) Castlefield Conservation Area [online] [Accessed on 18th April
2020].https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/972/castlefield_conservation
_area/2

Mengüsoǧlu, N and Boyacioǧlu E. (2013) Reuse of industrial built heritage for residential purposes in
Manchester. Gazi University Institute of Science, Turkey [online] [Accessed on 12th March 2020].
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e8b0/0bec4dc742da49d393e009504bb089b27c31.pdf

Schofield, J. (2018) Jonathan Schofield on how Manchester became “Cottonopolis” and how the
ghost of the dead trade still haunts us. [online] [Accessed on 21st April 2020]
https://confidentials.com/manchester/a-short-history-of-manchester-the-rise-and-fall-of-
cottonopolis

Swettenham, L. (2013) The way we were: When cotton was king, and Manchester led Industrial
Revolution. [online] [Accessed on 24th April 2020].

Science and Industry Museum. (2018) First in the World: The making of the Liverpool and
Manchester railway. [online] [Accessed on 21st April 2020].
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/making-the-liverpool-and-
manchester-railway#the-railways-impact

Science and Industry Museum. (2018) 6% Rise in visitors to museum of Science and Industry. [online]
[Accessed on 22nd April 2020]. https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/about-us/press-
office/visitor-figures-rise

Taylor, S and Cooper, M and Barnwell, P. (2002) Manchester The Warehouse Legacy. London:
Empress Litho Ltd.

University of Reading. (no date) Methods and Actions to Achieve Urban Regeneration [online]
[Accessed on 21st April 2020] http://www.reading.ac.uk/PeBBu/state_of_art/actions.htm

Bibliography:

Borden, I and Fraser, M and Penner, B. (2014) Forty ways to think about architecture: architectural
history and theory today. 1st edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.

Courcoux D. (2017) Transforming Liverpool road station. [online] [Accessed on 22nd April 2020].
https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/transforming-liverpool-road-station/

Ditmarr, J. (1999) Manchester Castlefield: An Example For Inner City Revitalisation [online] [Accessed
on 3rd April 2020] http://jakob-dittmar.eu/CfieldE.pdf

Fitzgerald, R. (1980) Liverpool Road Station, Manchester: An historical and architectural survey.
Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Hartwell, C. (2002) Manchester. New Haven: Yale University Press.

John J. Parkinson-Bailey. (2000) Manchester: An Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester
University Press.

Manchester City Council. (no date) Castlefield Conservation Area [online] [Accessed on 18th April
2020].https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/info/511/conservation_areas/972/castlefield_conservation
_area/2

Markpeace, C.E. (1980) Oldest in the world: the story of Liverpool Road Station, Manchester, 1830-
1980. Stockport: Liverpool Road Station Society.

Mengüsoǧlu, N and Boyacioǧlu E. (2013) Reuse of industrial built heritage for residential purposes in
Manchester. Gazi University Institute of Science, Turkey [online] [Accessed on 12th March 2020].
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e8b0/0bec4dc742da49d393e009504bb089b27c31.pdf

Maliene, V and McDonald, S and Malys, N. (2008) Sustainable Communities and Urban Regeneration:
Two sides of the same aim. Lessons from Castlefield. Faculty of Environmental engineering, Vilnius
Gediminas Technical University. [online] [Accessed on 4th April 2020].
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naglis_Malys/publication/236883534_SUSTAINABLE_COMM
UNITIES_AND_URBAN_REGENERATION_TWO_SIDES_OF_THE_SAME_AIM_LESSONS_FROM_CASTLE
FIELDS/links/0c960519e242dc500e000000/SUSTAINABLE-COMMUNITIES-AND-URBAN-
REGENERATION-TWO-SIDES-OF-THE-SAME-AIM-LESSONS-FROM-CASTLEFIELDS.pdf

Schofield, J. (2018) Jonathan Schofield on how Manchester became “Cottonopolis” and how the
ghost of the dead trade still haunts us. [online] [Accessed on 21st April 2020]
https://confidentials.com/manchester/a-short-history-of-manchester-the-rise-and-fall-of-
cottonopolis

Swettenham, L. (2013) The way we were: When cotton was king, and Manchester led Industrial
Revolution. [online] [Accessed on 24th April 2020].

Science and Industry Museum. (2018) First in the World: The making of the Liverpool and
Manchester railway. [online] [Accessed on 21st April 2020].
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manchester-railway#the-railways-impact

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