TRAVELLING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION

LINE COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENTS

• Travelling waves on transmission lines
• Transient response of systems with series and shunt distributed lines
• Travelling wave parameters on transmission lines
• Classification of transmission lines
• Transient response of systems with series and shunt lumped
parameters
• Traveling wave concept - step response
• Bewley’s lattice diagram
• Standing waves and Natural frequencies
• Derivation of standing wave equation
• Reflection and Refraction of travelling waves
• Behaviour of travelling waves at line terminations
 TRAVELLING WAVES ON TRANSMISSION
LINES

• Any disturbance on a transmission line or system such as sudden

opening or closing of line, a short circuit or a fault results in the
development of over voltages or over current at that point.
• This disturbance propagates as a travelling wave to the ends of a line
or to a termination , such as sub station.
• These waves may be reflected, transmitted, attenuated or distorted
during propagation until the energy is absorbed.
 1.Introduction
• Transient Phenomenon :
– Aperiodic function of time
– Short duration
• Example :Voltage & Current Surge :
(The current surge are made up of charging or discharging capacitive currents that
introduced by the change in voltages across the shunt capacitances of the
transmission system)

– Lightning Surge
– Switching Surge
Impulse Voltage Waveform
2.Traveling Wave
• Disturbance represented by closing
or opening the switch S.
• If Switch S closed, the line suddenly
connected to the source.
• The whole line is not energized
instantaneously.
• Processed :
– When Switch S closed
– The first capacitor becomes
charged immediately
– Because of the first series inductor
(acts as open circuit), the second
capacitor is delayed
• This gradual buildup of voltage over
the line conductor can be regarded
as a voltage wave is traveling from
one end to the other end
 Voltage & Current Function
• vf=v1(x-t) • Zc=(L/C)½
• vb=v2(x+t) • If=vf/Zc
•  = 1/(LC) • Ib=vb/Zc
• v(x,t)=vf + vb • I(x,t)=If + Ib
• vf=Zcif • I(x,t)=(C/L) ½
• vb=Zcib [v1(x-t) -v2(x+t)]
 2.1 Velocity of Surge Propagation

• In the air = 300 000 km/s

•  = 1/(LC) m/s
• Inductance single conductor Overhead Line (assuming zero
ground resistivity) :
L=2 x 10-7 ln (2h/r) H/m
C=1/[18 x 109 ln(2h/r)] F/m
1
1  2 10 ln 2h / r  
7 1/ 2

• v    
LC  18 10 ln 2h / r  
9


• In the cable :  = 1/(LC) = 3 x 108 K m/s

K=dielectric constant (2.5 to 4.0)
 2.2 Surge Power Input & Energy Storage

• P=vi Watt
• Ws= ½ Cv2 ; Wm= ½ Li2
• W=Ws+Wm = 2 Ws = 2 Wm = Cv2 = Li2
• P=W  = Li2 /(LC) = i2 Zc = v2 / Zc
2.3 Superposition of Forward and Backward-
Traveling Wave