☼ Ainun Ainuddin ☼ Lecture #1 ☼

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
Material Testing
Outline ;

Standard
and
Types of procedure
testing for material
testing
The importance
and needs for
material testing
Materials Science: Basic Materials : Substance of
knowledge about the internal which something is composed
structure, properties and Materials or made
processing of materials. Properties

Materials processing : The series of

Materials
steps or “unit operations” used in the
Materials
Materials Engineering: The
Processing
manufacture of raw-materials into Behavior
use of the fundamental &
finished goods. The operations involve applied knowledge of
a succession of industrial processes Materials materials so that they can be
with various mechanical or chemical Science & converted into products
procedures, usually produced in large needed or desired by society
quantities or batches.
Engineering
Smart
Smart Materials: designed materials Materials
that have one or more properties Materials
that selection
Materials Selection: a step in the
can be significantly changed in a process of designing any physical
controlled fashion by external stimuli, object. In the context of product design,
such as stress, temperature, moisture, Materials the main goal of material selection is to
pH, electric or magnetic fields. Testing minimize cost while meeting product
performance goals
 WHAT IS MATERIALS TESTING?

Measurement of the characteristics and behavior of such substances

as metals, ceramics, or plastics under various conditions. The data
thus obtained can be used in specifying the suitability of materials for
various applications - e.g., building or aircraft construction,
machinery, or packaging.
IMPORTANT AND REQUIREMENT FOR
MATERIALS TESTING
Materials Testing is performed for a variety of reasons
and can provide a wealth of information about the tested
materials, prototypes or product samples. The data collected
during testing and the final test results can be very useful to
engineers, designers, production managers and others.

The reasons material testing is important:

 Meeting requirements of regulatory agencies
 Selecting appropriate materials and treatments for an
application
 Evaluating product design or improvement specifications
 Verifying a production process
P
U
To determine the quality of a material. This may be
one aspect of process control in production plant.

R To determine such properties as strength, hardness,

and ductility

P To check for flaws within a material or in a finished

component.
O
To assess the likely performance of the material in a
S particular service condition.

E
Failure of
materials

DRIVE TO
MATERIAL
TESTING
Monitor
approach
to failure
TYPES OF MATERIAL TESTING
 TYPES OF MATERIALS TESTING

Nondestructive Thermal Spectroscopy Mechanical Microscopy

Test Analysis Analysis Testing analysis
Materials testing can be either
destructive or non-destructive
Materials Characterization
• Refers to all of the measurement procedures
conventionally used by material scientists and
engineers to determine materials properties

• Aimed towards determination of materials properties,

ideally under conditions in materials without
problems e.g flaws
Non-Destructive Testing
• Aimed towards finding the problems, such as
• Flaws
• Cracks and voids
• High dislocation densities
• Residual stress in materials

• Determine the suitability of a particular component

for performance in certain applications
 Non-Destructive
Evaluation
synthesis/processing
structure/ composition
performance

Material
Characterization
synthesis and processing
structure/composition
properties
 Destructive vs Non-Destructive
Destructive
• parts to be tested are cheap
• mass-produced parts, where large
numbers of nominally identical parts
are produced
• allows batch testing of the parts in
which a representative subset of the
parts is collected for destructive testing
• based on the assumption that all the
other parts will behave in the same way
Non-Destructive
• testing of a specimen that determines its
serviceability without damage that could
prevent its intended use
• directed towards expensive, high added-
value parts, in which the cost of production
is too great to allow some of the parts to be
deliberately destroyed as part of the
assessment
Material Tests

Destructive Non-Destructive Others

• Tensile testing • Visual inspection • SEM (Scanning Electron
• Fatigue testing • Ultrasonic Microscope)
• TEM (Transmission
• Charpy impact • Dye-penetrant Electron Microscope)
testing • Magnetic particle • XRD (X-Ray Diffraction)
• Creep testing • Eddy current • XRF (X-Ray
• Metallography • Radiography Fluorescence)
(sectioning, • Hardness testing • AAS (Atomic
polishing, and Absorption
viewing) Spectroscopy)
• Corrosion testing • Particle Analysis
Properties of Materials
• Evaluation of materials is through measurement of the VARIOUS
properties of materials:

Mechanical

Physical Chemical

Materials
Properties
• Physical Properties:
1) density
2) specific heat
3) melting and boiling point
4) thermal expansion
5) conductivity
6) electrical and magnetic properties
• Mechanical Properties:
1) strength
2) toughness
3) hardness
4) ductility
5) elasticity
6) fatigue
7) creep
• Chemical Properties:
1) Oxidation
2) Corrosion
3) Flammability
4) Toxicity
STANDARD AND PROCEDURE FOR
MATERIAL TESTING
Types of Standards
(i) American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)

 known until 2001 as the American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM)
 an international standards organization that
develops and publishes voluntary consensus
technical standards for a wide range of
materials, products, systems, and services.
 Approximately 12,000 ASTM standards are
published each year

 Found in the 80-volume Annual Book of ASTM

Standards or online on the ASTM website
Widely covers areas of:
 Construction
 Additive  Paint
 Adhesive  Petroleum
 Aerospace  Plastics
 Aeronautical  Rubber
 Analytical Chemistry  Steel
 Asset Management  Textile
 Atmospheric Analysis  Metal
 Biotechnology
 Environment
• the Standard Specification, that defines the
requirements to be satisfied by subject of the standard.
• the Standard Test Method, that defines the way a test
is performed and the precision of the result. The result
of the test may be used to assess compliance with a
Standard Specification.
• the Standard Practice, that defines a sequence of
operations that, unlike a Standard Test Method, does
not produce a result.
• the Standard Guide, that provides an organized
collection of information or series of options that does
not recommend a specific course of action.
• the Standard Classification, that provides an
arrangement or division of materials, products, systems,
or services into groups based on similar characteristics
such as origin, composition, properties, or use.
• the Terminology Standard, that provides agreed
definitions of terms used in the other standards
ii) Malaysian Standard

 Established on 28 August, 1996

 governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act
549), an agency under the Minister of Science,
Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
 appoints SIRIM Berhad to undertake the
implementation at the technical level
 prepared by more than 120 Technical Committees
and Working Groups, which are established under 24
Industry Standards Committees
Others
i. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ii. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
iii. Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF)
iv. British Standards Institution (BSI)
Procedure for Material Testing

Equipment’s Standard Operating Procedure

Material specification/limitation

Material sampling/preparation procedure